Diamond DA42 Twin Star explained

The Diamond DA42 Twin Star is a four seat, twin engine, propeller-driven airplane developed and manufactured in Austria and Canada by Diamond Aircraft Industries, an Austrian subsidiary of China-based Wanfeng Aviation.[1] It was Diamond's first twin engine design, as well as the first new European twin-engine aircraft in its category to be developed in over 25 years.[2] In 2004, the DA42 became the first diesel-powered fixed-wing aircraft to perform a non-stop crossing of the North Atlantic.

By 2012, the DA42 had become a key revenue generator for the company, having gained popularity with government and military operators in addition to the civil market that had suffered as a result of the Great Recession. Government customers have typically employed the type in the aerial surveillance role, which contributed towards the development of the Aeronautics Defense Dominator, a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which had been derived from the DA42.

Development

Origins

Since its founding in the 1980s, Austrian manufacturer Diamond Aircraft Industries had concentrated on building an extensive product line. During the late 1990s, company founder and chief executive officer Christian Dries approached the design team with a concept for a twin-engined aircraft, which became the company's first multi-engined aircraft, and became the next step beyond the Diamond DA40.[3] This concept emphasised several key qualities, including the need for the aircraft to be simple to operate and fuel-efficient, while providing a luxurious four-seat passenger compartment akin to modern automobiles. The concept was not popular at the time; Aerospace publication Flying Magazine referred to Diamond's choice to develop a twin-engined aircraft for general aviation use as "the emergence of an all-new light-piston twin in this class something of a surprise."[3]

During April 2004, the DA42 Twin Star received certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) under the latter's newly-introduced Part procedures.[4] [2] In July 2005, the aircraft was awarded certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the US.[5] It has been certified to fly under both visual flight rules (VFR) and instrument flight rules (IFR), allowing it to be operated under a wide range of conditions. At the time of its introduction to service, aerospace publication Flight International observed that "The DA42 has no natural competitors in its class and sets a benchmark for European general aviation".[2]

During August 2004, the DA42 Twin Star piloted by Gérard Guillaumaud became the first diesel-powered fixed-wing aircraft to perform a non-stop crossing of the North Atlantic, taking 12.5 hours while operating with an average fuel consumption of per hour (per hour per engine).[6] In June 2010, a DA42 powered by Austro AE300 engines became the first aircraft to be publicly flown on algae-derived jet fuel.[7]

Further development

As a consequence of the insolvency of engine manufacturer Thielert and decisions of the insolvency administrator, including cancelling warranty support and the prorating of time-between-overhaul for the Thielert engines that power the DA42, in July 2008, Diamond announced that production of the DA42 has been suspended. At the time production was suspended the DA42 was reported to hold around 80% of the piston twin market.[8] [9]

In March 2009, Diamond achieved EASA certification for the Austro Engine AE 300, which enabled the DA42 to resume production. Equipped with the Austro engine, these aircraft were designated and marketed as the DA42 NG. In April 2009, the first Austro-powered DA42 NG was delivered to a customer in Sweden. On 9 April 2010, the DA42 NG received FAA certification, clearing the way for sales to resume to North American customers.

By March 2012, the DA42 had become the major income driver at Diamond Aircraft. Company CEO Christian Dries indicated that the market focus of the company had been changed by the Great Recession of 2008–2010 which had led the company to transition to derive two-thirds of its revenue from military and government contracts, primarily for manned and unmanned surveillance aircraft, the latter in the form of the Aeronautics Defense Dominator.[10]

Also in March 2012, Diamond aircraft announced they were developing a fly-by-wire version of the DA42, which had the stated aim of reducing the accident rate in light aircraft. The system is expected to include flight envelope protection, turbulence righting, autoland capabilities, and damage-tolerant by-pass capabilities, the latter of which would allow for effective flight while suffering from jammed or otherwise non-functional flight surfaces.[11] [12] The autonomous DA42 was flown and landed without ground support in 2015.[13]

In July 2018, the Rossiyskaya Gazeta announced a UAV version, DA-42B, armed with the 9M120 Ataka antitank missile.[14]

Design

Overview

The Diamond DA42 Twin Star is a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane, commonly used as a general aviation aircraft for touring and training purposes.[2] It is equipped with a retractable tricycle landing gear arrangement and uses a T-tail. The DA42 incorporates a combination of advanced features within the company's first twin-engine design.[2] The airframe is composed of composite materials, making extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers throughout its structure; this construction provides the aircraft with a suitable passive safety level to conform with the established European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Part 21 rules, as well as relatively efficient aerodynamics and essentially unlimited airframe life.[2] The carbon-fiber main wing spars possesses exceptional crashworthiness.[3]

The DA42 typically accommodates four people in two rows of seating.[2] All of the seats have been designed for crashworthiness and are complete with automotive-style three-point seat belts; while the seats themselves are fixed in position, the position of the rudder-pedals is adjustable. The front pair of seats are accessed via a front-hinged canopy while a top-hinged door located on the left side provides access to the rear seats.[2] The pilots are housed under a sizable canopy which provides generous external visibility, save for the use of a large fixed sunscreen. Additionally, separate baggage compartments, which are accessible via external hatches, are contained within internal space in the aircraft's nose.[2] [3]

Both the avionics and principal flight controls of the DA42 have been designed to be user-friendly and to reduce pilot workload.[2] A Garmin G1000 glass cockpit serves as the centrepiece of the aircraft's integrated digital avionics, using a pair of large flat-panel monitors in place of conventional instrumentation and gauges; immediately above these monitors is a horizontal row of standby instruments present as a fail-safe.[15] The monitors display various information on the aircraft, along with navigational data and flight information; both screens can show identical basic information or be configured to flight data on the left monitor and navigation on the right.[2] According to Flight International, the displays are easy to read while features such as the moving map display were considered to be "useful".[2] The DA42 is also outfitted with a sophisticated three-axis Garmin-built GFC 700 autopilot and GWX 70 weather radar.[3]

Performance

The flight performance of the DA42 is largely favourable, having been designed to incorporate not only high levels of performance but the greatest possible degrees of passive safety in operation, alongside excellent fuel economy and assisted by the implementation of various modern technologies.[2] The flight controls themselves are proportionally responsive for performing even small manoeuvers and light motions. Both pilots are equipped with their own fighter-style central sticks, which are attached to an otherwise unobstructed cockpit floor.[2] [3] In a similar manner, a single combined power lever is used to regulate both the engine and propeller settings; the power levers are convenient and can be operated in a relatively easy manner. In comparison with other twin-engined aircraft in its category, the centre console of the DA42 is uncluttered, which is a result of the clean design of the controls.[2] [3]

The stall characteristics are also relatively benign, being described by Flight International as "probably the most docile of any aircraft I can remember".[2] On the DA42, stall conditions are forewarned by the sounding of a warning horn at 5to above stall, as well as by elevating levels of airframe buffeting and a 5–10° drop of the nose. The aircraft is relatively difficult to stall outside of substantial mishandling or deliberate intention.[2] Both longitudinal and lateral stability can be maintained with a relatively low level of effort, not necessitating continuous trimming while the aircraft is accelerating. Active use of the rudder is necessary for effective turns and counteracting sideslip tendencies.[2]

While the DA42 is a twin-engined aircraft, this is predominantly a measure for safety. It is readily capable of sustained flight using only a single engine. DA42 NG climbs at up to 270 ft/min at sea level in standard conditions on a single engine, with performance degrading with higher altitudes and temperatures. The DA42 possesses considerable endurance, being capable of performing 13 hour-long flights without carrying additional fuel tanks; this is partially due to its high fuel efficiency of its Austro engines, which consume 13.6 US gallons per hour when operated at 75 per cent power, lower than some of its single-engined rivals.[3] The digital FADEC (full authority digital engine controls) serves to lower operational difficulty, constantly performing tasks such as managing rpm and fault-checking.[3] The propellers are clockwise-rotating as viewed by the pilot, so the left engine is the critical engine.[16]

Powerplants

The original model of the DA42 was powered by a pair of Thielert Aircraft Engines-built TAE 125-01 Centurion 1.7 engines. However, Thielert ended its production of the 1.7 litre Centurion engines in favour of a new 2.0 litre engine, marketed as the TAE 125-02-99;[17] as a result of the engine production change, Diamond began installing the TAE 125-02-99 engine during early 2007. Although engine displacement had increased, it was deliberately de-rated in order to produce the same power 101kW and torque 409Nm as the earlier 1.7 L. engine.[18]

In late 2007, Diamond announced it would begin building and installing its own aerodiesels, through a subsidiary, Austro Engine GmbH, in collaboration with other partners that included Mercedes-Benz. The continued use of Thielert engines on the DA42 was also brought into question following Thielert filing for insolvency in April 2008.[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] In March 2009, Diamond achieved EASA certification for the rival Austro Engine AE 300 powerplant.

The DA42NG "New Generation" is powered by Diamond's third generation Austro AE 300 turbo diesel engine. The Lycoming IO-360 engine is also available as an option. The 1250NaN0 AE 300 engine replaces the earlier Thielert Centurion 1.7 and 2.0 engines and is known for its good fuel efficiency, using per hour while loitering at maximum endurance or 30litre per hour at maximum continuous power (92%). It is also available with optional "on top" exhaust mufflers that reduces noise levels to below 59 decibels at a height of 500feet.[24] [25] [26] The Austro engine produces 20% more power than the previous Thielert engines and also results in a higher gross weight and increased performance.[27] [28] [29] Diamond has claimed that the Austro engine is about 46% more fuel efficient than its gasoline rivals. It runs on diesel fuel or jet fuel, both of which are typically cheaper than aviation gasoline.

Operational history

Upon its introduction, Diamond had to combat a historic trend of declining light-piston twin sales in the face of increasingly reliable and capable single-engined aircraft for general aviation; the DA42 had only five competing aircraft in its category.[3]

DA42 MPP

The DA42, particularly its use in the surveillance sector, became Diamond's most important business. A dedicated surveillance model of the aircraft, designated as the DA 42 MPP, was developed; during 2008, Diamond delivered 17 DA 42 MPPs and anticipated a demand for between 50 and 60 such aircraft per year. During the latter part of 2008 and early 2009, a pair of Royal Air Force DA42 MPPs were deployed for eight months to provide combat support to coalition forces operating in Iraq; during the deployment, these aircraft flew a combined 2,000h in the surveillance role, for which it had been outfitted with Cineflex high-definition cameras, Riegl laser scanners and Scotty satellite communications kit.[30]

Variants

DA42
  • Production aircraft built in Austria and Canada
    DA42 M
  • Special Mission variant built in Austria and China, modification from standard DA42 and new production.
    DA42 L360
  • Lycoming IO-360 1340NaN0 equipped version using 100LL fuel instead of Jet-A1. This model is intended for the North American flight training market.[31] [32]
    DA42 NG
  • Austro Engine AE 300 1270NaN0 equipped version. EASA certified March 2009; FAA certified April 2010; Transport Canada certified 16 April 2012.[33] [34] Production aircraft have been built in Austria, Canada, China and Russia.[35]
    DA42 M-NG
  • Special Mission variant of the NG.
    DA42 MPP
  • Diamond Airborne Sensing a wholly owned subsidiary of Diamond produces the MPP or "Multi Purpose Platform" variant which is modified to carry aerial sensing, mapping and surveillance payloads.[36] The UK Ministry of Defence specified the DA42 MPP variant for its surveillance systems project, converted by DO Systems. Two ordered in June 2008.[37]
    DA42 MPP Centaur OPA
  • Aurora Flight Sciences developed an Optionally Piloted Aircraft (OPA) as an Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) platform and can be operated as either unmanned or with pilots on board. One in service with the Swiss military procurement agency Armasuisse.[38]
    Dominator II
  • Aeronautics Defense Systems Ltd developed an UAV version of the DA42, designated as the Aeronautics Defense Dominator and first flown in July 2009. Has an endurance of 28 hours with a 4080NaN0 payload and speed of 140–354 km/h (75–190 knots) to a maximum altitude of 91440NaN0.[39] [40]
    DA42-VI
  • Improved DA42 introduced in March 2012 with new propeller and aerodynamic clean-ups to the rudder and engine cowling, resulting in greatly increased cruise speed performance.[41]

    Operators

    Civil operators

    The DA42 is mainly operated by flight training schools, aerial surveillance and mapping operators. A major operator is Lufthansa Aviation Training with 14 DA42s in service or on order.[42]

    Military operators

    Rwanda
  • Eritrean airforce 4 DA42 Ts used for training craft
    Ukraine

    Aircraft on display

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. https://www.diamondaircraft.com/en/about-diamond/newsroom/news/article/new-owner-great-plans-for-diamond-aircraft/ "New Owner: Great Plans for Diamond Aircraft"
    2. Collins, Peter. "FLIGHT TEST: Diamond Aircraft DA42 – Sparkling performer." Flight International, 13 July 2004.
    3. Pope, Stephen. "We Fly: Diamond DA62." Flying Magazine, 2 December 2015.
    4. Web site: DA42 Twin Star EASA certification . Diamond Aircraft . May 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080421220543/http://www.diamondair.com/news/05_13_04.php . 2008-04-21 .
    5. Web site: DA42-TDI Twin Star FAA certified . Diamond Aircraft . July 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511074624/http://www.diamondair.com/news/07_26_05.php . 2008-05-11 .
    6. Web site: DA42 Twin Star crosses Atlantic non-stop: first Atlantic crossing of a diesel powered aircraft . 14 April 2008 . Diamond Aircraft . 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080331041108/http://www.diamondair.com/news/08_20_04.php . 31 March 2008 . dead .
    7. Web site: EADS: Algae-Fueled DA42 A "World's First" (And Better) . 10 June 2010 . Pew . Glenn . June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611225341/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/algae_fuel_diamond_da42_berlin_efficient_202700-1.html . 11 June 2011 . live . dmy-all .
    8. Web site: Diamond Tries To Soothe DA42 Customers . 28 May 2008 . Niles . Russ . July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090107093937/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/DiamondTriesToSootheDA42Customers_198391-1.html . 7 January 2009 . live . dmy-all .
    9. Web site: Diamond's Thielert Problems Ease . 7 November 2008 . Niles . Russ . November 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081112083022/http://www.avweb.com/news/aopa/AOPAExpo2008_Diamond_ThielertDieselEngine_Relief_199144-1.html . 12 November 2008 . live . dmy-all .
    10. News: Diamond's Commercial/Military Turn . 15 March 2012 . Bertorelli . Paul . 13 March 2012 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316230847/http://www.avweb.com/blogs/insider/AvWebInsider_SensorTech_206312-1.html . 16 March 2012 . live . dmy-all .
    11. News: Diamond's Dries: Fly By Wire As "Electronic Parachute" . 15 March 2012 . Bertorelli . Paul . 13 March 2012 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316230810/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/DiamondsDries_FlyByWireAsElectronicParachute_206315-1.html . 16 March 2012 . live . dmy-all .
    12. News: DA42 Fly By Wire Progress . 3 December 2012 . Pew . Glenn . 29 November 2012 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20121207002743/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/da42_flybywire_diamond_autonomous_control_pilot_207775-1.html . 7 December 2012 . live . dmy-all .
    13. News: Diamond's Autonomous DA42 Completes Autolanding Tests . 9 September 2015 . Bertorelli . Paul . 8 September 2015 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095202/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Diamonds-Autonomous-DA42-Completes-Autolanding-Tests-224826-1.html . 25 September 2015 . live . dmy-all .
    14. Web site: Российские беспилотники начали вооружать бомбами и ракетами . 9 July 2018 . 2018-07-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101318/https://vpk.name/news/220762_rossiiskie_bespilotniki_nachali_vooruzhat_bombami_i_raketami.html . 2018-07-28 . live .
    15. Web site: Garmin's G1000 System offered in the DA42 Twin Star . 15 April 2008 . Diamond Aircraft . 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511074609/http://www.diamondair.com/news/04_28_03.php . 11 May 2008 . dead .
    16. Web site: Airplane Flight Manual DA 42 NG . 10 October 2023. . support.diamond-air.at. 29 April 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20230130234036/http://support.diamond-air.at/fileadmin/uploads/files/after_sales_support/DA42_New_Generation/Airplane_Flight_Manual_with_MAM42-600_DA42-VI/Basic_Manual/70116e-r5-complete.pdf. 30 January 2023 .
    17. Web site: Thielert engine in next development stage . 15 April 2008 . Thielert Aviation Engines . January 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511085114/http://web.thielert.com/typo3/index.php?id=660&backPID=660&begin_at=10&tt_news=863&L=1 . 11 May 2008 .
    18. Web site: Products . Diamond Aircraft . 24 April 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080413231405/http://www.diamondair.com/ . 13 April 2008 .
    19. Web site: More Trouble For Thielert . 24 April 2008 . Niles . Russ . April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103404/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/MoreTroubleFor_Thielert_197722-1.html . 1 May 2008 . live . dmy-all .
    20. Web site: Cessna Suspends Diesel 172 Sales, Diamond Steps Up Support . 5 May 2008 . AvWeb Staff . May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080511073907/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/CessnaSuspendsDiesel172SalesDiamondStepsUpSupport_197780-1.html . 11 May 2008 . live . dmy-all .
    21. Web site: Diamond Says Thielert Insolvency Administrator Is Playing Hardball . 24 April 2008.
    22. Web site: Thielert: How To Kill A Company (Maybe Two) . 27 May 2008 . Bertorelli . Paul . May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080526080543/http://www.avweb.com/blogs/insider/AVwebInsiderBlog_Thielert_HowToKillACompany_197956-1.html . 26 May 2008 . live . dmy-all .
    23. Web site: Thielert: No Warranty Support For Diamond Diesels . 15 May 2008 . Bertorelli . Paul . May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080630113652/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/ThielertCancelsWarrantySupport_197880-1.html . 30 June 2008 . live . dmy-all .
    24. Web site: Facts . Diamond Airborne Sensing . 24 April 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110054/http://www.diamond-sensing.at/index.php?id=2239 . 24 December 2013 .
    25. Web site: News . Diamond Aircraft . 24 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080429025406/http://www.diamondaircraft.com/news/index.php . 29 April 2008 . dead . dmy-all .
    26. Web site: Clarity Aerial Sensing Law Enforcement . Clarity Aerial Sensing . 24 April 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111722/http://www.clarityaerialsensing.com/law-enforcement.php . 24 December 2013 .
    27. Web site: Re-engined Diesel Twin Star EASA Certified . 19 March 2009 . Niles . Russ . March 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090401195357/http://www.avweb.com/avwebbiz/news/ReenginedDieselTwinStarEASACertified_199971-1.html . 1 April 2009 . live . dmy-all .
    28. Web site: Diesel DA50 Headed To U.S. . 14 April 2009 . Peppler . Graeme . April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110612022048/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/DieselDA50HeadedToU.S._200082-1.html . 12 June 2011 . live . dmy-all .
    29. Web site: Diamond's DA42 NG, FAA/EASA Certified . 12 April 2010 . Pew . Glenn . April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100415161857/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/diamond_da42_ng_certified_FAA_EASA_fiki_202322-1.html . 15 April 2010 . live . dmy-all .
    30. Morrison, Murdo. "Diamond: DA42s shone during RAF's Iraq mission." Flight International, 15 July 2009.
    31. Web site: Diamond Aircraft unveils new Lycoming-powered DA42 L360 twin at AOPA Expo 2008 . 27 December 2008 . . November 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218185417/http://www.diamondaircraft.com/news/news-article.php?id=38 . 18 December 2008 .
    32. Web site: Diamond announces DA42 New Horizons: Austro-Engine, Lycoming powered DA42s . 27 December 2008 . . July 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201183844/http://www.diamondaircraft.com/news/news-article.php?id=1 . 1 December 2008 .
    33. Web site: Diamond Aircraft Receives FAA Certification For Austro Engine AE300 Powerplant! . 31 July 2009 . Aero-News Network . 2009.
    34. Web site: Diamond DA42 NG receives Transport Canada certification . 17 April 2012 . . 16 April 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120510222038/http://www.diamondaircraft.com/news/news-article.php?id=135 . 10 May 2012 .
    35. Web site: УЗГА произвел первый самолет DA42 по полному циклу. July 2, 2021. Авиатранспортное обозрение.
    36. Web site: Diamond Airborne Sensing website . Diamond Aircraft . 2019-05-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/http://www.diamond-sensing.com/ . 2019-02-24 . live .
    37. Web site: Air Forces Monthly (UK edition) . October 2008 . 70 . 2019-05-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180404105325/http://www.airforcesmonthly.com/ . 2018-04-04 . live .
    38. Web site: armasuisse webpage: Diamond DA42 Centaur OPA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150308075308/http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/en/home/dokumentation/assets/aircraft/da42.html . 2015-03-08 .
    39. Web site: DA42-Based UAV Tested . 13 August 2009 . Niles . Russ . August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100218144959/http://www.avweb.com/avwebbiz/news/DA42_UAV_Tested_200979-1.html . 18 February 2010 . dead . dmy-all .
    40. Web site: Aeronautics Defense Systems successfully tested unmanned Diamond DA42 . 13 August 2009 . defence.professionals GmbH . July 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090804071632/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/8886/ . 4 August 2009 .
    41. News: Diamond shows off new airplanes and powerplants . 20 April 2012 . A. Horne . Thomas . 20 April 2012 . AOPA . https://web.archive.org/web/20120422182404/http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2012/120418diamond-shows-off-new-airplanes-and-powerplants.html . 22 April 2012 . live . dmy-all .
    42. Web site: Lufthansa Aviation Training Takes Another Seven Diamond DA42-IVs. 23 December 2022. Phelps. Mark. AVweb. 22 December 2022. https://archive.today/20221223125144/https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/lufthansa-aviation-training-takes-another-seven-diamond-da42-ivs/. 23 December 2022. live.
    43. News: Misiones: la AFIP retuvo tres aviones que el Gobierno le compró al ejército de EE.UU. . 18 January 2016 . La Nacion . 18 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160118210436/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1863141-misiones-la-afip-retuvo-tres-aviones-que-el-gobierno-le-compro-al-ejercito-de-eeuu . 18 January 2016 . live . dmy-all .
    44. Web site: Ghana Air Force to spend US$200 million on five aircraft . DefenceWeb . 10 August 2011 . 28 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070612/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17911:ghana-air-force-to-spend-us200-million-on-five-aircraft&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 . 4 March 2016 . live . dmy-all .
    45. Web site: Diamond DA40 FP . Jamaica Defence Force . 16 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170402174204/http://www.jdfmil.org/equipment/aircraft/aircraft_home_Diamond_DA40.php . 2 April 2017 . dead . dmy-all .
    46. Web site: Diamond Aircraft : Diamond Airborne Sensing Sells DA42 MPP Surveillance Aircraft to Niger . https://archive.today/20130114220159/http://www.diamond-air.at/news_detail+M504e2bac34f.html . dead . 14 January 2013 . Diamond-air.at . 1 June 2008 . 28 June 2012 .
    47. Butowski . Piotr . Russian Diamonds . . June 2016 . 90 . 6 . 4 . 0306-5634.
    48. Web site: Министерство обороны России начало закупку самолетов Diamond DA42Т в качестве учебных. bmpd.livejournal.com. 26 December 2017. 18 January 2019.
    49. Web site: Самолеты Diamond DA42T в Балашове. bmpd.livejournal.com. 18 January 2019. 18 January 2019.
    50. Web site: Russian Defense Ministry, Rostec sign contracts for new military hardware worth over 300 bln rubles. interfax.com.
    51. News: Минфин и "Роскосмос" вступили в публичные препирательства о сокращении расходов. Ведомости. 26 August 2020 .
    52. Web site: World Air Forces 2019. Flightglobal Insight. 2019. 12 May 2019. 23 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190123181847/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-2019-world-air-forces-directory-454126/. live.
    53. Web site: Royal Thai Air Force chooses 6 DA42 for training program.. www.diamond-air.at . 2008-10-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090205160319/http://www.diamond-air.at/news_detail+M52b92d461e3.html . 2009-02-05 .
    54. http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20110627/DEFFEAT06/106270313/Market-Expands-Light-ISR-Aircraft "Market Expands for Light ISR Aircraft."
    55. Web site: Dominguez. Gabriel. Gibson. Neil. Turkmenistan releases footage of AW109 helos conducting live-fire drill. IHS Jane's 360. 4 August 2017. https://archive.today/20170804161346/http://www.janes.com/article/72885/turkmenistan-releases-footage-of-aw109-helos-conducting-live-fire-drill. 4 August 2017. 4 August 2017. dead.
    56. Web site: Hərbi TV. Turkmenistan Military Parade 2016. YouTube. 7 August 2017. Ashgabat. tk. 31 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20171015160440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGQUCXgeD0. 15 October 2017. live. dmy-all.
    57. Web site: Фотографии с места катастрофы самолета Diamond DA-42 в Закарпатье. . 5 July 2012 . 2012-09-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120902175438/http://ua-reporter.com/novosti/119031 . 2012-09-02 . live .
    58. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/18/da42_opv_announced/ "British Forces operating two modified DA42 with 39 squadron in ISTAR role".
    59. http://www.ukserials.com/results.php?serial=ZA "Displaying Serials in range ZA."
    60. Web site: World Air Forces 2021. FlightGlobal . 4 December 2020 . 10 August 2021.
    61. News: Diamond's First DA42 On Display In Austrian Museum . 1 December 2014 . Kauh . Elaine . 28 November 2014 . AVweb . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129080543/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Diamonds-First-DA42-on-Display-in-Austrian-Museum223163-1.html . 29 November 2014 . live . dmy-all .

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