Donald Knuth Explained

Donald Knuth
Birth Name:Donald Ervin Knuth
Birth Date:10 January 1938
Birth Place:Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
Spouse:Nancy Jill Carter
Children:2
Work Institutions:Stanford University
University of Oslo
Doctoral Advisor:Marshall Hall, Jr.
Thesis Title:Finite Semifields and Projective Planes
Thesis Year:1963
Thesis Url:https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/2441/1/Knuth_de_1963.pdf

Donald Ervin Knuth (; born January 10, 1938) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford University. He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award, informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science. Knuth has been called the "father of the analysis of algorithms".[1]

Knuth is the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming. He contributed to the development of the rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process, he also popularized the asymptotic notation. In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming, and designed the MIX/MMIX instruction set architectures. He strongly opposes the granting of software patents, and has expressed his opinion to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation.

Biography

Early life

Donald Knuth was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to Ervin Henry Knuth and Louise Marie Bohning. He describes his heritage as "Midwestern Lutheran German". His father owned a small printing business and taught bookkeeping.[2] While a student at Milwaukee Lutheran High School, Knuth thought of ingenious ways to solve problems. For example, in eighth grade, he entered a contest to find the number of words that the letters in "Ziegler's Giant Bar" could be rearranged to create; the judges had identified 2,500 such words. With time gained away from school due to a fake stomachache Knuth used an unabridged dictionary and determined whether each dictionary entry could be formed using the letters in the phrase. Using this algorithm, he identified over 4,500 words, winning the contest.[3] As prizes, the school received a new television and enough candy bars for all of his schoolmates to eat.[4] [5]

Education

Knuth received a scholarship in physics to the Case Institute of Technology (now part of Case Western Reserve University) in Cleveland, Ohio, enrolling in 1956.[6] He also joined the Beta Nu Chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity. While studying physics at Case, Knuth was introduced to the IBM 650, an early commercial computer. After reading the computer's manual, Knuth decided to rewrite the assembly and compiler code for the machine used in his school because he believed he could do it better.[7]

In 1958, Knuth created a program to help his school's basketball team win its games.[8] He assigned "values" to players in order to gauge their probability of scoring points, a novel approach that Newsweek and CBS Evening News later reported on.[7]

Knuth was one of the founding editors of the Case Institute's Engineering and Science Review, which won a national award as best technical magazine in 1959.[9] [10] He then switched from physics to mathematics, and received two degrees from Case in 1960: his Bachelor of Science, and simultaneously a master of science by a special award of the faculty, who considered his work exceptionally outstanding.[11]

In 1963, with mathematician Marshall Hall as his adviser, he earned a PhD in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology, with a thesis titled Finite Semifields and Projective Planes.[12]

Early work

In 1963, after receiving his PhD, Knuth joined Caltech's faculty as an assistant professor.

Knuth accepted a commission to write a book on computer programming language compilers. While working on this project, he decided that he could not adequately treat the topic without first developing a fundamental theory of computer programming, which became The Art of Computer Programming. He originally planned to publish this as a single book, but as he developed his outline for the book, he concluded that he required six volumes, and then seven, to thoroughly cover the subject. He published the first volume in 1968.[13]

Just before publishing the first volume of The Art of Computer Programming, Knuth left Caltech to accept employment with the Institute for Defense Analyses' Communications Research Division,[14] then situated on the Princeton campus, which was performing mathematical research in cryptography to support the National Security Agency.

In 1967, Knuth attended a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics conference and someone asked what he did. At the time, computer science was partitioned into numerical analysis, artificial intelligence, and programming languages. Based on his study and The Art of Computer Programming book, Knuth decided the next time someone asked he would say, "Analysis of algorithms".[15]

In 1969, Knuth left his position at Princeton to join the Stanford University faculty,[16] where he became Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science in 1977. He became Professor of The Art of Computer Programming in 1990, and has been emeritus since 1993.[17] [18]

Writings

Knuth is a writer as well as a computer scientist.[19]

The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP)

See main article: The Art of Computer Programming.

In the 1970s, Knuth called computer science "a totally new field with no real identity. And the standard of available publications was not that high. A lot of the papers coming out were quite simply wrong. ... So one of my motivations was to put straight a story that had been very badly told."[20]

From 1972 to 1973, Knuth spent a year at the University of Oslo among people such as Ole-Johan Dahl. This is where he had originally intended to write the seventh volume in his book series, which was to deal with programming languages. But Knuth had finished only the first two volumes when he came to Oslo, and thus spent the year on the third volume, next to teaching. The third volume came out just after Knuth returned to Stanford in 1973.[21]

By 2011, Volume 4A had been published. Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science 2nd ed., which originated with an expansion of the mathematical preliminaries section of Volume 1 of TAoCP, was published in 1994. In April 2020, Knuth said he anticipated that Volume 4 will have at least parts A through F. Volume 4B was published in October 2022.

Other works

Knuth is also the author of Surreal Numbers, a mathematical novelette on John Conway's set theory construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply explaining the subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research.

In 1995, Knuth wrote the foreword to the book A=B by Marko Petkovšek, Herbert Wilf and Doron Zeilberger.[22] He also occasionally contributes language puzzles to .[23]

Knuth has delved into recreational mathematics. He contributed articles to the Journal of Recreational Mathematics beginning in the 1960s, and was acknowledged as a major contributor in Joseph Madachy's Mathematics on Vacation.[24]

Knuth also appears in a number of Numberphile[25] and Computerphile videos on YouTube, where he discusses topics from writing Surreal Numbers to why he does not use email.

Works about his religious beliefs

In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a Lutheran, is also the author of 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated,[26] in which he examines the Bible by a process of systematic sampling, namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of calligraphers led by Hermann Zapf. Knuth was invited to give a set of lectures at MIT on the views on religion and computer science behind his 3:16 project, resulting in another book, Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About, where he published the lectures God and Computer Science.[27]

Opinion on software patents

Knuth strongly opposes granting software patents to trivial solutions that should be obvious, but has expressed more nuanced views for nontrivial solutions such as the interior-point method of linear programming.[28] He has expressed his disagreement directly to both the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation.[29]

Programming

Digital typesetting

In the 1970s, the publishers of TAOCP abandoned Monotype in favor of phototypesetting. Knuth became so frustrated with the inability of the latter system to approach the quality of the previous volumes, which were typeset using the older system, that he took time out to work on digital typesetting and created TeX and Metafont.[30]

Literate programming

While developing TeX, Knuth created a new methodology of programming, which he called literate programming, because he believed that programmers should think of programs as works of literature:

Knuth embodied the idea of literate programming in the WEB system. The same WEB source is used to weave a TeX file, and to tangle a Pascal source file. These in their turn produce a readable description of the program and an executable binary respectively. A later iteration of the system, CWEB, replaces Pascal with C, C++, and Java.[31]

Knuth used WEB to program TeX and METAFONT, and published both programs as books, both originally published the same year: TeX: The Program (1986); and METAFONT: The Program (1986).[32] Around the same time, LaTeX, the now-widely adopted macro package based on TeX, was first developed by Leslie Lamport, who later published its first user manual in 1986.[33]

Personal life

Donald Knuth married Nancy Jill Carter on 24 June 1961, while he was a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology. They have two children: John Martin Knuth and Jennifer Sierra Knuth.[34]

Knuth gives informal lectures a few times a year at Stanford University, which he calls "Computer Musings". He was a visiting professor at the Oxford University Department of Computer Science in the United Kingdom until 2017 and an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College.[35] [36]

Knuth is an organist and a composer. He and his father served as organists for Lutheran congregations. Knuth and his wife have a 16-rank organ in their home.[37] In 2016 he completed a piece for organ, Fantasia Apocalyptica, which he calls a "translation of the Greek text of the Revelation of Saint John the Divine into music". It was premièred in Sweden on January 10, 2018.[38]

Chinese name

Knuth's Chinese name is Gao Dena .[39] He was given this name in 1977 by Frances Yao shortly before making a three-week trip to China.[40] In the 1980 Chinese translation of Volume 1 of The Art of Computer Programming, Knuth explains that he embraced his Chinese name because he wanted to be known by the growing numbers of computer programmers in China at the time. In 1989, his Chinese name was placed atop the Journal of Computer Science and Technology header, which Knuth says "makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language".[41]

Health concerns

In 2006, Knuth was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent surgery in December that year and said, "a little bit of radiation therapy ... as a precaution but the prognosis looks pretty good" in his video autobiography.[42]

Humor

Knuth used to pay a finder's fee of $2.56 for any typographical errors or mistakes discovered in his books, because "256 pennies is one hexadecimal dollar", and $0.32 for "valuable suggestions". According to an article in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Technology Review, these Knuth reward checks are "among computerdom's most prized trophies". Knuth had to stop sending real checks in 2008 due to bank fraud, and now gives each error finder a "certificate of deposit" from a publicly listed balance in his fictitious "Bank of San Serriffe".[43]

He once warned a correspondent, "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it."[40]

Knuth published his first "scientific" article in a school magazine in 1957 under the title "The Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures". In it, he defined the fundamental unit of length as the thickness of Mad No. 26, and named the fundamental unit of force "whatmeworry". Mad published the article in issue No. 33 (June 1957).[44] [45]

To demonstrate the concept of recursion, Knuth intentionally referred "Circular definition" and "Definition, circular" to each other in the index of The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1.

The preface of Concrete Mathematics has the following paragraph:

At the TUG 2010 Conference, Knuth announced a satirical XML-based successor to TeX, titled "iTeX" (pronounced as /iː˨˩˦tɛks˧˥/, performed with a bell ringing), which would support features such as arbitrarily scaled irrational units, 3D printing, input from seismographs and heart monitors, animation, and stereophonic sound.[46] [47]

Awards and honors

In 1971, Knuth received the first ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. He has received various other awards, including the Turing Award, the National Medal of Science, the John von Neumann Medal, and the Kyoto Prize.

Knuth was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 1980 in recognition of his contributions to the field of computer science.[48]

In 1990, he was awarded the one-of-a-kind academic title Professor of The Art of Computer Programming; the title has since been revised to Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming.

Knuth was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975. He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1981 for organizing vast subject areas of computer science so that they are accessible to all segments of the computing community. In 1992, he became an associate of the French Academy of Sciences. Also that year, he retired from regular research and teaching at Stanford University in order to finish The Art of Computer Programming. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2003.

Knuth was elected as a Fellow (first class of Fellows) of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2009 for his outstanding contributions to mathematics.[49] He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[50] In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society[51] and a member of the American Philosophical Society.[52] Other awards and honors include:

Publications

A short list of his publications include:[65]

The Art of Computer Programming:

  1. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 1: Fundamental Algorithms . 3rd . 1997 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 978-0-201-89683-1. The Art of Computer Programming .
  2. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 2: Seminumerical Algorithms . 3rd . 1997 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 978-0-201-89684-8. The Art of Computer Programming .
  3. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 3: Sorting and Searching . 2nd . 1998 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 978-0-201-89685-5. The Art of Computer Programming .
  4. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1 . 2011 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 978-0-201-03804-0. The Art of Computer Programming .
  5. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4B: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2 . 2022 . Addison-Wesley Professional . 978-0-201-03806-4. The Art of Computer Programming .
  6. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . MMIX—A RISC Computer for the New Millennium . 1, Fascicle 1 . 2005 . 978-0-201-85392-6. MMIX .
  7. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 0: Introduction to Combinatorial Algorithms and Boolean Functions . 2008 . 978-0-321-53496-5.
  8. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & Techniques; Binary Decision Diagrams . 2009 . Addison-Wesley . 978-0-321-58050-4.
  9. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 2: Generating All Tuples and Permutations . 2005 . Addison-Wesley . 978-0-201-85393-3.
  10. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 3: Generating All Combinations and Partitions . 2005 . 978-0-201-85394-0.
  11. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 4: Generating All Trees—History of Combinatorial Generation . 2006 . Addison-Wesley . 978-0-321-33570-8.
  12. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 5: Mathematical Preliminaries Redux; Backtracking; Dancing Links . 2018 . 978-0-134-67179-6.
  13. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . The Art of Computer Programming . 4, Fascicle 6: Satisfiability . 2015 . 978-0-134-39760-3.

Computers and Typesetting (all books are hardcover unless otherwise noted):

  1. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . A, The TeXbook . . Addison-Wesley . 1984 . 978-0-201-13447-6., x+483pp.
  2. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . A, The TeXbook . . Addison-Wesley . 1984 . 978-0-201-13448-3 . (softcover).
  3. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . B, TeX: The Program . . Addison-Wesley . 1986 . 978-0-201-13437-7 ., xviii+600pp.
  4. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . C, The METAFONTbook . . Addison-Wesley . 1986 . 978-0-201-13445-2 ., xii+361pp.
  5. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . C, The METAFONTbook . . Addison-Wesley . 1986 . 978-0-201-13444-5 . registration . (softcover).
  6. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . D, METAFONT: The Program . . Addison-Wesley . 1986 . 978-0-201-13438-4., xviii+566pp.
  7. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . E, Computer Modern Typefaces . . Addison-Wesley . 1986 . 978-0-201-13446-9., xvi+588pp.
  8. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Computers & Typesetting . A-E Boxed Set . . Addison-Wesley . 2000 . 978-0-201-73416-4.

Books of collected papers:

  1. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Literate Programming . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 1992 . 978-0-937073-80-3 . 27. Literate Programming . [66]
  2. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Selected Papers on Computer Science . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 1996 . 978-1-881526-91-9 . 59. [67]
  3. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Digital Typography . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 1999 . 978-1-57586-010-7 . 78 . registration . [68]
  4. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 2000 . 978-1-57586-212-5 . 102 . registration . [69]
  5. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Selected Papers on Computer Languages . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 2003 . 978-1-57586-381-8 . 139., (paperback)[70]
  6. Book: Knuth, Donald E. . 3 . Selected Papers on Discrete Mathematics . . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI . Lecture Notes . 2003 . 978-1-57586-249-1 . 106 . registration ., (paperback)[71]
  7. Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 191), 2010. (cloth), (paperback)[72]
  8. Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Fun and Games (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 192), 2011. (cloth), (paperback)[73]
  9. Donald E. Knuth, Companion to the Papers of Donald Knuth (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 202), 2011. (cloth), (paperback)[74]

Other books:

  1. Book: Graham . Ronald L . Ronald L. Graham . Knuth . Donald E. . Patashnik . Oren . Oren Patashnik . Concrete mathematics: A foundation for computer science . Second . Addison-Wesley . Reading, MA . 1994 . 978-0-201-55802-9 . 1397498. Concrete Mathematics . xiv+657 pp.
  2. Book: Knuth, Donald Ervin . Surreal numbers: how two ex-students turned on to pure mathematics and found total happiness: a mathematical novelette . 1974 . Addison-Wesley . 978-0-201-03812-5. [75]
  3. Donald E. Knuth, The Stanford GraphBase: A Platform for Combinatorial Computing (New York, ACM Press) 1993. second paperback printing 2009.
  4. Donald E. Knuth, 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated (Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions), 1990.
  5. Donald E. Knuth, Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About (Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes no 136), 2001.
  6. Donald E. Knuth, MMIXware: A RISC Computer for the Third Millennium (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag— Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 1750), 1999. viii+550pp.
  7. Donald E. Knuth and Silvio Levy, The CWEB System of Structured Documentation (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley), 1993. iv+227pp. . Third printing 2001 with hypertext support, ii + 237 pp.
  8. Donald E. Knuth, Tracy L. Larrabee, and Paul M. Roberts, Mathematical Writing (Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America), 1989. ii+115pp
  9. Daniel H. Greene and Donald E. Knuth, Mathematics for the Analysis of Algorithms (Boston: Birkhäuser), 1990. viii+132pp.
  10. Donald E. Knuth, French: Mariages Stables: et leurs relations avec d'autres problèmes combinatoires (Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal), 1976. 106pp.
  11. Donald E. Knuth, Stable Marriage and Its Relation to Other Combinatorial Problems: An Introduction to the Mathematical Analysis of Algorithms.
  12. Donald E. Knuth, Axioms and Hulls (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag—Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 606), 1992. ix+109pp.

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Karp . Richard M. . Richard M. Karp . February 1986 . 10.1145/5657.5658 . 2 . Communications of the ACM . 98–109 . Combinatorics, Complexity, and Randomness . 29. free .
  2. Book: Molly Knight Raskin . No Better Time: The Brief, Remarkable Life of Danny Lewin--the Genius who Transformed the Internet . 2013 . Da Capo Press, Incorporated . 978-0-306-82166-0 . 61–62.
  3. Web site: Feigenbaum . Edward. Edward Feigenbaum . Oral History of Donald Knuth . https://web.archive.org/web/20081209120854/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Knuth_Don_1/Knuth_Don.oral_history.2007.102658053_all.pdf . 2008-12-09 . live . Computer History Museum . 17 September 2020 . 2007.
  4. Book: 1998 . Out of their minds: the lives and discoveries of 15 great computer scientists . Dennis Elliott . Shasha . Cathy A . Lazere . Springer . 978-0-387-98269-4 . 90 .
  5. Book: 2011 . Selected Papers on Fun and Games . Donald . Knuth . Center for the Study of Language and Information—CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 192 . 400 . 978-1-57586-584-3.
  6. Web site: Donald E. Knuth . Encyclopedia.com . 17 September 2020.
  7. Book: Koshy, Thomas . Discrete mathematics with applications . July 30, 2011 . 2004 . Academic Press . 978-0-12-421180-3 . 244 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121112175255/http://books.google.com/books?id=90KApidK5NwC&pg=PA244 . November 12, 2012 . live .
  8. Web site: Donald Knuth, basketball and computers in sport . Keith . Lyons . Clyde Street Archive . September 25, 2018 . August 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190816141158/https://keithlyons.me/blog/2018/09/25/donald-knuth-basketball-and-computers-in-sport/ . August 16, 2019 . dead .
  9. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160904030655/http://greeklife.case.edu/org/thetachi/Our_History . Beta Nu of Theta Chi, History of Beta Nu Chapter . . September 4, 2016 . April 15, 2019 . dead.
  10. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191221062600/https://www.thetachi.org/beta-nu . Beta Nu, Theta Chi . . December 21, 2019 . December 21, 2019 . dead .
  11. Web site: Walden . David . Donald E. Knuth - A.M. Turing Award Laureate . December 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017231352/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm . October 17, 2019 . live.
  12. . 1963 . Finite Semifields and Projective Planes . Donald Ervin . Knuth . PhD.
  13. Web site: Knuth . Donald Ervin . The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP) . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223145/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html . 2019-08-03 . 2019-08-03 . 2018-02-06 .
  14. Web site: Institute for Defense Analyses . INFORMS . 2021-08-27 . 2024-01-08.
  15. Web site: The Computer Scientist Who Can't Stop Telling Stories . Susan . D'Agostino . . 2020-04-16 . 2020-04-19 .
  16. Web site: Timeline . Computer Science @ Stanford - Spotlight at Stanford . 2019-06-21 . 2024-01-08.
  17. Web site: Home page . Knuth . Donald Ervin . . 2005-03-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191127223728/https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/ . 2019-11-27 . live .
  18. Web site: Donald Knuth . Profiles . Stanford University . https://web.archive.org/web/20160612181314/https://profiles.stanford.edu/donald-knuth . 2016-06-12 . dead . 2020-08-24 .
  19. Web site: Curriculum vitae . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Stanford University . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803232050/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/vita.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  20. Web site: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards . October 15, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160819042332/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/microsites/premios/fronteras/galardonados/2010/informacion.jsp . August 19, 2016 . mdy-all .
  21. Web site: 1997. Publikasjonen "Datahistorien ved Universitetet i Oslo - Institutt for informatikk 1977 - 1997" utgitt. Norwegian. The publication "Computer history at the University of Oslo - Department of Informatics 1977 - 1997" published. live. 29 April 2021. University of Oslo. https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185911/https://ordenen.ifi.uio.no/history/1997-datahistorien-ved-universitetet-i-oslo-published/ . April 29, 2021 .
  22. Web site: DEK . Zeilberg . Rutgers . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828184416/http://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/DEK.html . August 28, 2017 . dead .
  23. Web site: The Linguist List -- Journal Page. https://web.archive.org/web/20210611115447/https://old.linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/get-journals.cfm?JournalID=22720. dead. June 11, 2021. linguistlist.org. 2022-12-14.
  24. Madachy, Joseph S.,Mathematics on Vacation, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. 1966
  25. Web site: Videos about Numbers and Stuff . https://web.archive.org/web/20181104201526/http://www.numberphile.com/team/index.html . November 4, 2018 . dead . . August 16, 2019.
  26. Book: Knuth, Donald Ervin . 3:16 : Bible texts illuminated . 1991 . . A-R Eds . 978-0-89579-252-5.
  27. Book: Knuth, Donald Ervin . Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About . Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications . Stanford, California . 2001 . 978-1-57586-326-9 .
  28. All Questions Answered . March 2002 . article . Notices . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190430030346/http://www.ams.org/notices/200203/fea-knuth.pdf . April 30, 2019 . live .
  29. Web site: Against software patents . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Letter . February 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040943/http://www.groklaw.net/images/G308Knuth.pdf . September 24, 2015 . dead . to the patent offices in the USA and Europe.
  30. Web site: Digital Typography (Kyoto Prize Lecture, 1996) . https://web.archive.org/web/20180127194502/http://www.kyotoprize.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/12kA_lct_EN.pdf . dead . 2018-01-27 . Knuth . Donald Erwin . 1997 .
  31. Web site: Knuth and Levy: CWEB.
  32. Web site: Knuth: Computers and Typesetting . www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu . 2019-07-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190411233455/https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/abcde.html . 2019-04-11 . 2019-04-11 . dead . Donald . Knuth .
  33. Book: Lamport, Leslie . LATEX : a document preparation system . 1986 . Addison-Wesley Pub. Co . 020115790X . 12550262 . registration.
  34. Web site: Donald Ervin Knuth . . J. J. . O'Connor . E. F. . Robertson . 2015 . October 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171005220701/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Knuth.html . October 5, 2017 . live .
  35. Web site: Professor Donald Knuth . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110104142353/http://www.magd.ox.ac.uk/whos-here/fellows-and-lecturers/fellows/knuthd . January 4, 2011 . December 6, 2010 . Magdalen College . mdy-all.
  36. Web site: October 30, 2014 . Notices . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150515081159/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2014-2015/30october2014-no5075/notices/ . May 15, 2015 . May 21, 2015 . Oxford University Gazette.
  37. Web site: The Organ of Don and Jill Knuth . 11 January 2023 . Stanford.edu.
  38. News: de Groot . Martin . November 3, 2018 . Arts and Culture: A polymath brings his genius to bear on a multimedia work for pipe organ . .
  39. 0896-3207 . . Reutenauer . Arthur . 68–72 . A brief history of TeX, volume II.
  40. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . . 2010-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223521/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/faq.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  41. Book: Knuth . Donald Ervin . The Art of Computer Programming . Guan . JiWen . Su . Yunlin . 计算机程序设计技巧 (Ji suan ji cheng xu she ji ji qiao) . Defense Industry Publishing Co. . 1980 . Beijing . I fondly hope that many Chinese computer programmers will learn to recognize my Chinese name Gao Dena, which was given to me by Francis Yao just before I visited your country in 1977. I still have very fond memories of that three-week visit, and I have been glad to see Gao Dena on the masthead of the Journal of Computer Science and Technology since 1989. This name makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language..
  42. Web site: Donald Knuth: 85 – Coping with cancer . . April 2006 . February 4, 2021 .
  43. Rewriting the Bible in 0s and 1s . https://web.archive.org/web/20220709180448/https://www.technologyreview.com/1999/09/01/236540/rewriting-the-bible-in-0s-and-1s/ . live . 2022-07-09 . .
  44. Knuth . Donald Ervin . The Potrzebie System of Weights & Measures . Mad Magazine . June 1957 . 33 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181106194253/https://madcoversite.com/mad033.html . November 6, 2018 . dead .
  45. Book: Kidder, Tracy . A Truck Full of Money . Tracy Kidder . . 68 . 2016 . 9780812995244.
  46. Web site: TUG . 2010 . Don . Knuth . Zeeba TV . conference . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160325191535/http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/media/conferences/tug-2010/Don-Knuth/ . March 25, 2016 . live .
  47. Knuth . Donald Ervin . 2010 . . 31 . An Earthshaking Announcement . 121–24 . 2 . 0896-3207 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413164834/http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb31-2/tb98knut.pdf . April 13, 2019 . live .
  48. Web site: Roll of Distinguished Fellows. Anon. 2016. British Computer Society. 2014-09-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025814/http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/1650. 2016-03-04.
  49. Web site: Fellows . 2009 . Siam . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421024152/https://www.siam.org/Prizes-Recognition/Fellows-Program/All-SIAM-Fellows/Class-of-2009 . April 21, 2019 . live .
  50. Web site: Gruppe 1: Matematiske fag . . no . October 7, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152102/http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40116 . November 10, 2013 . mdy .
  51. Web site: Fellows of the American Mathematical Society . December 14, 2022.
  52. Web site: APS Member History. 2021-03-19. search.amphilsoc.org.
  53. Knuth, D. E. . Computer science and its relation to mathematics . Amer. Math. Monthly . 81 . 4 . 1974 . 323–343 . 10.2307/2318994 . 2318994 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190220124259/https://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/computer-science-and-its-relation-to-mathematics . February 20, 2019 . live .
  54. Knuth, D. E. . Two notes on notation . Amer. Math. Monthly . 99 . 5 . 1992 . 403–422 . 10.2307/2325085 . math/9205211 . 2325085 . 1992math......5211K . 119584305 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190220182804/https://www.maa.org/programs/maa-awards/writing-awards/two-notes-on-notation . February 20, 2019 . live .
  55. Web site: Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures . American Mathematical Society . October 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161007131854/http://www.ams.org/meetings/lectures/meet-gibbs-lect . October 7, 2016 . live .
  56. Knuth, Donald E. . Mathematical typography . 1979 . Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) . 1 . 2 . 337–372 . 520078 . 10.1090/s0273-0979-1979-14598-1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150928160236/http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1979-01-02/S0273-0979-1979-14598-1/S0273-0979-1979-14598-1.pdf . 2015-09-28 . live . June 1, 2022 . free .
  57. Web site: The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - NSF - National Science Foundation. www.nsf.gov. March 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20181123140123/https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=198. November 23, 2018. live.
  58. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement . www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  59. Web site: Harvey . 1995 . Technion . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721134544/http://www.admin.technion.ac.il/harvey/1995-2.html . July 21, 2011 . mdy-all .
  60. Web site: Donald Knuth: 1998 Fellow . . 2015 . March 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093832/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/donald-knuth/ . March 13, 2018 . dead .
  61. Web site: Katayanagi . CMU . January 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190615065112/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~katayanagi/ . June 15, 2019 . dead .
  62. Web site: Fronteras . Galardonados . es . . FBBVA . 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160819042332/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/tlfu/ing/microsites/premios/fronteras/galardonados/2010/informacion.jsp . August 19, 2016 . mdy-all .
  63. News: Stanford's Don Knuth, a pioneering hero of computer programming . Stanford Report . Andrew . Myers . June 1, 2001 . June 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110623080640/http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/june/knuth-engineering-hero-060111.html . June 23, 2011 . live .
  64. Web site: Problems That Philippe Would Have Loved. https://web.archive.org/web/20180316101119/https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/flaj2014.pdf . 2018-03-16 . live. Donald. Knuth. Stanford University. 23 March 2022.
  65. Web site: list . Books . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803225102/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/books.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  66. Web site: Literate Programming . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223349/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/lp.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  67. Web site: Selected Papers on Computer Science . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223853/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/cs.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  68. Digital Typography . 249 . 2 . 106–119 . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Scientific American . 1983SciAm.249b.106B . 1983 . 10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190505113549/https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/dt.html . May 5, 2019 . live .
  69. Web site: Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223905/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/aa.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  70. Web site: Selected Papers on Computer Languages . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803224057/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/cl.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  71. Web site: Selected Papers on Discrete Mathematics . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803224050/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/dm.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  72. Web site: Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803224327/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/da.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  73. Web site: Selected Papers on Fun and Games . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803224253/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/fg.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  74. Web site: Companion to the Papers of Donald Knuth . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803225209/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/cp.html . August 3, 2019 . live .
  75. Web site: Surreal numbers . Knuth . Donald Ervin . Home page . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803224012/https://www.cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/sn.html . August 3, 2019 . live .

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