Cystodermella cinnabarina explained

Cystodermella cinnabarina is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cystodermella. Its fruiting body is a small agaric bearing a distinctive reddish-coloured grainy cap. It occurs in coniferous and deciduous forests throughout the world. Prior to 2002, this species belonged to genus Cystoderma, subsection Cinnabarina, under the name Cystoderma cinnabarinum which is still sometimes applied. Another often used synonym is Cystoderma terreyi.

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Agaricus granulosus var. cinnabarinus by German botanist Johannes Baptista von Albertini and the American Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1805.[1] The species has also been known variously as Agaricus terreyi (Berkeley and Broome, 1870),[2] Armillaria cinnabarina (Kauffman, 1922),[3] Lepiota cinnabarina (Karsten, 1914),[4] and Cystoderma terreyi (Harmaja, 1978).[5]

Description

The cap is hemispherical in shape at first, becoming convex and finally flat with maturity, and reaching a diameter of up to 81NaN1. The cap cuticle is cinnabar, brick-red or rusty orange and densely covered with fine granules. The flesh is white to pallid, with a mild fungoid taste and barely discernible smell. The gills are white to cream, dense and emarginate or adnate. A finely cottony partial veil covers the gills in immature specimens, tearing away to leave behind a delicate ring. The stem is white above the ring, and scaly below, with dark orange squamules. The stem is up to 61NaN1 tall and 1.51NaN1 in diameter, sometimes bulbous in the base and hollow.

Microscopic characteristics

The basidiospores are oval, hyaline, and non-amyloid, with dimensions of 3.5–5 by 2.5–3.5 μm. The spore print is white.[6] [7] The basidia (spore-producing cells) are club-shaped, and 17–24 by 4–5 μm. C. cinnabarina always has cells called cheilocystidia—cystidia that are present on the edges of gills, which in this species are spear-shaped. This microscopic feature may be used to help distinguish it from the similar-coloured C. adnatifolia[8] and C. granulosa, which also bear non-amyloid spores, but lack cystidia.[7]

Species of Cystoderma (including orange-capped species such as Cystoderma amianthinum) have amyloid spores, in comparison to non-amyloid spores in C. cinnabarina and species of Cystodermella in general. This is determined by staining tissue with chemicals in the amyloid reaction—all Cystodermella species show a negative reaction (spores remain colourless).[9]

Habitat and distribution

Cystodermella cinnabarina is found fruiting in coniferous and deciduous forests,[10] on ground among moss, grass and litter. Being a saprotrophic fungus, it decays dead organic matter. It has been recorded under pine (Pinus nigra, Pinus pinea), oak, spruce (Picea orientalis), fir (Abies cephalonica) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Greece and Turkey.[7] [11] Fruiting bodies appear solitary or in small groups, during the summer and autumn.[6] It is widely distributed around the world on continents including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, though in many places it is uncommon.[7] [12] The preliminary red data list of threatened British fungi lists Cystodermella cinnabarinum under the IUCN "Near Threatened" status.[13]

Edibility

Cystodermella cinnabarina has been variously described as inedible,[10] [12] though harmless,[14] and even edible[6] [15] regionally, for example, in Hong Kong.

Notes and References

  1. Book: Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae Superioris agro Niskiensi crescentium. Albertini JB, von Schweinitz LD . 1805 . Lipsiae, Sumtibus Kummerianis . 147 . 2009-12-17 . la.
  2. Berkeley MJ, Broome CE . 1870 . Notices of British fungi (1182–1262) . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 6 . IV . 461–69. 10.1080/00222937008696294 .
  3. Kauffmann CH. . 1922 . The genus Armillaria in the United States and its relationships . Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences . 2 . 53–67.
  4. Book: Die Blätterpilze . Karsten P. . 1914 . T. O. Weigel . Leipzig . 327 . 2009-12-17 . de . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192828/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/ricken/tafeln_screen/IMG_2720.jpg . dead .
  5. Harmaja H. . 1978 . New species and combinations in the pale-spored Agaricales . Karstenia . 18 . 29–30. 10.29203/ka.1978.134 . free .
  6. Book: Ts. Hinkova . 1986 . Нашите Гъби (Our Mushrooms) . 95 . Zemizdat (Bulgaria) .
  7. Sesli E. . 2005 . Cystoderma cinnabarinum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fayod, a New Turkish Mycota Record . Turkish Journal of Botany . 6 . 29 . 463–466 .
  8. Saar I. . 2003 . The genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Tricholomataceae) in temperate Eurasia. Mycotaxon. 86 . 455–73.
  9. Saar I, Põldmaa K, Kõljalg U . 2009 . The phylogeny and taxonomy of genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Agaricales) based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequences. Mycological Progress. 8 . 59–73 . 10.1007/s11557-008-0578-9. 31184798 .
  10. Web site: Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Mushroom Expert . Kuo M . December 13, 2009 .
  11. Dimou D. M. . Zervakis G. I. . Polemis E. . 2008 . Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece:IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece) . Mycotaxon . 104 . 39–42 .
  12. Web site: Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Rogers Mushrooms . Rogers Plants Ltd. . December 13, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080706060647/http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5891.asp . July 6, 2008 .
  13. Web site: The Red Data List of Threatened British Fungi . British Mycological Society . December 13, 2009 .
  14. Web site: Cystoderma cinnabarinum at Fungipedia.es . Javier Perez Calvo . es . December 13, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091219031705/http://fungipedia.es/clasificacion-orden/basidiomycota/36-tricholomatales/244-cystoderma-cinnabarinum.html . December 19, 2009 .
  15. Book: Boa E. R.. 2006. "Champignons Comestibles Sauvages" (Edible Wild Mushrooms). 144. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 92-5-205157-0. fr.