| Cyrrhus | |
| Map Type: | Syria |
| Coordinates: | 36.7442°N 36.9592°W |
| Location: | Aleppo Governorate, Syria |
| Type: | Settlement |
| Built: | 300 BC |
| Abandoned: | 13th century CE |
| Condition: | In ruins |
Cyrrhus (; Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κύρρος|Kyrrhos) is a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Other names for the city include Coricium, Corice, Hagioupolis, Nebi Huri (Arabic: نبي هوري), and Khoros (Arabic: label=none|حوروس|Ḳūrus). A false etymology of the sixth century connects it to Cyrus, king of Persia due to the resemblance of the names. The former Roman/Byzantine (arch)bishopric is now a double Catholic titular see.
Its ruins are located in northern Syria, near the Turkish border.
It lies about 70 km northwest of Aleppo and 24 km west of Killis, in Turkey. Cyrrhus was the capital of the extensive district of Cyrrhestica, between the plain of Antioch and Commagene.
The site of the city is marked by the ruins at Khoros, 20 km from Azaz, Syria, standing near the Afrin Marsyas River, a tributary of the Orontes, which had been banked up by Bishop Theodoret.
The Cyrrhus in Syria was founded by Seleucus Nicator shortly after 300 BC, and was named after the Macedonian city of Cyrrhus. Andronicus of Cyrrhus built the Tower of the Winds in Athens, but it is not known which Cyrrhus he came from.
It was taken by the Armenian Empire in the 1st century BC, then became Roman when Pompey took Syria in 64 BC. By the 1st century AD, it had become a Roman administrative, military, and commercial center on the trade route between Antioch and the Euphrates River crossing at Zeugma, and minted its own coinage.[1] It was the base of the Roman legion Legio X Fretensis.[2] The Sassanid Persian Empire took it several times during the 3rd century. Following these attacks the city became a major point of strategic importance for the Romans, who would rapidly develop and fortify it.[3]
In the 6th century, the city was further embellished and strengthened by Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who oversaw work that only added to the Cyrrhus' already incredibly formidable defenses. It was however taken by the Arabs from the Byzantines in 637 AD. It was then known and identified from that time under the name of Qorosh.
In the early 12th century the region was controlled by the Armenian Bagrat until it came under control of the county of Edessa in 1117. In 1150, it was captured by Nur ad-Din Zangi. Muslim travelers of the 13th and 14th century report it both as a large city and as largely in ruins.[4]
The city has been excavated by the Lebanese Syrian Archaeological Mission of Cyrrhus.[5] Initial results indicate a square layout with Hippodamian grid road plan and a central main road with Colonnades typical of the Hellenistic east . The road layout seems to have survived until into the Islamic times. Remains in Cyrrhus include two Roman Bridge s in working order, a dilapidated theatre outside the town and foundations of a Basilica church and some city fortifications.In the 6th century a Byzantine citadel was built on the top of the hill behind the theatre.[6] with evidence of Greek and Egyptian influences in the design work.[7] [8] This citadel is still largely unexcavated.Temple of Zeus: The exact date of the city's construction is unknown, as it is attributed to the period of the reign of Seleucus Nicator (312 - 280) BC. Given the importance of the city's location, large military forces were stationed there whose subordination to a city is unknown, and perhaps it was independent of itself. Coins were minted during this period and it was also an important center for the worship of the two gods, Athena, the protector of the great land, and Zeus (the god of the thunderbolt). It is believed that the temple of Zeus stood on top of the mountain next to the city. Syros became a frontier city after the separation of Asia Minor from the Seleucid state, following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC, which lost its civilian importance and became a center for assembling armies and securing the strong soldiers of the kings of Antioch. In the year 83 BC, controlled by the king of Armenia, Tigran the Great, chaos spread in its area, until the Romans recaptured it in the year 69 BC.
Cyrrhus became a Christian bishopric at an early date, a suffragan of Hierapolis Bambyce, capital and metropolitan see of the Roman province of Euphratensis. Under Justinian, it became an autocephalous ecclesiastical metropolis subject directly to the Patriarch of Antioch but without suffragans. Its bishop Syricius was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The Arian Abgar (Latinized as Abgarus or Augarus) was at the Council of Seleucia (360). Theodoret mentions as another Arian a bishop called Asterius of the time of the Roman Emperor Valens (364–378). Isidorus attended the First Council of Constantinople in 381. The most celebrated of the bishops of Cyrrhus is Theodoret himself (423-458), a prolific writer,[9] well known for his rôle in the history of Nestorianism, Eutychianism, and Marcionism. He tells us that his small diocese (about forty miles square) contained 800 churches, which supposes a very dense population. In 476, a bishop named Ioannes held a synod against Peter the Fuller. At the close of that century the bishop was a Nestorian named Sergius, who was replaced by another of the same name who was of the directly opposite theological opinion, being a Jacobite, and was deposed by Emperor Justin I in 518. Michael the Syrian lists 13 other Jacobite bishops of the see.[10] [11] [12]
A magnificent basilica held the relics of Saints Cosmas and Damian, who had suffered martyrdom in the vicinity about 283, and whose bodies had been transported to the city, whence it was also called Hagioupolis. Many holy personages, moreover, chiefly hermits, had been or were then living in this territory, among them Saints Acepsimas, Zeumatius, Zebinas, Polychronius, Maron (the patron of the Maronite Church), Eusebius, Thalassius, Maris, James the Wonder-worker, and others. Bishop Theodoret devoted an entire work to the illustration of their virtues and miracles.[13]
| Name | Dates | Churchmanship | Notes | Picture | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syricius | 325 | at First Council of Nicaea | |||
| Abgar | 360 | Arian | at Council of Seleucia (360) | ||
| Asterius | 364–378 | Arian | |||
| Isidorus[14] [15] [16] | 381 | at First Council of Constantinople | |||
| Theodoret of Cyrrhus | 423-458 | ||||
| Ioannes | 476 | held a synod against Peter the Fuller | |||
| Sergius I of Cyrrhus | late 5th century[17] | Nestorian | was deposed by Byzantine Emperor Justin I | ||
| Sergius II of Cyrrhus.[18] | 518 | Jacobite | exiled about AD 522.[19] | ||
| John of Cyrrhus[20] | c628 | Orthodox??? | |||
| 12 Jacobite Bishops | |||||
| John of Cyrrhus |
The city was taken in the early 11th century by the Crusaders who made new Bishopric, dependent on Edessa under the name Coricié.
No longer a residential bishopric, Cyrrhus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see,[21] in two different rite-specific traditions, in the apostolic succession of the Byzantine archdiocese.
Established no later then as Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus (Latin) / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Latins
It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, of the fitting Archepiscopal rank with an Episcopal (lowest) exception:
BIOs to ELABORATE
No later than 1896 was established the Antiochene rite Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) Maronitarum (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Maronites.
In 1956 it was suppressed, having had only these incumbents, both of the fitting Archiepiscopal (intermediate) rank and without actual prelature :