Corbicula Explained

Corbicula is a genus of freshwater and brackish water clams, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Cyrenidae, the basket clams.[1] The genus name is the Neo-Latin diminutive of Latin corbis, a basket, referring to the shape and ribs of the shell.

The genus Corbicula includes numerous extant and fossil species; the status of several of them is unclear (species inquirenda).[2] The best known is Corbicula fluminea, an invasive species in many areas of the world.

Unusually, some members reproduce via androgenesis, wherein all genes are inherited from the male, one of the very few animals to do so.[3]

In many Asian countries, these clams are used as ingredients for soup. In South Korea, there is popular soup made of these species of clams (usually Corbicula japonica, Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula leana) known as 재첩국 (jaechup-guk).

Androgenesis

Androgenesis occurs rarely in the tree of life, with only a few occurrences documented and multiple mechanisms through which it is achieved. In Corbicula, androgenesis occurs through the ejection of maternal chromosomes from the egg following fertilization by sperm.[4] Fertilization in androgenetic and sexual lineages of Corbicula occurs while the developing egg is arrested at metaphase 1 of meiosis. In sexual species of Corbicula, the axis of the meiotic spindle orienting the duplicated maternal chromosomes is perpendicular to the plasma membrane of the zygote. However, androgenetic lineages of Corbicula have an axis parallel to the membrane. As a result of this unusual orientation, the two maternal polar bodies formed during anaphase 1 are extruded from the zygote, leading to the complete elimination of all maternal chromosomes.[5] [6] Androgenetic Corbicula lineages also have unreduced sperm; therefore, these lineages retain the same ploidy level after maternal chromosome extrusion. Since only maternal chromosomes are eliminated from the zygote, the zygote inherits only the paternal genome. Sperm of sexually reproducing Corbicula are uniflagellate, which is considered the ancestral trait, while androgenetic Corbicula lineages interestingly possess biflagellate sperm.

While androgenesis would likely lead to species extinction in dioecious species,[7] all androgenetic lineages of Corbicula are hermaphroditic, meaning individuals can produce both sperm and egg, and these individuals can self-fertilize to create effectively clonal offspring. Androgenetic lineages of Corbicula are capable of cross-breeding with sexual and other androgenetic lineages in a phenomenon known as “egg parasitism”.[8] This leads to several interesting consequences for determining androgenetic Corbicula phylogeny. The first is a “cytonuclear mismatch” whereby the mitochondrial DNA shows congruence with the parasitized lineage but the genomic DNA is congruent with the selfish androgenetic lineage whose sperm fertilized the egg. Further complicating phylogenetic studies is the rare occurrence of partial or complete nuclear capture, when the maternal DNA is not completely eliminated from the zygote. Nuclear capture can result in genome recombination or polyploidy. Partial genome capture has been documented when native and androgenetic or multiple androgenetic lineages are sympatric. Egg parasitism has been offered as one explanation for the persistence of androgenetic lineages through increasing allele heterozygosity.[9]

Taxonomy

Despite extensive phylogenetic study of the genus, appropriate categorization of invasive populations has remained a challenge. Lack of clarity in their phylogeny may be due to being hermaphroditic androgens,[10] though no single species of Corbicula has been described as fully androgenetic. Rather, 4-5 specific androgenetic lineages are described in the scientific literature. Form A, B, and D are found within the North America;[11] Form C is in South America;[12] and another form(s) has described in Europe. Cross-breeding between androgenetic and native Corbicula lineages have made it difficult to create a clear taxonomy of the genus, and it is still unclear whether androgenesis arose independently multiple times or originated from a smaller number of lineages that then cross-bred with sexual Corbicula species.[13]

Invasiveness

Corbicula clams are remarkably proficient invasive species, with native ranges spanning from Australia to Africa, but can now be found in most other continents.[14] In North America, Corbicula may have initially invaded as a human food source,[15] though the origin of invasion in other continents has not been determined.[16] However, genotyping may aid in tracking the number of introductions occurring in non-native habitats.[17]

Part of what contributes to its invasive success is its androgenetic reproductive strategy, wherein a single individual may be capable of creating an entire population, but beyond androgenesis, Corbicula owe their invasive potential to anthropogenic factors and their life history strategies.[18] Corbicula have high reproductive capacities,[19] which may be in part due to their ability to self-fertilize, and the high dispersal potential of their larvae. Corbicula are also phenotypically plastic,[20] which may allow them to outcompete native mussels,[21] and their occurrence at high densities may drive native mussel glochidia mortality. Their high competitive ability is of concern, in part due to the already endangered status of many of the world’s mussel species.[22] [23]

Though Corbicula are proficient competitors, they have a small number of lineages,[24] and have worldwide low genetic diversity, which is attributed to their reproductive capabilities.[25] While this generally does not contribute to their success, phenotypic plasticity may buffer them from the effects of low genetic diversity, though it is suggested that population bottlenecks may have occurred during their invasions.[26] Despite the potential for population bottlenecks, there is a need for better control methods,[27] as active spread has occurred.[28] [29] While some eradication methods work, such as deposition of dry ice pellets,[30] the use of a heat torch,[31] and temperature shock,[32] preventative measures are of utmost importance as invasives are often difficult to detect prior to establishment.

Species

Extant species within the genus Corbicula include:[2]

References

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Gofas, S. (2015). Cyrenidae Gray, 1847. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=238370 on 2015-08-26
  2. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). Corbicula Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=238371 on 2022-05-29
  3. Pigneur . L.-M. . Hedtke . S. M. . Etoundi . E. . Van Doninck . K. . Androgenesis: a review through the study of the selfish shellfish Corbicula spp . Heredity . June 2012 . 108 . 6 . 581–591 . 10.1038/hdy.2012.3 . 22473310 . 3356815 . 1365-2540. free .
  4. Pigneur . L.-M. . Hedtke . S. M. . Etoundi . E. . Van Doninck . K. . June 2012 . Androgenesis: a review through the study of the selfish shellfish Corbicula spp. . Heredity . en . 108 . 6 . 581–591 . 10.1038/hdy.2012.3 . 1365-2540 . 3356815 . 22473310.
  5. Komaru . A. . Kawagishi . Takaaki . Konishi . Kooichi . 1998-04-01 . Cytological evidence of spontaneous androgenesis in the freshwater clam Corbicula leana Prime . Development Genes and Evolution . 208 . 1 . 46–50 . 10.1007/s004270050152 . 9518524 . 0949-944X.
  6. Hotta . Masaru . Komaru . Akira . April 2018 . The Process of First Polar Body Formation in Eggs of the Androgenetic Clam Corbicula fluminea . Journal of Shellfish Research . 37 . 1 . 131–137 . 10.2983/035.037.0111 . 0730-8000.
  7. McKone . Mark J. . Halpern . Stacey L. . April 2003 . The Evolution of Androgenesis . The American Naturalist . en . 161 . 4 . 641–656 . 10.1086/368291 . 12776890 . 0003-0147.
  8. Hedtke . Shannon M. . Stanger-Hall . Kathrin . Baker . Robert J. . Hillis . David M. . May 2008 . All-Male Asexuality: Origin and Maintenance of Androgenesis in the Asian Clam Corbicula . Evolution . 62 . 5 . 1119–1136 . 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00344.x . 18266987 . 0014-3820.
  9. Vastrade . Martin . Etoundi . Emilie . Bournonville . Thibaut . Colinet . Mathilde . Debortoli . Nicolas . Hedtke . Shannon M. . Nicolas . Emilien . Pigneur . Lise-Marie . Virgo . Julie . Flot . Jean-François . Marescaux . Jonathan . Van Doninck . Karine . 2022 . Substantial genetic mixing among sexual and androgenetic lineages within the clam genus Corbicula . Peer Community Journal . fr . 2 . 10.24072/pcjournal.180 . 2804-3871.
  10. Ludwig . Sandra . Darrigran . Gustavo . Boeger . Walter A. . March 2024 . Opening the black box of the invasion of Corbicula clams (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) in South America: a genetic and morphological evaluation . Hydrobiologia . en . 851 . 5 . 1203–1217 . 10.1007/s10750-023-05378-1 . 0018-8158.
  11. Tiemann . Jeremy . Haponski . Amanda . Douglass . Sarah . Lee . Taehwan . Cummings . Kevin . Davis . Mark . Ó Foighil . Diarmaid . 2017 . First record of a putative novel invasive Corbicula lineage discovered in the Illinois River, Illinois, USA . BioInvasions Records . 6 . 2 . 159–166 . 10.3391/bir.2017.6.2.12.
  12. Ituarte . CF . 1994 . Corbicula and Neocorbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Parana, Uruguay, and Rio de La Plata basins . Nautilus . 107 . 129–135.
  13. Hedtke . Shannon M. . Glaubrecht . Matthias . Hillis . David M. . 2011-06-07 . Rare gene capture in predominantly androgenetic species . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 108 . 23 . 9520–9524 . 10.1073/pnas.1106742108 . free . 0027-8424 . 3111314 . 21606355. 2011PNAS..108.9520H .
  14. Pigneur . Lise-Marie . Marescaux . Jonathan . Roland . Kathleen . Etoundi . Emilie . Descy . Jean-Pierre . Van Doninck . Karine . 2011-05-27 . Phylogeny and androgenesis in the invasive Corbicula clams (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) in Western Europe . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 11 . 1 . 147 . 10.1186/1471-2148-11-147 . free . 21619630 . 3126740 . 2011BMCEE..11..147P . 1471-2148.
  15. COUNTS . CL . 1981 . CORBICULA FLUMINEA (BIVALVIA: SPHAERIACEA) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA . Corbicula Fluminea (Bivalvia: Sphaeriacea) in British Columbia.
  16. Crespo . Daniel . Dolbeth . Marina . Leston . Sara . Sousa . Ronaldo . Pardal . Miguel Ângelo . July 2015 . Distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the invaded range: a geographic approach with notes on species traits variability . Biological Invasions . en . 17 . 7 . 2087–2101 . 10.1007/s10530-015-0862-y . 2015BiInv..17.2087C . 1822/49103 . 1387-3547. free .
  17. Sheehan . Rory . Etoundi . Emilie . Minchin . Dan . Doninck . Karine . Lucy . Frances . 2019-08-10 . Identification of the Invasive Form of Corbicula Clams in Ireland . Water . en . 11 . 8 . 1652 . 10.3390/w11081652 . free . 2073-4441.
  18. Sousa . R. . Antunes . C. . Guilhermino . L. . 2008 . Ecology of the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in aquatic ecosystems: an overview . Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology . en . 44 . 2 . 85–94 . 10.1051/limn:2008017 . 0003-4088.
  19. Sousa . Ronaldo . Nogueira . António J. A. . Gaspar . Miguel B. . Antunes . Carlos . Guilhermino . Lúcia . 2008-11-10 . Growth and extremely high production of the non-indigenous invasive species Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774): Possible implications for ecosystem functioning . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science . 80 . 2 . 289–295 . 10.1016/j.ecss.2008.08.006 . 2008ECSS...80..289S . 0272-7714.
  20. Modesto . Vanessa . Castro . Paulo . Lopes-Lima . Manuel . Antunes . Carlos . Ilarri . Martina . Sousa . Ronaldo . 2019-07-10 . Potential impacts of the invasive species Corbicula fluminea on the survival of glochidia . Science of the Total Environment . 673 . 157–164 . 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.043 . 30986675 . 2019ScTEn.673..157M . 1822/72626 . 0048-9697. free .
  21. Modesto . Vanessa . Dias . Ester . Ilarri . Martina . Lopes-Lima . Manuel . Teixeira . Amílcar . Varandas . Simone . Castro . Paulo . Antunes . Carlos . Sousa . Ronaldo . 2021-05-31 . Trophic niche overlap between native freshwater mussels (Order: Unionida) and the invasive Corbicula fluminea . Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems . 31 . 8 . 2058–2071 . 10.1002/aqc.3618 . 10198/20668 . 1052-7613. free .
  22. Lopes-Lima . Manuel . Sousa . Ronaldo . Geist . Juergen . Aldridge . David C. . Araujo . Rafael . Bergengren . Jakob . Bespalaya . Yulia . Bódis . Erika . Burlakova . Lyubov . Van Damme . Dirk . Douda . Karel . Froufe . Elsa . Georgiev . Dilian . Gumpinger . Clemens . Karatayev . Alexander . February 2017 . Conservation status of freshwater mussels in Europe: state of the art and future challenges: Conservation of European freshwater mussels . Biological Reviews . en . 92 . 1 . 572–607 . 10.1111/brv.12244. 26727244 . 10198/15259 . free .
  23. Haag . Wendell R. . December 2019 . Reassessing Enigmatic Mussel Declines in the United States . Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation . 22 . 2 . 43–60 . 10.31931/fmbc.v22i2.2019.43-60 . 2472-2944. free .
  24. Lee . Taehwan . Siripattrawan . Sirirat . Ituarte . Cristian F. . Foighil . Diarmaid O. . 2005 . Invasion of the clonal clams: Corbicula lineages in the New World . American Malacological Bulletin . 20 . 113–122 . Researchgate.
  25. Pigneur . Lise-Marie . Etoundi . Emilie . Aldridge . David C. . Marescaux . Jonathan . Yasuda . Nina . Van Doninck . Karine . October 2014 . Genetic uniformity and long-distance clonal dispersal in the invasive androgenetic Corbicula clams . Molecular Ecology . en . 23 . 20 . 5102–5116 . 10.1111/mec.12912 . 25208249 . 2014MolEc..23.5102P . 0962-1083.
  26. Park . Joong-Ki . Choe . Byung Lae . Eom . Keeseon S. . 2004-06-30 . Two mitochondrial lineages in Korean freshwater Corbicula (Corbiculidae: bivalvia) . Molecules and Cells . 17 . 3 . 410–414 . 10.1016/S1016-8478(23)13060-3 . 1016-8478 . 15232214. free .
  27. Modesto . Vanessa . Ilarri . Martina . Labecka . Anna M. . Ferreira-Rodríguez . Noé . Coughlan . Neil E. . Liu . Xiongjun . Sousa . Ronaldo . 2023-06-26 . What we know and do not know about the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea . Hydrobiologia . en . 10.1007/s10750-023-05280-w . 1573-5117.
  28. Caffrey . Joe . Dick . Jaimie . Lucy . Frances . Davis . Eithne . Niven . Art . Coughlan . Neil . 2016 . First record of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia, Cyrenidae) in Northern Ireland . BioInvasions Records . 5 . 4 . 239–244 . 10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.08.
  29. Karaouzas . Ioannis . Zogaris . Stamatis . Froufe . Elsa . Lopes-Lima . Manuel . 2020 . Rival at the gate: first record of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea Müller, 1774 (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in Greece . Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems . en . 421 . 24 . 10.1051/kmae/2020017 . 1961-9502. free .
  30. Coughlan . Neil . 2018 . Cold as Ice: a novel eradication and control method for invasive Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, using pelleted dry ice . Management of Biological Invasions . 9 . 4 . 463–474 . 10.3391/mbi.2018.9.4.09.
  31. Coughlan . Neil . 2019 . Beds Are Burning: eradication and control of invasive Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, with rapid open-flame burn treatments . Management of Biological Invasions . 10 . 3 . 486–499 . 10.3391/mbi.2019.10.3.06.
  32. Coughlan . Neil E. . Cuthbert . Ross N. . Cunningham . Eoghan M. . Potts . Stephen . McSweeney . Diarmuid . Vong . Gina Y. W. . Healey . Emma . Crane . Kate . Caffrey . Joe M. . Lucy . Frances E. . Davis . Eithne . Dick . Jaimie T. A. . July 2021 . Smoke on the Water: Comparative Assessment of Combined Thermal Shock Treatments for Control of Invasive Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea . Environmental Management . en . 68 . 1 . 117–125 . 10.1007/s00267-021-01474-x . 0364-152X . 8172490 . 33914093.

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