Pottery of ancient Cyprus explained
The pottery of ancient Cyprus starts during the Neolithic period. Throughout the ages, Cypriot ceramics demonstrate many connections with cultures from around the Mediterranean.During the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, it is especially imaginative in shape and decoration. There are also many early terracotta figurines that were produced depicting female figures.
The typo-chronology of Cypriot pottery for the Iron Age was established by Einar Gjerstad based on material excavated by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Gjerstad divided the Iron Age into three periods, the Cypro-Geometric (1050-750 BC), the Cypro-Archaic (750-480 BC) and the Cypro-Classical (480-310 BC), which are in turn subdivided, the CG I-III, the CA I-II and the CC I-II, each period corresponds to one pottery Type, with a total of seven, Types I-VII. The exact dates of the chronology of Gjerstad have been slightly revised following more current research. The typochronology is explained in his main work Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV, 2. The Cypro-geometric, Cypro-archaic and Cypro-classical Periods (1948)[1] with further remarks made in the article Pottery Types, Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical (1960).[2]
Neolithic Age
The earliest widely used ceramics during the 5th millennium BC are of the Dark Faced Burnished Ware type.[3] This ceramic technique was followed by the following techniques:
- Red on White ware
- "Combed ware" [4]
- Painted and Combed ware, a combination of the two previous types
Bronze Age
"Red Polished Ware" has been found from the start of the Bronze Age in Cyprus.[5]
White-slip Ware was made c. 1600-1200 BC.[6]
Base-ring Ware is also considered to be a "typical Cypriot" ceramic "of the Late Bronze Age".[7]
Early Iron Age
See also: Cypriot Bichrome ware.
During the Iron Age the pottery was "colorful and often elaborately painted with geometric or figural motifs. Intricate 'Free-field' compositions graced juglets and jars. Ubiquitous concentric circles were applied to jars, juglets, bowls and kraters using multiple brushes. Finer wares like plates, bowls and jugs were made on the fast wheel, while larger forms like amphoras, amphoroid kraters and pithoi were built with a combination of techniques: wheel throwing, hand coiling or molding."[8]
Cypro-Geometric I
During the period 1050-950 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- "White Painted I"
- "Bichrome I" Ware"
- "Plain White I"
- "Black Slip I"
Cypro-Geometric II
During the period 950-900 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- "White Painted II Ware"
- "Bichrome II"
- "Plain White II"
- "Black Slip II"
Cypro-Geometric III
During the period 900-750 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- White Painted III Ware
- Bichrome III
- Plain White III
- Black Slip III
- Red Slip I
- Black on Red I
- Grey & Black Polished I
Cypro-Archaic I
During the period 750-600 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- White Painted IV "Free-field Style"
- Bichrome IV "Free-field Style"
- Plain White IV
- Black Slip IV
- Red Slip II
- Black on Red II
- Grey & Black Polished II
- Bichrome Red I
Cypro-Archaic II
During the period 600-480 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- White Painted V Ware
- Bichrome V
- Plain White V
- Black Slip V
- Red Slip III
- Black on Red III
- Bichrome Red II
Cypro-Classical I
During the period 480-400 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- White Painted VI Ware
- Bichrome VI
- Plain White VI
- Black Slip VI
- Red Slip IV
- Black on Red IV
- Bichrome Red III
- Black & Grey Lustrous I
- Stroke Polished I
Cypro-Classical II
During the period 400-310 BC, characteristic pottery were[9]
- White Painted VII Ware
- Bichrome VII
- Plain White VII
- Red Slip V
- Black on Red V
- Black & Grey Lustrous II
- Stroke Polished II
Further reading
- Boardman, John. 2001. The History of Greek Vases: Potters, Painters, Pictures. New York: Thames & Hudson.
- Cook, Robert Manuel, and Pierre Dupont. 1998. East Greek Pottery. London: Routledge.
- Farnsworth, Marie. 1964. "Greek Pottery: A Mineralogical Study." American Journal of Archaeology 68 (3): 221–28.
- Gjerstad, Einar, and Yves Calvet. 1977. Greek Geometric and Archaic Pottery Found In Cyprus. Stockholm: Svenska institutet i Athen.
- Luke, Joanna. 2003. Ports of Trade, Al Mina and Geometric Greek Pottery In the Levant. Oxford: Archaeopress.
- Book: Zemer . Avshalom . Cypriot Pottery in Ancient Times . Rotgaizer . Orit . Haifa Museums - The National Maritime Museum . 2011 . 978-965-535-013-5.
See also
Notes and References
- Book: Gjerstad, Einar. Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV, 2. The Cypro-geometric, Cypro-archaic and Cypro-classical Periods. Swedish Cyprus Expedition. 1948. Stockholm.
- Gjerstad. Einar. 1960. Pottery Types, Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical. Opuscula Atheniensia. 7. 7. 105–122.
- Book: Joanne Clarke. Insularity and identity in prehistoric Cyprus, in : Le néolithique de Chypre: actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des antiquités de Chypre et l'École française d'Athènes, Nicosie, 17–19 mai 2001. École Française d’Athènes, Athens.
- Book: Flourentzos, P. . A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum . 1996 . Ministry of Communications and Works - Department of Antiquities. 978-9963-36-425-1. 6. by P. Flourentzos, author and Curator of Archaeological Museums and Surveys in Cyprus.
- Book: Stewart, J.R., Dikaios, P.. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition:The Stone Age and The Early Bronze Age in Cyprus. IV. Part 1A. 202. Lund. 1972.
- Web site: Collections Online | British Museum . www.britishmuseum.org . 3 October 2021.
- Book: Flourentzos, P. . A Guide to the Larnaca District Museum . 1996 . Ministry of Communications and Works - Department of Antiquities. 978-9963-36-425-1. 21.
- https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/Cesnola/MatWaresIAPotters.html The Semitic Museum at Harvard University "Materials & Wares: Iron Age Pots and Potters"
- https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/Cesnola/MatWaresIAGjerstad.html Gjerstad's Iron Age Pottery Typology & Chronology
