Cynipinae Explained

Cynipinae is a subfamily of gall wasps (Cynipidae).^[1] Many of the approximately 1,500 described species cause galls on oaks, but some induce galls on other plant species or are inquilines of the gall-inducing species.^[2] Species occur on all continents except Antarctica, with most found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. All extant cynipid species are within Cynipinae since the only other recognized subfamily is Hodiernocynipinae which is based on the fossil genus Hodiernocynips.^[3]

Tribes

There are 9 tribes currently recognized within Cynipinae:

• Aylacini
• Aulacideini
• Ceroptresini
• Cynipini (oak gall wasps)
• Diastrophini
• Eschatocerini
• Phanacidini
• Qwaqwaiini
• Synergini

Notes and References

1. Ronquist. Fredrik. Nieves-Aldrey. José-Luis. Buffington. Matthew L.. Liu. Zhiwei. Liljeblad. Johan. Nylander. Johan A. A.. 2015-05-20. Phylogeny, Evolution and Classification of Gall Wasps: The Plot Thickens. PLOS ONE. en. 10. 5. e0123301. 10.1371/journal.pone.0123301. 1932-6203. 4439057. 25993346. free.
2. Zhang. Y. Miles. Buffington. Matthew L.. Looney. Chris. László. Zoltán. Shorthouse. Joseph D.. Ide. Tatsuya. Lucky. Andrea. 2020-12-01. UCE data reveal multiple origins of rose gallers in North America: Global phylogeny of Diplolepis Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. en. 153. 106949. 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106949. 32866614. 221404242 . 1055-7903.
3. Ronquist. Fredrik. 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta. en. 28. 1–2. 139–164. 10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00022.x. 86539477. 1463-6409.