Cyclone Winston Explained

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston
Extratropical:25 February 2016
Dissipated:3 March 2016
Formed:7 February 2016
Agency:FMS
Winds:150
Pressure:884
Pressure-Suffix:
(Official record low in the Southern Hemisphere; global record low at landfall)
Winds:155
Pressure:907
Year:2016
Damages-Suffix:
(Second-costliest cyclone in the South Pacific basin)
Damages:1400000000
Fatalities:44 total
Affected:Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Queensland
Season:2015–16 South Pacific and Australian region cyclone seasons

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was the most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere on record, as well as the strongest to make landfall on record, and the most intense and longest lasting tropical cyclone worldwide in 2016. Winston was, at the time, the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the South Pacific basin, until it was surpassed by Cyclone Gabrielle in 2023.[1] The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on 7 February 2016, when it was located to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring gale-force winds by 11 February. The following day, it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175km/h. Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on 14 February, Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on 17 February. Due to a change in higher level steering, the storm drifted back to the west. In the process, Winston again rapidly intensified, reaching Category 5 intensity on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on 19 February. The storm passed directly over Vanua Balavu, where a national record wind gust of 306km/h was observed.

The cyclone reached its peak intensity on 20 February, with ten-minute sustained winds of 280km/h and a pressure of 884 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg), shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu, Fiji. Thereafter, the storm slowly weakened within a less favourable environment; the system turned southeast during this time, though remained well away from Fiji. It later degenerated into a remnant low, with some subtropical characteristics, on 24 February as it turned to the west and later northwest. The system persisted for more than a week over the Coral Sea before ultimately moving over Queensland, Australia and dissipating on 3 March, 26 days after being classified a tropical disturbance.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of 20 February. Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on 20 February, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed 44 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands, with some remaining isolated more than two days after the storm's passage. A total of 40,000 homes were damaged or destroyed and approximately 350,000 people—roughly 40 percent of Fiji's population—were significantly impacted by the storm. Total damage from Winston amounted to FJ$2.98 billion (US$1.4 billion). The nation's government declared a state of emergency on 20 February, which remained in place for 60 days. Immediately following the cyclone, the governments of Australia and New Zealand provided logistical support and relief packages. In the following weeks, a coalition of international support, including intergovernmental agencies, brought tens of millions of dollars in aid and hundreds of tons of supplies to residents in Fiji.

Background

Though frequented by tropical cyclones in general, the main islands of Fiji—Viti Levu and Vanua Levu—are seldom impacted by intense storms like Winston. Before Winston, the strongest storm to affect the main islands since records began in 1941 was Evan in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[2] Also before Winston, the strongest storm to make landfall on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was Nigel in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150abbr=onNaNabbr=on and one-minute sustained winds of 195abbr=onNaNabbr=on, Category 3 on both scales. Winston is the deadliest storm to affect the nation of Fiji since Cyclone Meli in 1979, which claimed 53 lives.[3] The relative lack of strong tropical cyclones affecting the capital city of Suva, located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, Angela Fritz of The Washington Post called the storm a worst-case scenario.[4]

Meteorological history

On 7 February 2016, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about 1000round=5NaNround=5 northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[5] Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.[6] On 10 February, the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about 860round=5NaNround=5 to the west-northwest of Suva, Fiji.[7] The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the Australian tropical cyclone scale and assigned it the name Winston early on 11 February; at this time the storm was situated roughly 820km (510miles) west-northwest of Suva, Fiji. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer mean flow, the system tracked southeast.[8] Around 12:00 UTC on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone, as a small, well-defined eye developed within deepening convection.[9] [10]

Situated within a favorable environment for development—featuring sea surface temperatures of 30to, robust upper-level outflow, and light to moderate wind shear[11] —Winston rapidly intensified on 12 February, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,[12] and then a Category 4 cyclone only six hours later.[13] The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175km/h[14] and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 215km/h, classifying it as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[15] Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;[16] convection waned and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On 14 February, Winston turned to the northeast as a subtropical ridge positioned itself to the north.[17]

Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. As a result, the system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on 15 February.[18] Conditions became more favourable for development on 16 February when shear relaxed over the cyclone. A prominent banding feature wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.[19] An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,[20] and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.[21] The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,[22] and a central dense overcast became established on 17 February.[23] Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.[24] The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on 17 February, as it doubled back to the west.[25] [26] A strengthening ridge to the south propelled Winston west by 18 February, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,[27] and upper-level outflow became more defined.[28] Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,[29] and the system acquired traits of an annular tropical cyclone. Another period of rapid intensification took place on 19 February as the storm's 27km (17miles) wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.[30] Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205km/h.[31] Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification, Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 270km/h by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[32] Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of Vanua Balavu.[33] There, a weather station recorded sustained winds of 233km/h and a gust of 306km/h before being destroyed; both values constitute a national record for Fiji.[34]

Passing just south of Vanua Levu, Winston achieved its record intensity early on 20 February with ten-minute sustained winds of 280km/h and a pressure of 907 hPa (mbar; 26.10 inHg).[35] It was operationally estimated with ten-minute sustained winds of 230km/h and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg).[36] The JTWC estimated Winston with one-minute sustained winds of 285km/h.[15] At peak intensity, it revealed a fairly symmetric convective structure with a 25km (16miles) round eye, under low vertical wind shear easily offset by strong divergence aloft; moreover, sea surface temperatures remained warm, near 28C.[37] Winston soon made landfall in the Rakiraki District on Viti Levu at peak intensity,[38] [39] making it the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and therefore the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.[40] It also marked the strongest landfall by any cyclone in the South Pacific basin, and one of the strongest landfalls worldwide.[41] Despite deteriorating slightly while crossing the northern portion of Viti Levu, Winston remained well-organised, reforming a ragged and cloud-filled eye after re-emerging into open waters.[42] Still under favorable conditions, Winston maintained intensity until early on 21 February, when upwelling of cooler waters beneath the decelerating cyclone caused it to weaken into a Category 4 cyclone.[43] [44] On 22 February, Winston sharply recurved south-southeastwards as the primary steering mechanism shifted from a ridge retrograding westwards to a ridge building to the east; moreover, dry air hindered reintensification.[45] Very strong vertical wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures resulted in steady weakening, and Winston dropped below severe tropical cyclone intensity on 23 February.[46] [47] Later, the low-level circulation center became fully exposed with shallow convection sheared to the south. As the system weakened, the relatively shallow subtropical ridge began to steer it southwestwards. Late on 24 February, when Winston entered TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility, the JTWC issued the final warning and indicated subtropical characteristics, citing the weakening mid-level warm core and the expanding wind field.[48] [49]

MetService claimed that Winston transitioned into an extratropical cyclone southeast of New Caledonia with gale-force winds at 00:00 UTC on 25 February, yet the JTWC continued to classify Winston as a subtropical system.[50] [51] On 26 February, beneath an upper-level low which produced subsidence aloft and high vertical wind shear, Winston revealed a strong low-level warm core and a weak upper-level cold core.[52] The post-tropical cyclone moved into the Australian region basin in the afternoon, where it began to weaken once again.[53] Although Winston began to move northwestwards and track over warmer sea surface temperature since 27 February, unfavourable upper-level conditions as well as dry air prevented reintensification.[54] [55] The system continued to track off the coast of Queensland, Australia as a weak and shallow system. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology reported that Winston had eventually transitioned into a tropical low and made landfall over the coast north of Cairns, at 1200 UTC on 3 March, locally at night.[56] [57] [58] Winston soon degenerated into a trough over land.[59]

Impact

Effects in Fiji

On 14 February, the FMS began issuing tropical cyclone warnings for the southern Lau Islands of Fiji.[60] These gradually expanded in coverage through 15 February,[61] but were discontinued on 16 February, as Winston moved away from the nation.[62] Warnings were resumed on 18 February, after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for the northern and eastern islands.[63] Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under hurricane warnings on 19 February.[64] All shelters across the Southern Lau Islands, Koro Island, and Taveuni were opened on 19 February; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.[39] [65] The Republic of Fiji Military Forces were placed on standby for relief efforts.[66] A state of emergency was declared during the afternoon of 20 February,[67] and remained in place until 20 April.[68] A nationwide curfew was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.[69] Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".[39]

Striking the nation on 20 February, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.[39] Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,[70] including the entirety of Vanua Levu,[71] as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.[39] Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and Qamea were lost on 20 February.[72] [73] Contact with Vanua Balavu had yet to be established as of the evening of 22 February.[74] Landline telephone service was lost on Matuku Island.[75] A total of 44 people were killed across the nation: 21 in the Western Division, 15 in the Eastern Division, 6 in the Central Division, and 2 in the Northern Division.[76] [77] [78] [79] An additional 126 were injured. An estimated 350,000 people—the nation's total population was 837,721 as of the 2007 census[80] —were affected by the storm.[81]

Fiji's Eastern Division was the first to be struck by Winston, with many islands sustaining catastrophic damage. Entire communities were destroyed and approximately 40,000 people required immediate assistance. Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roofs.[82] Kade Village was leveled, with nearly all structures destroyed.[83] [84] One individual died in Nabasovi when his home collapsed, and twelve people were injured in Nabuna.[85] [86] Another woman on the island later died in the hospital from injuries she sustained.[76] A total of 788 homes were destroyed and 234 were damaged across Koro Island,[83] rendering more than 3,000 people homeless. Significant damage was reported across Ovalau,[87] where maximum water run-up reached 7m (23feet).[88] Across Taveuni Island, 722 homes were destroyed and 837 were damaged at an estimated cost of FJ$11.2 million (US$5.29 million).[83] The two main ports on Taveuni were severely damaged and largely rendered unusable. Southern areas of the island became isolated when a bridge was destroyed.[89] A communication tower on Mago Island, owned by Mel Gibson, collapsed.[90] In Lomaiviti Province alone, the storm created 42,000 tons of debris.

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the Waidamu River also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.[91] In Drauniivi village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.[92] Hundreds of homes were destroyed in and around Rakiraki Town, with the area described as a scene of devastation and despair by the Fiji Times.[93] The southern coast of Vanua Levu was battered by a significant storm surge which inundated areas up to 183m (600feet) inland near Tacilevu Village. Maximum wave run-up reached 5m (16feet) in Nukubalavu.[88]

Throughout Fiji, a total of 40,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. The Western Division accounted for the majority of damage, with 6,954 homes destroyed and 11,234 damaged.[94] This left approximately 131,000 people in need of immediate shelter assistance.[95] [96] In addition, 229 schools were severely damaged or destroyed. Total damage from the storm amounted to FJ$2.98 billion (US$1.4 billion). However, despite the massive damage caused by Winston, the main tourism sector was largely spared.[97] [98]

Other South Pacific nations

Impacting Tonga twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.[99] Agriculture sustained significant damage, with 85–95 percent of the banana crop and most of the vanilla crop on Vava'u lost.[100] Winston also affected Niue on 16 February; the FMS also issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.[101]

The nation of Tonga also received money and aid as well as medical supplies from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.[102] Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of A$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the Tonga Red Cross Society, two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the Australian Civilian Corps to aid in relief efforts.[103]

Large swells—up to 4to in height[104] —from the remnants of Winston affected southern Queensland, Australia. Beaches at Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast were closed on 26 and 27 February due to dangerous conditions.[105] At least 15 people sustained injuries, ranging from dislocated shoulders to broken legs, due to rough conditions.[106] A bodyboarder was reported missing near Tallebudgera; a helicopter search failed to locate anyone and the search was called off until a missing person report was filed.[107] Severe storms on 29 February associated with the outer bands of Winston's remnants brought locally heavy rains to parts of Queensland. 106mm of rain fell in Garbutt, while 80mm of rain was observed in Townsville in the space of 1 hour.[108] On 3 March heavy rain began to fall in north Queensland as Winston's remnants moved ashore near Cairns.[109] Accumulations reached 215mm in the small town of Feluga.[110]

Aftermath

Cyclone Winston's devastating impact across Fiji rendered tens of thousands homeless, and prompted a major international humanitarian response. An estimated 350,000 people (40 percent of the nation's population) were moderately or severely affected by the storm, including 120,000 children. Approximately 250,000 people required water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) assistance due to power outages and damaged infrastructure. Through the evening of 26 February, approximately 62,000 people were housed evacuation centres across the country, primarily in the Western Division.[111] [112] This number steadily fell to 29,237 by 4 March, though thousands more stayed with relatives. The Governments of Australia, France, and New Zealand quickly responded with a large-scale relief effort within days of the storm's passage. Several other nations provided donations, supplies and funds, as did various international organizations.

Local

All schools across Fiji suspended classes for at least a week, two weeks for those in the hardest-hit areas because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.[113] [114] Hundreds of schools resumed activities on 29 February.[115] All but 23 schools resumed classes by 8 March across the nation.[116] In Labasa, two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.[117] The main airport serving the country, Nadi International Airport, was closed as a result of the cyclone. It was re-opened two days after the storm to allow the humanitarian supplies to be received and tourists to leave.[118] The nation's government deployed two ships to Koro Island carrying assessment teams and emergency supplies.[119] Rakiraki Town was shut down to travel at 7:30 a.m. local time on 23 February to allow crews to clear debris from roads.[120]

The Fiji Electricity Authority estimated that it would take three weeks to restore service to most of the Western Division.[121] Digicel set up battery charging stations in Suva on 22 February.[122] The company quickly restored telephone service to the main islands within two days of the storm.[123] The spread of breeding grounds for mosquitos brought on by the storm led to an increase in dengue fever cases, with 131 incidents reported after Winston's passage.[124] Ultimately, no large-scale outbreak resulted from the storm. Vegetable prices saw marked increases in price, in some cases by 500 percent, following Winston.[125]

On 22 February, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama established a disaster relief fund and requested donations.[126] Fiji Airways provided FJ$1 million (US$465,000),[127] MWH Global donated FJ$100,000,[128] retailer Jack's of Fiji donated FJ$100,000 (US$50,000) and an equal amount worth of clothing.[129] Digicel pledged FJ$150,000 (US$70,000) on 27 February and provided another FJ$50,000 (US$23,000) to the National Disaster Management Office.[130] Three music bands from Koro Island–Voqa Ni Delai Dokidoki, Malumu Ni Tobu, and Savu Ni Delai Lomai–held a benefit concert in Suva on 29 February, with all donations to be donated to the Fijian Prime Minister's Relief and Rehabilitation Fund.[131] Under the Social Welfare's Poverty Benefit Scheme and Care and Protection Allowance, the Government of Fiji allocated FJ$19.9 million (US$9.42 million) to 43,624 families.[132]

In the three weeks following Winston, Empower Pacific provided approximately 7,000 people with psychological support and counseling.[133]

On 9 April, Prime Minister Bainimarama unveiled a FJ$70 million (US$34 million) housing reconstruction initiative called "Help for Homes" targeted at lower income families—with an annual household income less than FJ$50,000 (US$24,000)—that could not afford repair costs.[134]

International

The Government of China provided US$100,000 on 23 February,[135] and a further US$1 million on 4 March.[136] India supplied US$1 million as immediate assistance, and also deployed a C-17 Globemaster III carrying 40 tons of aid.[137] [138] A further US$300,000 was provided by the Then India Sanmarga Ikya Sangam, of which US$25,000 was given to the Fijian Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund.[139] The Government of South Korea provided FJ$107,000 (US$50,000) and GIMCO Korea Ltd. donated FJ$50,000 (US$23,000).[140] [141] The Asian Development Bank provided US$2 million in assistance.[142] The European Union provided FJ$10 million (US$4.6 million) through the Pacific Community for a short-term response.[143] Vanuatu donated 10 million vatu (US$90,000).[144] Indonesia pledged FJ$10.38 million (US$5 million) and would fund the reconstruction of Queen Victoria School, one of many schools destroyed by the storm.[145] Others involved in humanitarian assistance in one way or another include Singapore, the United States, Japan, and Nauru.[146]

On 21 February, members of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) began ground surveys to determine emergency needs. They also provided residents in poor communities and shelters with supplies.[147] The Fiji chapter of the Red Cross launched a country-wide appeal for donations and supplies on 22 February.[148] The IFRC released CHF 317,469 from their Disaster Relief Emergency Fund to support the Fijian Red Cross and 5,000 people in need of immediate aid. Relief teams from charities and non-governmental organizations including AmeriCares, Caritas International, MapAction, and ShelterBox were deployed to Fiji to assist with recovery efforts within a day of the storm.[149] ShelterBox committed more than £1 million (US$1.4 million) to relief efforts.[150] The International Organization for Migration allocated US$200,000 in immediate funds on 22 February.[151] Oxfam placed members across the Southwestern Pacific on standby for deployment.[152] Direct Relief provided 15000abbr=onNaNabbr=on of medical supplies to hospitals across Fiji.[153]

The IFRC launched an emergency appeal for the nation on 29 February seeking CHF 7 million to benefit 38,500 people over a period of 12 months.[154] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) launched an appeal for US$38.6 million—including US$7.1 million for UNICEF projects[155] —on 4 March. International donations of items and technical assistance reached US$22 million and cash donations amounted to US$9 million by this date. Stephen O'Brien, head of UNOCHA, released US$8 million from the UN's Central Emergency Response Fund.[156] WASH supplies were distributed to 26,125 people by this date.[155]

FRANZ agreement

In accordance with the FRANZ agreement, Australia, France, and New Zealand coordinated relief efforts to help Fiji.[157] On 21 February, the government of New Zealand set aside an initial NZ$50,000 (US$34,000) to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 (US$114,000) worth of relief supplies. The RNZAF deployed a Lockheed P-3 Orion, C-130 Hercules and a Boeing 757 with a team of New Zealand Army engineers and firefighters with a specialist SAR tea RNZN ships carrying two air force NH-90 helicopters deployed to Fiji to assist in relief efforts. RNZAF P-3 Orion was sent immediately to the area to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.[158] New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs Murray McCully toured Fiji on 29 February and described the damage as "an endless sea of [airplane] crashes".[159] Total aid was increased to NZ$4.7 million (US$3.1 million) by 1 March, including a boost of NZ$1.5 million (US$1 million) immediately following McCully's visit.[160] HMNZS Wellington arrived in Vanua Balavu with 60 tonnes of aid on 29 February, nine days after Winston struck the island. The larger HMNZS Canterbury arrived at the island several days later,[161] bringing 270 NZDF personnel and 106 tons of supplies. The crew of the Canterbury were later praised by residents of Vanua Balavu for their rehabilitation work.[162]

Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million (US$3.6 million) on 22 February,[163] which increased to A$33.7 million (US$26.1 million) by 21 April [164] HMAS Canberra, carrying three helicopters and 60 tons of aid, arrived on 1 March.[165] Forty members of the Royal Australian Air Force were deployed to Nausori on 27 February, and twenty-two medical personnel were sent at other times.[166] More than 200 personnel of the Australian Defence Forces assisted recovery efforts across Fiji for two months before returning home in April.[68] France deployed two CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft from New Caledonia, loaded with emergency supplies; they flew along supply routes to Taveuni and Vanua Levu.[167] On 9 March, the French patrol boat La Moqueuse arrived in Suva with 2 tonnes of supplies—shelter and hygiene kits—and 14 engineers. The Government of New Caledonia pledged FJ$300,000 (US$142,000) in support to UNICEF and the territory's South Province pledged FJ$400,000 (US$189,000) to support education.[168]

Retirement

During November 2016, the WMO retired the name Winston due to the storm's extensive damage to the South Pacific islands and was subsequently replaced by the name Wanita.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Masters. Jeff. Henson. Bob. Winston's Damage Highest in South Pacific History; Extreme February Warmth in Eurasia. 10 February 2018.
  2. Web site: Jeff Masters. Weather Underground. 17 December 2012. 19 February 2016. A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji.
  3. News: Fiji Broadcast Corporation. Pacific Islands News Association. 23 February 2016. 11 March 2016. Fiji Government focuses on collecting information from cyclone hit areas.
  4. News: Angela Fritz. The Washington Post. 19 February 2016. 19 February 2016. Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji's main island in worst case scenario.
  5. Fiji Meteorological Service. 7 February 2016. 19 February 2016. Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W. https://archive.today/20240522064140/https://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWPS21-NFFN_201602072300.htm. live. 22 May 2024.
  6. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . 10 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans . https://archive.today/20240522064059/https://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201602100230.htm . 22 May 2024 . dead . dmy .
  7. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . 10 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001 . https://archive.today/20240522064224/https://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS51-PGTW_201602101500.htm . 22 May 2024 . dead . dmy .
  8. Fiji Meteorological Service . 11 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4 . https://archive.today/20240522064340/https://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201602110000.htm . 22 May 2024 . Advisory . dead . dmy .
  9. Fiji Meteorological Service . 11 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6 . https://archive.today/20240522064259/https://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201602111200.htm . 22 May 2024 . Advisory . dead . dmy .
  10. Joint Typhoon Warning Center . 11 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003 . https://archive.today/20240522064420/https://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201602111500.htm . 22 May 2024 . dead . dmy .
  11. Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . 19 February 2016 . https://archive.today/20240522064620/https://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS31-PGTW_201602121500.htm . 22 May 2024 . dead . dmy .
  12. Fiji Meteorological Service . 12 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9 . https://archive.today/20240522064502/https://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201602120600.htm . 22 May 2024 . Advisory . dead . dmy .
  13. Fiji Meteorological Service . 12 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10 . https://archive.today/20240522064540/https://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201602121200.htm . 22 May 2024 . Advisory . dead . dmy .
  14. Fiji Meteorological Service . 12 February 2016 . 19 February 2016 . Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11 . https://archive.today/20240522064700/https://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPS11-NFFN_201602121800.htm . 22 May 2024 . Advisory . dead . dmy .
  15. Web site: US Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 20 February 2016. 20 February 2016. Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track. .TXT. 26 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161226191631/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt. dead.
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  108. News: Sarah Motherwell. The Courier Mail. 29 February 2016. 2 March 2016. Queensland town drenched by heavy rainfall.
  109. News: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 March 2016. 3 March 2016. Far north Queensland coast braces for ex-Tropical Cyclone Winston, could bring up to 300mm of rain.
  110. News: Mark Rigby. Australia Broadcasting Corporation. 3 March 2016. 4 March 2016. Far north Queensland coast embraces long awaited rainfall as ex-TC Winston makes landfall.
  111. News: Shayal Devi. Fiji Times. 25 February 2016. 25 February 2016. 19,294 in evac centres. https://web.archive.org/web/20160225092853/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343042. dead. 25 February 2016.
  112. News: Losalini Bolatagici. Fiji Times. 26 February 2016. 26 February 2016. 62,000 in evacuation centres. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306072758/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343319. dead. 6 March 2016.
  113. Web site: Ritika Pratap. Fiji Broadcast Corporation. 21 February 2016. 21 February 2016. Schools to go on one week break. https://web.archive.org/web/20160221090431/http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-. 21 February 2016. dead.
  114. Web site: Aliki Bia. Fiji Broadcast Corporation. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. PM gives rural schools two weeks break. 23 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160223104907/http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37790/pm-gives-rural-schools-two-weeks-break. dead.
  115. News: Siteri Sauvakacolo. Fiji Times. 29 February 2016. 29 February 2016. Schools that will open for classes from today. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307013635/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343681. dead.
  116. News: Losalini Bolatagici. Fiji Times. 8 March 2016. 8 March 2016. Damage bill at $348m. 8 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074033/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=344637. dead.
  117. Web site: Elenoa Turagaiviu. Fiji Broadcast Corporation. 21 February 2016. 21 February 2016. Two people arrested in Labasa. 22 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160222095537/http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa. dead.
  118. News: Cyclone Winston: Clean-up begins as death toll jumps to 20. BBC News. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016.
  119. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 22 February 2016).
  120. Web site: SB. Fiji Broadcast Corporation. 23 February 2016. 23 February 2016. Rakiraki town closed today. 23 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160223103651/http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37798/rakiraki-town-closed-today. dead.
  121. Web site: Ellen Stolz. Fiji Broadcast Corporation. 23 February 2016. 23 February 2016. Repairs may take three weeks: FEA.
  122. News: Timoci Vula. Fiji Times. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Digicel sets up battery charging centre. 23 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160223104715/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342675. dead.
  123. News: Ropate Valemei. Fiji Times. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Digicel restores network in most places. 5 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063022/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342691. dead.
  124. News: Mere Naleba. Fiji Times. 25 February 2016. 25 February 2016. 131 cases of dengue fever. 5 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193459/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343181. dead.
  125. News: Felix Chaudhary. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. Vegetable prices soar amid crisis. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024955/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343331. dead.
  126. Government of Fiji. 22 February 2016. 28 February 2016. Fijian Government Establishes Disaster Relief Funds.
  127. News: KTVN . CBS . 25 February 2016 . 28 February 2016 . Fiji Airways donates F$1-million to Prime Minister's Relief Fund . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307055021/http://www.ktvn.com/story/31317487/fiji-airways-donates-f1-million-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund . 7 March 2016 . dmy .
  128. News: MWH Suva. Fiji Sun. 24 February 2016. 28 February 2016. MWH Global Donates Towards PM's Fund.
  129. News: Shayal Devi. Fiji Times. 26 February 2016. 28 February 2016. Retail giant pledges $200,000 to PM's relief fund. https://web.archive.org/web/20160226092613/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343202. 26 February 2016. dead.
  130. News: Charlene Lanyon. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. $150k for appeal. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307013205/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343360. dead.
  131. News: Felix Chaudhary. Fiji Times. 29 February 2016. 29 February 2016. Koro musicians to help raise fund in Rise Up Fiji concert. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307013633/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343727. dead.
  132. News: Nasik Swami. Fiji Times. 9 March 2016. 10 March 2016. $19.9m aid. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074452/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=344760. dead.
  133. News: Shayal Devi. Fiji Times. 11 March 2016. 11 March 2016. 7000 benefit. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311103858/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=345071. dead.
  134. News: Elizabeth Rokosuka. Fiji Village. 9 April 2016. 21 April 2016. PM announces $70M Help for Homes initiative.
  135. News: Charlene Lanyon. Fiji Times. 23 February 2016. 23 February 2016. Chinese Government gives $100k. 7 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170707224557/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342804. dead.
  136. News: Government of Fiji. ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. 5 March 2016. China adds USD$1million assistance to relief package.
  137. News: Press Trust of India. India Times. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. India extends USD 1 Million assistance to cyclone-hit Fiji.
  138. News: Press Trust of India. Economic Times of India. 25 February 2016. 25 February 2016. India to send 40 tonnes of aid to Winston cyclone-hit Fiji.
  139. News: Avinesh Gopal. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. TISI Sangam allocates $300,000 for cyclone relief. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307022621/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343530. dead.
  140. News: Losalini Bolatagici. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. $107k contribution for rehabilitation efforts. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034709/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343363. dead.
  141. News: DEPTFO News. Fiji Sun. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. Gimco Korea Ltd Gives $50,000 Towards Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund.
  142. News: Ropate Valemei. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. ADB provides $4m. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307022751/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343359. dead.
  143. Web site: Pacific Community. ReliefWeb. 29 February 2016. 29 February 2016. EU will provide FJ$10 million through SPC towards recovery and rehabilitation after Cyclone Winston.
  144. News: Government of Fiji. ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. 5 March 2016. Fiji thanks Vanuatu for relief assistance of (Vatu)10million.
  145. News: Rusiate Baleilevuka and Ana Ravulo. Fiji Village. 1 April 2016. 21 April 2016. Indonesian Defense Force to rebuild QVS.
  146. News: Singapore giving $141,000 for cyclone relief in Fiji. 26 February 2016. Reuters, AFP. AsiaOne. 5 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222418/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/singapore-giving-141000-cyclone-relief-fiji. dead.
  147. Web site: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 21 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Red Cross responds to emergency needs across Fiji in the wake of Cyclone Winston. Suva, Fiji.
  148. News: Charlene Lanyon. Fiji Times. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Red Cross launches appeal. https://web.archive.org/web/20160223100042/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342687. 23 February 2016. dead.
  149. Web site: AmeriCares. ReliefWeb. 21 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Emergency Response Team Deployed to Fiji.
  150. News: ShelterBox. ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. 5 March 2016. ShelterBox's £1 million response to plea for Fiji 'to get back on its feet' after cyclone devastation.
  151. Web site: International Organization for Migration. ReliefWeb. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. IOM Ready to Assist Following Monster Storm in Fiji.
  152. Web site: Oxfam. ReliefWeb. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Fiji Government trying to contact Tropical Cyclone Winston blackspots as death toll rises.
  153. Web site: Direct Relief. ReliefWeb. 26 February 2016. 29 February 2016. In cyclone's aftermath, 15,000 lbs of emergency medical aid bound for Fiji.
  154. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. ReliefWeb. 29 February 2016. 1 March 2016. Fiji: Tropical Cyclone Winston Emergency Appeal n° MDRFJ001.
  155. Web site: United Nations Children's Emergency Fund. ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. 5 March 2016. UNICEF Pacific Cyclone Winston Humanitarian Situation Report #6.
  156. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. 4 March 2016. 4 March 2016. After Tropical Cyclone Winston: Fiji Humanitarian Appeal requests $38.6 million to help restore the Island nation. Geneva, Switzerland.
  157. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development. 24 February 2016. 28 February 2016. Fiji – French aid following Hurricane Winston (February 24, 2016).
  158. Web site: McCully. Murray. NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji. beehive.govt.nz. Government of New Zealand. 21 February 2016. 21 February 2016.
  159. News: Stuff.co.nz. 1 March 2016. 1 March 2016. Government increases aid for Fiji by $1.5 million.
  160. News: Government of New Zealand. ReliefWeb. 1 March 2016. 1 March 2016. NZ boosts Fiji cyclone aid to $4.7 million.
  161. News: Siteri Sauvakacolo. Fiji Times. 29 February 2016. 29 February 2016. 9 days later, help arrives. 29 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160229102054/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=343646. dead.
  162. News: Losalini Bolatagici. Fiji Times. 9 March 2016. 10 March 2016. NZDF praised for efforts. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311074753/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=344800. dead.
  163. News: Avinesh Gopal. Fiji Times. 22 February 2016. 22 February 2016. Australia gives $5m assistance package to Fiji. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304151443/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342667. dead.
  164. News: Fiji Sun. 19 April 2016. 21 April 2016. Aussies Give Another $31 Million.
  165. World Food Programme, Logistics Cluster. ReliefWeb. 1 March 2016. 1 March 2016. Fiji: Situation Update as of 1 March 2016.
  166. Web site: Government of Australia. ReliefWeb. 29 February 2016. 29 February 2016. Additional Humanitarian Support to Fiji.
  167. News: Timoci Vula. Fiji Times. 27 February 2016. 28 February 2016. French relief supplies, Australian military arrive. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021704/http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=343326. dead.
  168. News: Tevita Vuibau. Fiji Times. 11 March 2016. 11 March 2016. Boat brings in 2 tonnes of aid. 11 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311111954/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=345094. dead.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cyclone Winston".

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