Cyclone Dumazile Explained

Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile
Formed:2 March 2018
Extratropical:6 March 2018
Dissipated:10 March 2018
Winds:90
Gusts:125
Pressure:945
Winds:110
Pressure:941
Basin:SWIO
Year:2018
Fatalities:2 total
Damage:3730000
Season:2017–18 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile was a strong tropical cyclone that brought flooding to Madagascar and Réunion in early March 2018. Dumazile originated from an area of low pressure that formed in the South-West Indian Ocean near Agaléga on 27 February. The system concentrated into a tropical disturbance on 2 March and was named the next day, as it intensified into a tropical storm. Amid conditions conducive for intensification, Dumazile strengthened over the next two days and reached peak intensity on 5 March as an intense tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of, 1-minute sustained winds of, and a central pressure of . The system weakened steadily over the next couple days because of increasing wind shear as it tracked to the southeast. Dumazile became post-tropical on 7 March and eventually dissipated completely on 10 March near the Kerguelen Islands.

Cyclone Dumazile affected Réunion less than two months after Cyclone Berguitta, halting ongoing repairs to bridges and reconstruction efforts. Torrential rainfall, reaching 1600mm in Salazie, caused significant flooding across the island. Floodwaters, landslides, and downed trees caused significant damage and disruption to the road network on Réunion, particularly in coastal and mountainous areas. Repairs to the highway between Îlet Furçy and Cilaos were set back significantly. Large waves along the coast caused erosion, leading to collapses of beachfront infrastructure and beach closures. Ports were also damaged by the waves, and the Port of Saint-Gilles was clogged by debris. The agricultural sector incurred about €3million (US$3.73million; equivalent to $million in) of damage, as crops were destroyed by floods and gusty winds. Recovery in Réunion was later hampered further by Cyclone Fakir in April.

The northern and eastern coasts of Madagascar experienced about 210mm of rain. Flooding occurred in Toamasina as a result of malfunctioning drainage systems which had been damaged by Cyclone Ava in January. Parts of the city lost power during the storm. Severe flooding in the Diana Region blocked roadways, inundated homes, and damaged crops. The RN6 highway in particular experienced several accidents and breakdowns, and a 18m (59feet) section of the road collapsed. Strong winds in coastal towns resulted in fallen trees, beach erosion, and damage to property and infrastructure. The Ambalavola District was left underwater, with sewage flowing through neighborhoods. Two people died in Madagascar during the storm: one in Ankorondrano and the other in Ambatoroka.

Meteorological history

A large region of unsettled weather along the Intertropical Convergence Zone spawned a broad area of low pressure in the South-West Indian Ocean near Agaléga on 27 February 2018.[1] [2] The system became more concentrated and well-defined as it drifted between Agaléga and Tromelin Island,[3] leading Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) to classify it as a Zone of Disturbed Weather at 00:00UTC on 1 March.[4] That night increased thunderstorm activity in conjunction with an easterly wind burst furthered development,[5] and the MFR reported that the system became Tropical Disturbance 06 at 06:00UTC on 2 March.[4] At the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified the system as a tropical depression.[6] The incipient disturbance underwent a small clockwise loop over the rest of 2 March, amid opposing steering flows from the north and south.[7] During that time the disturbance's organisation increased, with the development of a curved rainband. The MFR noted the surrounding atmospheric environment to be quite conducive to strengthening, with low wind shear, high relative humidity values, and pronounced outflow channels.[8] The JTWC stated that the system had become a tropical storm at 12:00UTC on 2 March, as it began producing 1-minute sustained winds of .[6] The MFR also upgraded the system to a tropical storm at 00:00UTC on 3 March, based on scatterometer data, upon which it received the name Dumazile.[9]

Modest strengthening ensued on 3 March as Dumazile began to move southwestward, in response to a developing ridge to its east. A pocket of dry air to Dumazile's west briefly weakened the thunderstorms covering the cyclone's low-level circulation center, but low wind shear allowed thunderstorms to quickly redevelop over the center.[10] Faster intensification began on 4 March, as the inner core began to tighten up and the radius of maximum wind decreased,[11] with the MFR upgrading Dumazile to a severe tropical storm by 06:00UTC.[4] Microwave satellite imagery displayed a nascent eyewall on the evening of 4 March,[12] leading the MFR to assess that Dumazile had reached tropical cyclone strength by 18:00UTC.[4] An eye became increasingly apparent as Dumazile turned south-southeastward, while rounding the periphery of the ridge to its east, coinciding with significant strengthening through the morning of 5 March.[13] [14] By 12:00UTC, Dumazile reached its peak intensity as an intense tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of, gusts up to, and a minimum pressure of, as estimated by the MFR;[4] the JTWC concurrently estimated 1-minute sustained winds to have reached .[6] Despite the cyclone's intensity, its eye remained somewhat oval in shape, likely due to interaction of the northwestern part of the circulation with the mountainous terrain of Madagascar.[14] Dumazile also made its closest approach to Réunion during 5 March, passing some 385abbr=onNaNabbr=on from the island.

Dumazile's peak was short-lived, as weakening began almost immediately, with an increase in northwesterly wind shear over the system associated with an upper-level trough.[15] The eye collapsed entirely on 6 March as Dumazile began interacting with the upper-level trough,[16] and the system fell back to severe tropical storm status by 18:00UTC.[4] Thunderstorm activity quickly became confined to Dumazile's southeastern quadrant as a result of dry air and shear,[17] leading the MFR to declare that Dumazile had become post-tropical by 00:00UTC on 7 March.[4] The JTWC classified Dumazile as a subtropical storm at 12:00UTC.[6] Extratropical transition began later on 7 March, while Dumazile accelerated southeastward into the midlatitude westerlies.[18] The JTWC ceased tracking Dumazile at 18:00UTC on 8 March;[6] the MFR continued to monitor Dumazile as it became fully extratropical at 06:00UTC on 9 March. The remnant system was last noted by the MFR just north of the Kerguelen Islands a day later.[4]

Tropical cyclones passing close to Réunion in 2018, including Ava, Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir, caused a large reduction in the amount of mid- to upper-level clouds over the island.[19] A combination of the Madden–Julian oscillation and tropical cyclones Dumazile, Eliakim, and Fakir resulted in a westward flow of moisture, causing severe rainfall over Kenya during March and April 2018.[20] [21] [22]

Preparations, impact, and aftermath

Réunion

A cyclone pre-warning was issued for the island of Réunion on 4 March.[23] The cyclone pre-warning ended at 6:00p.m. Réunion Time (14:00UTC) on 5 March, as Dumazile veered away from the island. Schools and businesses remained closed through 6 March.[24] [25] [26] All schools reopened on 7 March, with the exception of several in Saint-Paul and Saint-Leu, where roadways were still blocked.[27] Torrential rainfall affected the island, a 24-hour total of 990mm occurring at Grand Îlet. The Volcanic Highway, La Plaine-des-Palmistes, and Cilaos all experienced significant rainfall during the same period.[23] Severe damage was inflicted to the road system on Réunion. Roads across the island experienced landslides, flooding, and downed trees.[28] East and westbound traffic traveling across the island was restricted to the Plaines highway, due to other roads flooding.[29]

The coastal and mountain highways were closed immediately following the storm.[26] A section of the mountain road was covered in debris after a landslide occurred and strong waves submerged four lanes of the coastal highway with seawater.[23] Approximately 150mm of rain fell on a cliff overlooking the coastal road, prompting an inspection before the road was able to reopen.[30] A large lake developed on the Plaine des Cafres, due to heavy rainfall.[29] Several bridges were either swept away or submerged by floodwaters, and several roads were flooded across Cilaos and Salazie.[31] The ReNovRisk project utilized three seismic stations in the Salazie Basin to measure microseismic data and determine the level of sediment transport down a river.[32] Landslides occurred in two neighborhoods of Brittany, and a wall collapsed in the mountainous region. A landslide in the Piton Cailloux District, Sainte-Marie, isolated around 10 families.[33]

High waves along the shore decimated boats in the port of Sainte-Marie. The Roches Noires beach was completely submerged in water.[23] A fence and the northern access to an esplanade at the beach collapsed. Significant portions of sand were washed away from the beach, exposing the foundations of the esplanade.[34] The MNS beach surveillance station and three masts used for signalling sustained damage. As a result, the lifeguard station was closed and rescues were no longer possible.[35] [36] Tarpaulins covering crops on the Cisaille Plateau were ripped off. All the crops near Salazie were destroyed after 1600mm of rain fell.[37] New crops planted after Cyclone Berguitta were destroyed, leading to shortages of fruits and vegetables.[38] Agricultural damage on Réunion was €3million (US$3.73million; equivalent to $million in).[39] Trees fell at two nursery schools in Saint-Denis.[40] A boil-water advisory was issued for Saint-Joseph. Portions of Salazie were left without potable water. In the municipality of Saint Benoit, interruptions in the water supply were expected by authorities following a power outage.[41] Low-lying areas in the Chaudron neighborhood, Sainte-Clotilde, flooded during the storm.[42] Temporary barriers in Tampon were stolen during the storm; the barriers were found in a ditch.[43]

The Saint-Gilles port had to be unblocked as a result of debris and damage left behind.[23] [44] Repair work on the Cilaos bridge was halted, due to severe conditions during the storm. Residents erected a temporary bridge using ladders to rescue 400 marooned people elsewhere in Cilaos and another 100 on a beach near Îlet Furçy.[45] A trail from Bois Court and Grand Bassin was closed as a result of damage inflicted by cyclones Berguitta and Dumazile. Cliff repair work was scheduled for March, with a planned reopening date in April.[46] The Dos d'Ane–Deux Bras hiking trail reopened on 17 July, after suffering damage during cyclones Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir.[47] The RN5 highway was impassable for months at Îlet Furçy, after cyclones Ava, Berguitta, and Dumazile caused several landslides. Work to rebuild two bridges damaged during the storm, a project costing around €100million (US$121.1million; equivalent to $million in), was halted after a prosecutor threatened criminal charges against officials for violating laws prohibiting circulating machinery from being in the Saint-Etienne river. Around 1,500 people protested the halt of the construction project.[48] [49] The RN5 highway later reopened; multiple projects were proposed in December 2020 to further safeguard the highway from the effects of weather events. These proposals occurred as a result of the 2018 shutdown's long duration.[50] Authorities in Saint-Paul municipality worked to create a barrier made of boulders,[51] repair an observation deck, and repair ramps leading to the Roches Noires beach. The project was estimated to cost about €46,000 (US$56,000;).[34] Access to the beach was prohibited from 19 March to 6 April, as a precautionary measure to prevent injuries.[52] Approximately €2.3million in aid (US$2.8million; equivalent to $million in) was released to farmers who suffered losses during cyclones Berguitta, Dumazile, and Fakir.[53]

Madagascar

Due to the threat of severe weather in Madagascar, a yellow alert was issued for the regions of Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, Diana, Sava, and Sofia, as well as the Farafangana, Nosy Varika, Manakara, Mananjary, Vohipeno,[54] and Mahajanga districts.[55] Heavy rain and red alerts were later issued for the regions of Diana, Bealanana, Antalaha, Antsohihy, and Mahajanga I and II.[56] [57] [58] A blue alert was issued for the Analanjirofo, Atsinanana, and Sava regions as Dumazile moved away from Madagascar.[57] [59] Approximately 210mm of rain accumulated across the northeastern coast of Madagascar. NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement satellite recorded rainfall rates of 160mm per hour in the region with its Dual Frequency Precipitation Radar. Rates of 216mm per hour were recorded in a rainband located off the coast.[60] One-day rainfall amounts of NaNmm and 250mm occurred across the northern and eastern coasts, respectively. A peak 48-hour rainfall total of 356mm was recorded at the Plaine des Palmistes.[61] Yellow alerts were issued for the Manampatrana and Matitanana rivers as water levels neared critical levels.[62]

Portions of Toamasina flooded during the storm, as a result of malfunctioning drainage systems that were damaged during Cyclone Ava.[63] Knee-deep flooding was reported in multiple areas.[64] The Mangarano, Andranomadio, Tanambao II, and Ankirihiry districts of the city were submerged by floodwaters. Dumazile caused power outages in Toamasina on 4 March, sparking an incident in which University of Toamasina students burned tires and damaged three passing cars were with rocks.[65] Homes, an internet café, and vendors were looted and vandalized. At least 19 students were detained by authorities;[66] [67] four of the students were later expelled from the university.[68] The city's port suffered delays during the passage of the storm.[69] Strong winds and heavy rains damaged homes, light poles, and metal sheeting from Toamasina to Ste Marie.[70]

The Diana Region experienced torrential rainfall, inundating the lower regions of Nosy Be island with floodwaters and rendering some areas inaccessible.[56] The Nosy Be police department halted maritime travel between Île aux Parfums and the Ankify port. Officials called for the evacuation of areas that normally flood or had already flooded.[56] Two shelters were established in Ampasindava and Dzamandzar for victims of the storm.[71] Rivers spilled their banks in Ambanja and Ambilobe, flooding homes and fields. The swollen streams overtook bridges and made roadways impassable. Embankments were at risk of failure.[56] Excessive rainfall resulted in accidents and vehicle breakdowns on the RN6 highway, including a truck that blocked the road near Isesy, preventing the passage of 20 other trucks. Strong winds felled trees, damaged crops, eroded beaches, and damaged homes and public infrastructure in coastal towns. The Ambalavola District was left underwater, with solid and liquid waste from septic tanks flowing through neighborhoods.[72] A man died after falling into the Andriantany Canal in Ankorondrano. In Ambatoroka, a man slipped and hit his head on a rock during the storm, later dying from his injuries.[73] The CISCO schools in Ambanja, Ambilobe, Nosy-Be, and Toamasina II, and the ZAP schools in Mananjary and Nosy Varika were suspended as a result of high water.[56] As Dumazile tracked away from Madagascar, maritime traffic along the eastern coastline was prohibited by authorities.[74]

Residents in Toamasina chose to remain in their homes instead of evacuating to shelters in an effort to protect their property. The local government was criticised for its slow response in providing aid to victims of the storm.[75] The Ambilobe-Antsiranana road (RN6) reopened on 13 March, after suffering flood damage during the storm. A temporary, 20m (70feet) Bailey bridge was installed in Isesy to reopen the road to traffic after an 18m (59feet) section of the road slumped. The closure of the RN6 highway cut off gasoline shipments to Antsiranana. Long lines persisted for days outside gas stations as fuel became scarce; gasoline was rationed for safety reasons, to prevent storage in inappropriate containers. Electrical grids in the area experienced shortages, and basic supplies ran low.[76]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/02/26 at 1200 UTC . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 26 February 2018 . 26 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071405/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201802261151.pdf . live .
  2. Web site: Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/02/27 at 1200 UTC . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 27 February 2018 . 26 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071408/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201802271241.pdf . live .
  3. Web site: Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 2018/03/01 at 1200 UTC . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 1 March 2018 . 26 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071403/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201803011239.pdf . live .
  4. Web site: Dumazile: 2018-03-01 to 2018-03-10 . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 9 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609145102/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/saisons_archivees/20172018/2017RE06.html . live .
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  6. Web site: 2018 Intense Tropical Cyclone Dumazile (2018060S13057) . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship . University of North Carolina Asheville . 26 June 2021 . 9 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609145058/http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=v04r00-2018060S13057 . live .
  7. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 2/6/20172018 Tropical Disturbance 6 . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 2 March 2021 . 26 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071402/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201803021200_2_6_20172018.pdf . live .
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  9. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning (South-West Indian Ocean) Warning Number 4/6/20172018 Moderate Tropical Storm 6 (Dumazile) . Météo-France La Réunion . 26 June 2021 . 3 March 2021 . 17 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180417040034/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201803030000_DUMAZILE.pdf . live .
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  21. Wainwright . Caroline . Finney . Declan . Kilavi . Mary . Black . Emily . Marsham . John . Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019 – January 2020 and context under future climate change . Weather . 16 August 2020 . 76 . 1 . 26–31 . 10.1002/wea.3824 . Royal Meteorological Society . 225359280 . free .
  22. Finney . Declan . Marsham . John . Walker . Dean . Birch . Cathryn . Woodhams . Beth . Jackson . Lawrence . Hardy . Sam . The effect of westerlies on East African rainfall and the associated role of tropical cyclones and the Madden–Julian Oscillation . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 8 November 2019 . 146 . 727 . 647–664 . 10.1002/qj.3698 . Royal Meteorological Society . 209910278 . free .
  23. News: Dumazile tire sa révérence ... et laisse des traces . 8 June 2021 . Imaz Press Réunion. 7 March 2018 . fr . Dumazile bows out ... and leaves traces. 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604232851/https://www.ipreunion.com/photo-du-jour/reportage/2018/03/07/-photos-vid-os-3-jours-a-d-intemperies-a-couper-le-souffle-dumazile-tire-sa-reverence,78059.html . live .
  24. News: Dumazile : La préfecture lève la pré-alerte cyclonique, les établissements scolaires restent fermés. Dumazile: The prefecture lifts the cyclone pre-warning, schools remain closed . 6 June 2021 . Zinfos 974 . 5 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604220208/https://www.zinfos974.com/Dumazile-La-prefecture-leve-la-pre-alerte-cyclonique-les-etablissements-scolaires-restent-fermes_a125057.html . live .
  25. News: Touzé . Lucie . Cyclone Dumazile : le préfet fait le point, tous les établissements scolaires fermés demain. Cyclone Dumazile: the prefect takes stock, all schools closed tomorrow . 6 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 6 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604221715/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738504-cyclone-dumazile-le-prefet-fait-le-point-tous-les-etablissements-scolaires-fermes-demain . live .
  26. News: Borella . Jean-Clément . La Réunion encore frappée par des pluies torrentielles . Reunion still hit by torrential rains. 10 June 2021 . Le Parisien . 6 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604222318/https://www.leparisien.fr/environnement/la-reunion-encore-frappee-par-des-pluies-torrentielles-06-03-2018-7592475.php . live .
  27. News: Touzé . Lucie . Transports scolaires : perturbations dans plusieurs secteurs de St-Paul et St-Leu. School transport: disruptions in several sectors of St-Paul and St-Leu . 10 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 7 March 2018 . fr . 5 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605222745/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738634-transports-scolaires-perturbations-dans-plusieurs-secteurs-de-st-paul-et-st-leu . live .
  28. News: Hoair . Gilbert . Dumazile : un point sur le réseau routier ce lundi soir . Dumazile: a point on the road network this Monday night. 12 June 2021 . Réunion la 1ère . 5 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604220217/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/dumazile-point-reseau-routier-mi-journee-ce-lundi-565791.html . live .
  29. News: Magnien . Marine . Il se baigne dans le lac éphémère de la Plaine des Cafres. He bathes in the ephemeral lake of the Plaine des Cafres . 10 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 6 March 2018 . fr . 5 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605224321/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738534-il-se-baigne-dans-le-lac-ephemere-de-la-plaine-des-cafres . live .
  30. News: L'île toujours coupée en deux . The island always cut in two. 11 June 2021 . Clicanoo . 6 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230811/https://www.clicanoo.re/Dumazile/Societe/Article/2018/03/06/Lile-toujours-coupee-en-deux_518348 . live .
  31. News: Fragile réseau routier, trois jours de mauvais temps, que d'eau, que d'eau, expression, météo . Fragile road network, three days of bad weather, so much water, so much water, expression, weather. 12 June 2021 . Imaz Press Réunion . 7 March 2018 . fr . 5 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605234158/https://www.ipreunion.com/actualites-reunion/reportage/2018/03/07/a-la-une-de-ce-mercredi-7-mars-2018-dumazile-retrospective-photos-videos-sous-les-eaux-routes-expression-meteo,78074.html . live .
  32. Gonzalez . Alicia . Fontaine . Fabrice . Barruol . Guilhem . Burtin . Arnaud . Recking . Alain . Join . Jean-Lambert . Delcher . Eric . Rindraharisaona . Elisa . Seismic signature of a Réunion Island river flooding during the tropical cyclone Dumazile (March 2018) . April 2019 . 17 October 2021 . 2019EGUGA..2115370G . SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System . 17 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211017135215/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..2115370G/abstract . live .
  33. News: Touzé . Lucie . Ste-Marie : la colère des habitants de Piton Cailloux suite à un glissement de terrain. Ste-Marie: the anger of the inhabitants of Piton Cailloux following a landslide . 10 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 7 March 2018 . fr . 11 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210611204446/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738622-ste-marie-la-colere-des-habitants-de-piton-cailloux-suite-a-un-glissement-de-terrain . live .
  34. News: Boyer . Annabelle . Plage des Roches Noires : début des travaux de protection . Roches Noires beach: start of protection works. 10 June 2021 . Réunion la 1ère . 4 April 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230047/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/plage-roches-noires-debut-travaux-protection-575599.html . live .
  35. News: La plage des Roches Noires ne peut plus être surveillée. Roches Noires beach can no longer be supervised . 11 June 2021 . Zinfos 974 . 8 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225048/https://www.zinfos974.com/La-plage-des-Roches-Noires-ne-peut-plus-etre-surveillee_a125234.html . live .
  36. News: Roches-Noires: La baignade et les activités nautiques ne sont plus surveillées jusqu'à nouvel ordre. Roches-Noires: Swimming and water activities are no longer supervised until further notice . 11 June 2021 . Clicanoo . 8 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230855/https://www.clicanoo.re/Societe/Article/2018/03/08/Roches-Noires-La-baignade-et-les-activites-nautiques-ne-sont-plus-0 . live .
  37. News: Touzé . Lucie . Salazie : le désespoir des agriculteurs sinistrés. Salazie: the despair of the affected farmers . 8 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 7 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604223414/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738658-salazie-le-desespoir-des-agriculteurs-sinistres . live .
  38. News: Valmont . Sébastien . Les fruits et légumes péi bientôt en rupture de stock. Fruits and vegetables will soon be out of stock . 11 June 2021 . Clicanoo . 10 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230549/https://www.clicanoo.re/Economie/Article/2018/03/10/Les-fruits-et-legumes-pei-bientot-en-rupture-de-stock_519126 . live .
  39. News: Madubost . Philippe . Dumazile : les pertes chiffrées à 3 millions d'euros. Dumazile: losses amounted to 3 million euros . 23 September 2021 . Clicanoo . 13 March 2018 . fr . 23 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210923214411/https://www.clicanoo.re/Economie/Article/2018/03/13/Dumazile-les-pertes-chiffrees-3-millions-deuros_519491 . live .
  40. News: Touzé . Lucie . Dumazile : éboulis, inondations et arbres couchés à Saint-Denis. Dumazile: scree, floods and fallen trees in Saint-Denis . 12 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 5 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604221712/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738482-dumazile-eboulis-inondations-et-arbres-couches-a-saint-denis . live .
  41. News: Coupures et eau dégradée sur plusieurs communes. Cuts and degraded water in several municipalities . 10 June 2021 . Imaz Press Réunion . 6 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604222004/https://www.ipreunion.com/actualites-reunion/reportage/2018/03/06/plusieurs-communes-concernees-attention-a-la-degradation-de-la-qualite-de-l-eau,78066.html . live .
  42. News: Dumazile: Dégâts recensés sur le chef-lieu et mesures prises par la ville. Dumazile: Damage recorded in the capital and measures taken by the city . 10 June 2021 . Zinfos 974 . 5 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225046/https://www.zinfos974.com/Dumazile-Degats-recenses-sur-le-chef-lieu-et-mesures-prises-par-la-ville_a125058.html . live .
  43. News: Labrousse . Regis . [Vidéo] Le Tampon: A-t-il retrouvé les barrières volées pendant Dumazile? ]. [Video] Le Tampon: Did he find the barriers stolen during Dumazile?. 11 June 2021 . Zinfos 974 . 9 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230039/https://www.zinfos974.com/Video-Le-Tampon-A-t-il-retrouve-les-barrieres-volees-pendant-Dumazile_a125294.html . live .
  44. News: Dumazile laisse beaucoup d'eau dans son sillage. Dumazile leaves a lot of water in its wake . 6 June 2021 . Imaz Press Réunion . 6 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604220217/https://www.ipreunion.com/actualites-reunion/reportage/2018/03/06/-live-apres-le-passage-du-cyclone-dumazile-laisse-beaucoup-d-eau-dans-son-sillage,78045.html . live .
  45. News: Route de Cilaos : les habitants créent un pont de fortune. Route de Cilaos: the inhabitants create a makeshift bridge . 9 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 7 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604233403/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738641-route-de-cilaos-les-travaux-a-l-arret-la-population-se-mobilise . live .
  46. News: Touzé . Lucie . Réouverture partielle du sentier de Grand Bassin à Bois Court début avril. Partial reopening of the Grand Bassin trail in Bois Court in early April . 10 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 9 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604223427/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/738787-reouverture-partielle-du-sentier-de-grand-bassin-a-bois-court-debut-avril . live .
  47. News: Réouverture de deux sentiers à Mafate . Reopening of two trails in Mafate. 11 June 2021 . Imaz Press Réunion . 17 July 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604230047/https://www.ipreunion.com/actualites-reunion/reportage/2018/07/17/environnement-sentiers-rouverts,87284.html . live .
  48. News: Dupuy . Pierrot . Route de Cilaos : Quand la préfecture et le procureur jouent les faux cul. Route de Cilaos: When the prefecture and the prosecutor play fake ass . 12 June 2021 . Zinfos 974 . 8 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225048/https://www.zinfos974.com/Route-de-Cilaos-Quand-la-prefecture-et-le-procureur-jouent-les-faux-cul_a125218.html . live .
  49. News: Patel . Yacoub . 'Nous, yabs, ne sommes pas moins que des poissons'. We, yabs, are no less than fish . 12 June 2021 . Clicanoo . 8 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604232314/https://www.clicanoo.re/Societe/Article/2018/03/08/Nous-yabs-ne-sommes-pas-moins-que-des-poissons_518733 . live .
  50. News: Magnien . Marine . Sécurisation de la route de Cilaos : Fin de la concertation publique. Securing the Cilaos road: End of public consultation . 21 September 2021 . Linfo.re . 16 December 2020 . fr . 21 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210921223312/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/securisation-de-la-route-de-cilaos-fin-de-la-concertation-publique . live .
  51. News: Touzé . Lucie . La plage des Roches Noires méconnaissable, des travaux annoncés. The unrecognizable Roches Noires beach, work announced . 9 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 13 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604233034/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/739109-la-plage-des-roches-noires-meconnaissable-des-travaux-annonces . live .
  52. News: Boyer . Annabelle . La plage des Roches Noires interdite d'accès jusqu'au 6 avril . Access to Roches Noires beach is prohibited until April 6. 11 June 2021 . Réunion la 1ère . 20 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604225747/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/plage-roches-noires-interdite-acces-au-6-avril-570955.html . live .
  53. News: Magnien . Marine . Le Département débloque 2,3 millions d'euros pour les agriculteurs . The Department releases 2.3 million euros for farmers. 11 June 2021 . Linfo.re . 2 May 2018 . fr . 5 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210605234453/https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/le-departement-debloque-2-3-millions-d-euros-pour-les-agriculteurs . live .
  54. News: Dumazile : Devenu cyclone tropical avec des rafales de vents de 170km/h. Dumazile: Became a tropical cyclone with gusty winds of 170km / h . Belalahy . José . 29 September 2021 . Midi Madagasikara . 5 March 2018 . fr . 15 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615194629/http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2018/03/05/dumazile-devenu-cyclone-tropical-avec-des-rafales-de-vents-de-170km-h/ . live .
  55. News: Nandrianina . Météorologie: Dumazile s'est intensifié en Cyclone Tropical . Meteorology: Dumazile intensified to Tropical Cyclone. 29 September 2021 . La Gazette de la Grande Ile . 5 March 2018 . fr . 19 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190519192709/http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=4912 . live .
  56. News: Rahaga . Ny Aina . Le cyclone Dumazile provoque une alerte rouge dans le Nord. Cyclone Dumazile causes a red alert in the North . 28 September 2021 . Madagascar Tribune . 6 March 2018 . fr . 12 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180512184310/http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Le-cyclone-Dumazile-provoque-une,23662.html . live .
  57. News: Belalahy . José . Cyclone Dumazile : La catastrophe s'éloigne des côtes malgaches. Cyclone Dumazile: The catastrophe is moving away from the Malagasy coast . 29 September 2021 . Midi Madagasikara . 6 March 2018 . fr . 19 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190519123523/http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/societe/2018/03/06/cyclone-dumazile-la-catastrophe-seloigne-des-cotes-malgaches/ . live .
  58. News: Fahranarison . Météo – canal de Mozambique ;: le nord-ouest du pays en alerte rouge. Weather – Mozambique Channel: the north-west of the country on red alert . 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 6 March 2018 . fr . 19 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214140/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/06/meteo-canal-de-mozambique-le-nord-ouest-du-pays-en-alerte-rouge/ . live .
  59. News: Météo: Dumazile se trouvait il y a quelques heures à 305 km au large de Mananjary, drainent des ventes moyens de 155 km/h et des rafales de 220 km/h. L'avis d'alerte bleue reste en vigueur pour les régions Sava, Analanjirofo et Atsinanana.. Weather forecast: Dumazile was a few hours ago 305 km off Mananjary, with winds of 155 km / h and gusts of 220 km / h. The blue alert notice remains in effect for the Sava, Analanjirofo, and Atsinanana regions. . 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 5 March 2018 . fr . 19 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190519215456/https://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/05/meteo-dumazile-se-trouvait-il-y-a-quelques-heures-a-305km-au-large-de-mananjary-drainant-des-vents-moyens-de-155kmh-et-des-rafales-de-220kmh-lavis-dalerte-bleue-reste-en-vigueur-pour-les-reg/ . live .
  60. News: Gutro . Rob . Pierce . Harold . NASA Examines Tropical Cyclone Dumazile's Flooding Rainfall . 7 September 2021 . NASA . 6 March 2018 . Dumazile (was 11S – Southern Indian Ocean) . 20 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150657/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/11s-southern-indian-ocean/ . live .
  61. News: Dumazile – Grosses precipitations en perspective. Dumazile – heavy precipitation in perspective . 28 September 2021 . L'Express de Madagascar . 5 March 2018 . fr . 29 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929120740/https://lexpress.mg/05/03/2018/dumazile-grosses-precipitations-en-perspective/ . live .
  62. News: Vonjy . A. . Manalavitra ny Nosy i Dumazile : distrika maro nahazo filazana mena ho an'ny rotsak'orana. Dumazile is far from the island: many districts have received red alerts for rain . 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 6 March 2018 . mg . 19 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180619224815/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/06/manalavitra-ny-nosy-i-dumazile-distrika-maro-nahazo-filazana-mena-ho-anny-rotsakorana/ . live .
  63. News: Rahaga . Ny Aina . Toamasina de nouveau inondé suite aux intempéries. Toamasina flooded again following bad weather . 8 June 2021 . Madagascar Tribune . 5 March 2018 . fr . 4 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210604232454/https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Toamasina-de-nouveau-inonde-suite,23658.html . live .
  64. News: Saison cyclonique – Toamasina de nouveau sous les eaux . Hurricane season – Toamasina again underwater. 28 September 2021 . L'Express de Madagascar . Miangaly . Ralitera . 5 March 2018 . fr . 29 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929120739/https://lexpress.mg/05/03/2018/saison-cyclonique-toamasina-de-nouveau-sous-les-eaux/ . live .
  65. News: A.. Sajo. A.. Njaka. 8 March 2018. Toamasina : fanapahan-jiro vokatry ny rivodoza Dumazile ny natao. Toamasina: Power outages caused by Cyclone Dumazile. mg. News Mada. live. 30 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20181120214508/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/08/toamasina-fanapahan-jiro-vokatry-ny-rivodoza-dumazile-ny-natao/. 20 November 2018.
  66. News: Didier . Malala . ATSINANANA : Raharaha oniversiten'i Toamasina Barikadimy : Mpianatra efatra niakatra fitsarana noho ny fandrobana fananan'olona . EAST: University of Toamasina Barikadimy case: Four students go on trial for looting. 13 September 2021 . Midi Madagasikara . 8 March 2018 . mg . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513205039/http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/faits-divers/2018/03/08/atsinanana-raharaha-oniversiteni-toamasina-barikadimy-mpianatra-efatra-niakatra-fitsarana-noho-ny-fandrobana-fanananolona/ . live .
  67. News: Didier . Malala . Fitokonan'ny mpianatra tao barikadimy : Mpianatra 19 voasambotra, fiara 03 vaky fitaratra, 'cyber-café' iray potika. Student strike in Barricade: 19 students arrested, 3 cars with broken windows, and a cyber-cafe was destroyed . 29 September 2021 . Midi Madagasikara . 6 March 2018 . mg . 15 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615045507/http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/faits-divers/2018/03/06/fitokonanny-mpianatra-tao-barikadimy-mpianatra-19-voasambotra-fiara-03-vaky-fitaratra-cyber-cafe-iray-potika/ . live .
  68. News: Ralitera . Miangaly . Enseignement superieur – Quatre étudiants de Toamasina remis à leur famille. Higher education – Four students from Toamasina handed over to their families . 28 September 2021 . L'Express de Madagascar . 24 March 2018 . fr . 29 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210929120740/https://lexpress.mg/24/03/2018/enseignement-superieur-quatre-etudiants-de-toamasina-remis-a-leur-famille/ . live .
  69. News: Engorgement au Port de Toamasina – Des mesures d'urgence prises. Congestion at the Port of Toamasina – Emergency measures taken . 13 September 2021 . L'Express de Madagascar . 17 March 2018 . fr . 13 September 2021 . Mirana. Ihariliva. https://web.archive.org/web/20210913225214/https://lexpress.mg/17/03/2018/engorgement-au-port-de-toamasina-des-mesures-durgence-prises/ . live .
  70. News: Tatiana . A. . Rivodoza Dumazile : dibo-drano anaty haizina i Toamasina sy i Ste Marie . Cyclone Dumazile: Toamasina and Ste Marie are flooded in darkness. 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 5 March 2018 . mg . 18 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190318020203/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/05/rivodoza-dumazile-dibo-drano-anaty-haizina-i-toamasina-sy-i-ste-marie/ . live .
  71. News: Manou . Diana: Réduction des risques aux cataclysmes. Diana: Disaster Risk Reduction . 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 6 March 2018 . fr . 19 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180619171255/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/06/diana-reduction-des-risques-aux-cataclysmes/ . live .
  72. News: Diana – De fortes précipitations après le cyclone Dumazile. Diana – Heavy rainfall after Cyclone Dumazile . 13 September 2021 . L'Express de Madagascar . 8 March 2018 . fr . 13 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210913225215/https://lexpress.mg/08/03/2018/diana-de%E2%80%88fortes%E2%80%88precipitations%E2%80%88apres%E2%80%88le%E2%80%88cyclone%E2%80%88dumazile/ . live .
  73. News: D. R. . Fiakaran'ny rano : Lehilahy iray maty tao amin'ny lakan-dranon'Andriantany. Rising waters: A man dies in the Royal Canal . 13 September 2021 . Midi Madagasikara . 7 March 2018 . mg . 24 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190524010105/http://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/faits-divers/2018/03/07/fiakaranny-rano-lehilahy-iray-maty-tao-aminny-lakan-dranonandriantany/ . live .
  74. News: Nandrianina . Météo : Dumazile s'éloigne progressivement des côtes. Weather forecast: Dumazile is gradually moving away from the coast . 29 September 2021 . La Gazette de la Grande Ile . 7 March 2018 . fr . 20 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190520111940/http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=4977 . live .
  75. News: Fahranarison . Tempete tropicale 'Dumazile': la ville de Toamasina totalement inondée . Tropical storm 'Dumazile': the city of Toamasina totally flooded. 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 5 March 2018 . fr . 13 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200213100446/https://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/05/tempete-tropicale-dumazile-la-ville-de-toamasina-totalement-inondee/ . live .
  76. News: Manou . Diana: l'axe Ambilobe-Antsiranana rétabli . Diana: the Ambilobe-Antsiranana axis restored. 30 September 2021 . News Mada . 14 March 2018 . fr . 30 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180730130123/http://www.newsmada.com/2018/03/14/diana-laxe-ambilobe-antsiranana-retabli/ . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cyclone Dumazile".

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