Cuyahoga River Explained

Cuyahoga River
Map:Cuyahogarivermap.png
Subdivision Type1:Country
Subdivision Name1:United States
Subdivision Type2:State
Subdivision Name2:Ohio
Subdivision Type3:Counties
Subdivision Name3:Cuyahoga, Summit, Portage, Geauga[1]
Subdivision Type4:Cities
Subdivision Name4:Cleveland, Akron, Cuyahoga Falls, Kent
Source1 Coordinates:41.4406°N -81.1519°W
Source1 Coord Ref:[2] Confluence of
East Branch Cuyahoga River[3] and
West Branch Cuyahoga River[4]
near Pond Road and Rapids Road, Burton, Geauga County, Ohio
Mouth Location:Lake Erie at Cleveland,
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Mouth Coordinates:41.5036°N -81.7122°W
Length:84.9miles[5]
Source1 Elevation:1093feet
Mouth Elevation:571feet
Basin Size:809sqmi[6]

The Cuyahoga River[7] (or [8] [9]) is a river located in Northeast Ohio that bisects the City of Cleveland and feeds into Lake Erie.

As Cleveland emerged as a major manufacturing center, the river became heavily affected by industrial pollution, so much so that it caught fire at least 14 times. When it did so on June 22, 1969, news coverage of the event helped to spur the American environmental movement.[10] [11] Since then, the river has been extensively cleaned up through the efforts of Cleveland's city government and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA).[12] In 2019, the American Rivers conservation association named the Cuyahoga "River of the Year" in honor of "50 years of environmental resurgence".[13] [14]

Etymology

The name Cuyahoga is believed to mean "crooked river" from the Mohawk name Cayagaga, although the Mohawk were never in the region alongside European settlers, so this explanation is questionable. Some think that it comes from the Seneca word for "jawbone".[15] [16] This explanation, however, is as uncertain as the Mohawk explanation. A close match in the Seneca language is Gayó'ha'geh, meaning "on your chin". The river's crooked form does vaguely resemble an animal's jawbone. It is possible that Europeans once wished to call it that, but the name "Cuyahoga" ended up becoming more prevalent and folk etymology took over, creating an accidental link between the two names that did not actually exist.[17]

Early maps from the era of French control of the region, when the Wyandot were the only tribe there, mark the river as "Cuyahoga", although the Wyandot name for the river is Yažaʔyeh.

Course

The Cuyahoga watershed begins its 100miles journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton, where the Cuyahoga River officially begins. It continues on its 84.9miles journey flowing southward to Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northern Summit County and southern Cuyahoga County. It then flows through Independence, Valley View, Cuyahoga Heights, Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain 813sqmi of land in portions of six counties.

The river is a relatively recent geologic formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age. The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10,000–12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern caused the originally south-flowing Cuyahoga to flow to the north. As its newly reversed currents flowed toward Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by the receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when traveled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from 3to.

History

The river was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per the Treaty of Greenville that ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country, effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining so briefly. On July 22, 1796, Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve, arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga and subsequently located a settlement there, which became the city of Cleveland.

Native Americans

It appears that, in more ancient times, the river was inhabited by some branch of Mound Building culture related to the Hopewell. The only mound formally excavated was Towner's Mound outside of Kent,[18] which appears identical in construction to two other mounds excavated in North Benton, OH and Warren, PA that are related to the New York Hopewell offshoot. The Iroquois say that, when the Erie first moved into western Pennsylvania, they pushed out a mound building people, which may show a continuity of such people for a few hundred years after the Hopewell Culture collapsed. Many other suspected mounds are also known and several other suspected mounds have been destroyed by industry since the 1790s.

When the French first began exploring and mapping the Great Lakes region in the 17th century, it comes across that the entire area of northern Ohio belonged to the Erie, but archaeology has since shown that the French, who only saw abandoned villages on the lake shore and never met any of the inhabitants, were mistaken. The entire Cuyahoga River Valley and last west of it actually belonged to a presumably Algonquian people never encountered by whites which we call the Whittlesey culture. [19] They were destroyed during the Beaver Wars (1630-1701). Afterwards, the Iroquois stationed a group of captured Hurons in this areas, who later broke free after the French aided several Native groups from the Mississippi River in pushing the Iroquois all the way back to what is now Pittsburg, and established themselves as their own tribe- the Wyandot.

The Wyandot chose to set aside the entire region from the Cuyahoga River to the PA border and the Mahoning River to Lake Erie as a communal hunting ground, to be enjoyed by all tribes in the region, causing it to be regularly frequented by themselves, the Lenape, Shawnee and Seneca. The Ottawa, who lived clear at the western end of Lake Erie and who, themselves, had formed out of a similar circumstance to the Wyandot- captured Anishinaabeg stationed in the vicinity of what is now Detroit by the Iroquois- were apparently allowed to establish communities in the area, given the tribe's distance from it, with one noted in what is now Conneaut and several others noted along the Cuyahoga. But, it is historically established that not all the villages along the Cuyahoga at this time were Ottawa, with a Seneca community noted around Streetsboro under a chief named Big John and possibly some Wyandots nearby.

During the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795), all the tribes in Ohio were ordered to give up most of Ohio for settlement, leading to a mass military revolt of all tribes in the Great Lakes region under a war chief named Little Turtle, with most of the fighting occurring along the Ohio-Indiana border. At this time, some Moravian missionaries who had been looking to establish a mission amongst the Ottawa were warned away due to the conflict, so they appear to have chosen to settle amongst the Ottawa in northeast Ohio at a site called Pilgeruh, but mistakenly noted all the villages in the area were Ottawa. After the war, the military ordered the Natives to evict the region, but most of them stayed during the early decades of settlement, with the last of the local natives concentrating in the Cuyahoga River Valley before leaving between 1811-1813. While there is a chance some may have gone to southern Ohio and joined Tecumseh's brother's pan-Indian cult at his Prophetstown compound, as the New Madrid Earthquake of 1811 was interpreted as a sign in his favor by many tribes across the eastern US, it appears the last of them in 1813 were leaving to migrate west, into the Great Black Swamp region- the last of Ohio's guaranteed Indian Territory- to live amongst the bulk of the Ottawa and Wyandot who were settled there. [20] [21] [22] [23]

Environmental cleanup

The Cuyahoga River, at times during the 20th century, was one of the most polluted rivers in the United States. The reach from Akron to Cleveland was devoid of fish. A 1968 Kent State University symposium described one section of the river:

At least 13 fires have been reported on the Cuyahoga River, the first occurring in 1868.[10] [24] The largest river fire, in 1952, caused over $1 million in damage[10] to boats, a bridge, and a riverfront office building.[25]

Things began to change in the late 1960s, when new mayor Carl Stokes and his utilities director rallied voters to approve a $100 million bond to rehabilitate Cleveland's rivers.[26] Then, the mayor seized the opportunity of a June 22, 1969 river fire triggered by a spark from a passing rail car igniting an oil slick to bring reporters to the river to raise attention to the issue.[26] The 1969 fire caused approximately $50,000 in damage, mostly to an adjacent railroad bridge,[24] but despite Mayor Stokes' efforts, very little attention was initially given to the incident, and it was not considered a major news story in the Cleveland media.[24]

However, the incident did soon garner the attention of Time magazine, which used a dramatic photo of the even larger 1952 blaze[26] in an article on the pollution of America's waterways. The article described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays"[27] and listed other badly-polluted rivers across the nation.[26] (No pictures of the 1969 fire are known to exist, as local media did not arrive on the scene until after the fire was under control.[24]) The article launched Time's new "Environment" section, and gained wide readership not only on its own merit, but because the same issue featured coverage of astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landing on the Moon the previous week in the Apollo 11 mission, and had Senator Ted Kennedy on the cover for a story on the Chappaquiddick incident in which Kennedy's automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, had drowned.[26]

The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in amendments extending the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). Mayor Stokes gave Congressional testimony on his and other major big cities' struggles with polluting industries to restore the environmental health of their communities.[26] As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in subsequent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On", R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga", and Adam Again's 1992 song "River on Fire". Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland named its Burning River Pale Ale after the event.

In December 1970 a federal grand jury investigation led by U.S. Attorney Robert Jones began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio; it was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area.[28] The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell, gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970 referencing new pollution control litigation, with particular reference to work with the new Environmental Protection Agency, and announcing the filing of a law suit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland.[29] Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in District Court, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act.[30] There were multiple other suits filed by Jones.[31] [32] [33]

Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998.[34] Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff, nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows,[35] and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were hogsuckers and spotfin shiners, both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the 5.6miles navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows. In March 2019 the OEPA declared fish caught in the river safe to eat.[36] Consequently, in 2024 the first ever steelhead trout stocking in the river occurred.[37]

Modifications

The lower Cuyahoga River, just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately 4000feet west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is human-made, created in 1827,[15] and allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27feet, along the river's lower 5miles, from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along the lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the federal navigation channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations.

Ice-breaking

The United States Coast Guard sometimes conducts fall and spring ice-breaking operations along Lake Erie and the lower Cuyahoga River to prolong the Great Lakes shipping season, depending on shipping schedules and weather conditions.

Flooding

Some attempts (including dams and dredging) have been made to control flooding along the Cuyahoga River basin. As a result of speculative land development, buildings have been erected on many flat areas that are only a few feet above normal river levels. Sudden strong rain or snow storms can create severe flooding in these low-lying areas.

The upper Cuyahoga River, starting at 1093feet over 84miles from its mouth, drops in elevation fairly steeply, creating falls and rapids in some places; the lower Cuyahoga River only drops several feet along the last several miles of the lower river to 571feet at the mouth on Lake Erie, resulting in relatively slow-moving waters that can take a while to drain compared to the upper Cuyahoga.

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Some tributary elevations above are higher than the Cuyahoga River elevation, because of small waterfalls at or near their confluences; and distances are measured in "river miles" along the river's length from its mouth on Lake Erie.

Accidents

On August 25, 2020, a Holland Oil and Gas fuel tanker crashed on Route 8 near Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, killing one individual and causing a fire that leaked fuel into the southern section of the river.[38] The fire was extinguished by the Akron Fire Department and the river section and surrounding area were promptly cleaned up.[38] The fatal road crash marked the first and only river fire incident on the Cuyahoga since June 1969.[39] However, as scholar Anne Jefferson notes:

Dams

Former Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam

The Brecksville Dam at river mile 20 was the first dam upstream of Lake Erie. It affected fish populations by restricting their passage.[40] The dam was removed in 2020.[41]

Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam

The largest dam is the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, also known as the FirstEnergy Dam, on the border between Cuyahoga Falls and Akron. This 57feet dam has for over 90 years submerged the falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen.[42]

On April 9, 2019, officials from the U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA announced a plan to remove the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam by 2023 at a cost of $65 to $70 million. Funding for the project was authorized through the Great Lakes Legacy Act with funds coming from the City of Akron and members of the Gorge Dam Stakeholder Committee, including Summit Metro Parks, FirstEnergy, and the City of Cuyahoga Falls.[43] the planned date of removal is 2026.[44] [45]

The FirstEnergy Dam was built by the Northern Ohio Traction and Light Co. in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower for its local streetcar system and providing cooling-water storage for a coal-burning power plant; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991.[46] Some environmental groups and recreational groups want the dam removed.[47] Others contend that such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: first, the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990s, and second, because of the industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs. The Ohio EPA estimated removal of the dam would cost $5–10 million, and removal of the contaminated sediments, a further $60 million.[48] The dam is licensed through 2041. In 2023 however, after funding was secured, the decision was made to remove the dam

Dams in Cuyahoga Falls

In late 2012, two dams in Cuyahoga Falls, the Sheraton and LeFever Dams, were scheduled for demolition,[49] as the result of an agreement between the City of Cuyahoga Falls, which owns the dams, and the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, which will provide $1 million of funding to remove the dams. On December 12, 2012, the ACOE issued a permit, allowing the demolition to proceed.[50] As part of the project, a water trail was developed.[51] In early June 2013, dam removal began, and ended in August 20, 2013.[52] This brought about a mile of the river back to its natural state, removed 35feet of structures, and exposed an equivalent quantity of whitewater for recreation. In 2019, attempts by the city to address increased erosion as a result of the removal of these and other area dams were publicized.[53]

Munroe Falls Dam

Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls, though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to the lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams.

The Munroe Falls Dam was modified in 2005.[54] Work on this project uncovered a natural waterfall.[55] Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005, was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council on a week later. The 11.5feet sandstone dam has since been removed, and in its place now is a natural ledge with a 4.5feet drop at its greatest point.[56] [57]

Kent Dam

The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004 and was the first dam modification project in the state of Ohio that was made solely for water quality issues. The modification resulted in the river fully attaining the designated Ohio water quality standards.[58] [59]

Lists

Variant names

According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, the Cuyahoga River has also been known as:

The name "White River" has also been applied.[60]

Dams

-- collapsed -->+ Dams on the Cuyahoga River
RM
[61]
CoordinatesElevationLocalityCountyDescription
20.71
[62]
[63] Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam, built 1825–1827
upstream from SR 82 Chippewa Road-West Aurora Road bridge,
downstream from Station Road-Bridle Trail bridge
45.8
[64] 840feetSummitGorge Metropolitan Park Dam, built in 1912,
upstream from SR 8 North Main Street-State Road bridge,
downstream from SR 59 Front Street bridge
49.9
[65]
[66] 1007feetCuyahoga FallsSummitCuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam,
upstream from Portage Trail bridge,
downstream from SR 8/SR 59 bridge
54.8
[67] KentPortageKent dam,
upstream from SR 59/SR 43 Haymaker Parkway bridge,
immediately downstream from West Main Street bridge
57.97
[68] 1063feetFranklin TownshipPortageLake Rockwell Dam,
upstream from Ravenna Road bridge,
downstream from SR 14 Cleveland-East Liverpool Road bridge

Tributaries

Generally, rivers are larger than creeks, which are larger than brooks, which are larger than runs.Runs may be dry except during or after a rain, at which point they can flash flood and be torrential.

Default is standard order from mouth to upstream:

-- collapsed -->+ Tributaries on the Cuyahoga River
RM
CoordinatesElevationTributaryMunicipalityCountyDescription
[69] 577feet Old River (Cuyahoga River)near Division Avenue/River Road
4.46
41.4811°N -81.6767°W[70] 581feet Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River)near Independence Road and Rockefeller Avenue
5.05
41.4694°N -81.6694°W[71] 581feet Morgan Run (Cuyahoga River)near Independence Road and Pershing Avenue
5.29–5.4
41.4639°N -81.6792°W[72] 577feet Burk Branch (Cuyahoga River)near CW steel mill
7.2
41.4458°N -81.6858°W[73] 577feet Big Creek (Cuyahoga River)near Jennings Road, Harvard Avenue and Valley Road
10.84–11.4
41.4167°N -81.6464°W[74] 591feet West Creek (Cuyahoga River)near SR-17 Granger Road, Valley Belt Road, and I-77
11.4
41.4158°N -81.6394°W[75] 587feet Mill Creek (Cuyahoga River)near Canal Road and Warner Road
16.36
41.365°N -81.6097°W[76] 610feet near Canal Road and Tinkers Creek Road
18.08 0feet from Willow Lake
20.88
41.3186°N -81.5869°W[77] 627feet Chippewa Creek (Cuyahoga River)near Chippewa Creek Drive and Riverview Road
24.16
41.2861°N -81.5639°W[78] 636feet near Highland Road
25.72
41.2736°N -81.5642°W[79] 646feet Stanford Runnear Stanford Road
41.2617°N -81.5581°W[80] 650feet Grannys Run (Cuyahoga River)near Boston Mills Road and Riverview Road
28.79
41.2431°N -81.5536°W[81] 689feet Slipper Runnear SR-303 Main Street/West Streetsboro Road and Riverview Road
28.98
41.2428°N -81.5497°W[82] 676feet Boston Run (Cuyahoga River)near East Mill Street and West Mill Street
29.24
Peninsula Creek
29.82
41.2328°N -81.5492°W[83] 689feet Haskell Runnear Akron-Peninsula Road
30.26
41.2283°N -81.5497°W[84] 692feet Salt Run (Cuyahoga River)near Akron-Peninsula Road and Truxell Road
30.66
41.2261°N -81.5517°W[85] 699feet Dickerson Run (Cuyahoga River)near
31.47
41.2175°N -81.5597°W[86] 699feet Langes Run
32.3
41.2083°N -81.5628°W[87] 709feet Robinson Run (Cuyahoga River)
33.08
[88]
41.2028°N -81.5697°W[89] 709feet Furnace Run (Cuyahoga River)
37.16
41.1631°N -81.5736°W[90] 728feet Yellow Creek (Cuyahoga River)
37.26
41.1617°N -81.5736°W[91] 728feet Woodward Creek (Cuyahoga River)
39.12
41.14°N -81.5603°W[92] 738feet
39.78
41.1381°N -81.5514°W[93] 738feet Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River)
42.27
41.1192°N -81.5292°W[94] 758feet
52.1
41.1406°N -81.3989°W[95] 1004feet Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River)near North River Road between Marsh Road and Verner Road
53.7
41.1422°N -81.3733°W[96] 1010feet Plum Creek (Cuyahoga River)near Cherry Street and Mogadore Road
56.8
41.1703°N -81.3381°W[97] 1027feet Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River)Kent/Franklin Township border near River Bend Boulevard and Beechwold Drive
57.6-57.97
Twin Lakes Outlet
59.95
41.1886°N -81.2778°W[98] 1070feet Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River)
63.45
41.2358°N -81.3128°W[99] 1109feet Yoder Ditch
65.19
Bollingbrook, Portage
66.33
41.2419°N -81.26°W[100] 1096feet Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River)
76.64
41.2819°N -81.1419°W[101] 1010feet Black Creek (Cuyahoga River)near SR-700 Welshfield Limaville Road between SR-254 Pioneer Trail and CR-224 Hankee Road
79.15
41.3764°N -81.1511°W[102] 1093feet Sawyer Brook (Cuyahoga River)near Main Market Road US-422 and Claridon Troy Road
83.29
41.375°N -81.2036°W[103] 1122feet Bridge Creek (Cuyahoga River)
84.9
41.4403°N -81.1517°W 1093feet West Branch Cuyahoga River
84.9
41.4403°N -81.1514°W 1093feet East Branch Cuyahoga River

See also

References

General references

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: A River Runs Through It. Glanville. Justin. Kent State University. January 22, 2015. March 21, 2017.
  2. 1072205. Cuyahoga River. May 3, 2009.
  3. 1039938. East Branch Cuyahoga River. May 3, 2009.
  4. 1067043. West Branch Cuyahoga River. May 3, 2009.
  5. Web site: Upper Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs Figure 2. Schematic Representation of the Upper Cuyahoga Watershed . Ohio EPA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090512221443/http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/upCuy_final_090304.pdf . May 12, 2009 . mdy-all .
  6. Web site: Map of Ohio watersheds . . GIF . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070311012646/http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/watersheds/Basins72PDI_40x40_OnScreen.gif . March 11, 2007 . mdy .
  7. [United States Geological Survey]
  8. News: Siegel, Robert . Robert Siegel . Block, Melissa . Melissa Block . Letters: Cuyahoga River . . . June 23, 2009 . June 23, 2009.
  9. News: Michael K. . McIntyre . How to pronounce 'Cuyahoga' turns into a national debate: Tipoff . . June 28, 2009 . June 29, 2009 .
  10. Web site: The Myth of the Cuyahoga River Fire, Podcast and transcript, Episode 241. May 28, 2019. Science History Institute . 27 August 2019.
  11. Web site: 51 Years Later, the Cuyahoga River Burns Again. August 28, 2020. Outside Magazine . 11 October 2020.
  12. Web site: Maag. Christopher. From the Ashes of '69, Cleveland's Cuyahoga River Is Reborn. The New York Times. June 20, 2009. July 25, 2019.
  13. Web site: Johnston. Laura. Cuyahoga named River of the Year. The Plain Dealer. April 16, 2019. July 25, 2019.
  14. Web site: Piepenburg. Erik. A Cleveland River Once Oozed and Burned. It's Now a Hot Spot.. The New York Times. June 7, 2019. July 19, 2021.
  15. Web site: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: CUYAHOGA RIVER. ech.case.edu. 2015-11-05.
  16. Web site: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: EXPLORATIONS . David Brose . January 24, 2013 . ech.case.edu . July 14, 2016.
  17. English–Seneca Dictionary by Chafe, Wallace pg. 30, under chin, jaw
  18. portagecounty-oh.gov
  19. "Whittlesey Culture - Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved January 29, 2020
  20. History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties (1882); Williams, H.Z.
  21. Web site: PILGERRUH | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University . June 18, 2018 .
  22. R. David Edmunds (1985). The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8032-1850-5.
  23. "Indian Wars Campaigns". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  24. Adler, Jonathan H. . Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection . . 2003 . Fordham Environmental Law Journal . 14 . June 25, 2014 . 95–98, 103–104 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130122050545/http://law.cwru.edu/faculty/adler_jonathan/publications/fables_of_the_cuyahoga.pdf . January 22, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
  25. Web site: Cuyahoga River Area of Concern . August 26, 2019 . .
  26. News: Urycki . Mark . 50 Years Later: Burning Cuyahoga River Called Poster Child For Clean Water Act . 5 July 2019 . . June 18, 2019.
  27. The Cities: The Price of Optimism . . https://web.archive.org/web/20070817171805/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901182,00.html . dead . August 17, 2007 . August 1, 1969 . April 30, 2010.
  28. Web site: REF 51 "U.S. Opens Probe Here on Pollution" The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970.. Home Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018 . en. 2019-02-24.
  29. Web site: Press Conference John Mitchell 12-18-1970.
  30. Web site: REF 53 "Charges J&L With Pollution" (AP) The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 31st, 1970.. Home Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018 . en. 2019-02-24.
  31. Web site: REF 52 U.S. Jury Indicts CEI on Ash Dumping in Lake" by Brian Williams, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970.. Home Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018 . en. 2019-03-04.
  32. Web site: REF 54 "Pollution Suits Hit U.S. Steel" by Brian Williams, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December, 1970.. Home Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018 . en. 2019-03-04.
  33. Web site: REF 56 "U.S. Sues Metals Firm as Polluter" The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, October 14, 1971.. Home Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive. June 24, 2018 . en. 2019-03-04.
  34. Web site: Cuyahoga: Ohio's American Heritage River . Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization . October 28, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724033050/http://www.crcpo.org/AHRBROCHURES/AHRBrochure.pdf . July 24, 2011 . mdy .
  35. [United States Environmental Protection Agency]
  36. News: Laura. Johnston. Cuyahoga River fish safe to eat, Ohio EPA says. The Plain Dealer. March 18, 2019. March 20, 2019.
  37. News: Peter. Krouse. History on the Cuyahoga: 10,000 steelhead introduced to a healthier river. The Plain Dealer. April 25, 2024. April 30, 2024. subscription.
  38. News: Steer . Jen . Cleanup continues after fatal tanker crash on Route 8 in Akron . . August 25, 2020 . July 3, 2021.
  39. Web site: Anne. Jefferson. The Cuyahoga River burned today for the first time in 51 years. Here's what we can learn from it.. Highly Allochthonous. August 25, 2020. July 4, 2021.
  40. Web site: Cuyahoga River Area of Concern . August 20, 2015 . .
  41. News: Emily. Mills. Brecksville Dam removed from Cuyahoga River. Akron Beacon Journal. July 6, 2020. July 6, 2020.
  42. Ohio EPA, Biological and Water Quality Study of the Cuyahoga River and Selected Tributaries, August 15, 1999. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  43. Web site: Conn . Jennifer . April 10, 2019 . Plan Unveiled to Bring Down the Gorge Dam by 2023 . July 20, 2019 . www.wksu.org.
  44. News: Eric. Marotta. Site prep for Gorge Dam sediment disposal may start this month. Akron Beacon Journal. November 2, 2022. November 3, 2022.
  45. Web site: Great Lakes Moment: Ohio provides example for funding Detroit and Rouge rivers' sediment cleanup . January 8, 2024 .
  46. Web site: Beacon Journal: Search Results. nl.newsbank.com. July 20, 2019.
  47. Kent Environmental Council, Newsletter June 2005 . Retrieved June 21, 2007.
  48. News: Downing . Bob . Hydropower plan hits rough water . July 28, 2005 . Akron Beacon Journal .
  49. News: Walsh . Ellin . Dismantling of dams along Cuyahoga River to get under way in September . August 2, 2012 . Falls News Press . August 6, 2012 .
  50. News: Deike. John . Downtown dams will come down . December 22, 2011. Cuyahoga Falls Patch . December 24, 2012.
  51. News: Wiandt . Steve . Downtown dams will come down . November 27, 2011 . Falls News Press . December 28, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120124215434/http://www.fallsnewspress.com/news/article/5128097 . January 24, 2012 . mdy .
  52. News: Construction zone will soon be set up for removal of two Cuyahoga Falls dams . May 31, 2013. Cuyahoga Falls News-Press . June 4, 2013.
  53. Web site: Cuyahoga Falls to Consider New Ways to Control Erosion along Cuyahoga River. Conn. Jennifer. 2019-04-08. WKSU. 2019-06-18. August 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806163844/https://www.wksu.org/post/cuyahoga-falls-consider-new-ways-control-erosion-along-cuyahoga-river#stream/0. dead.
  54. [Summit County, Ohio]
  55. NewsNet5, Crews Unearth Natural Waterfall, September 13, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  56. News: Downing . Bob . Munroe Falls dam to stand, but shorter . September 22, 2005 . Akron Beacon Journal .
  57. AP / Cleveland Plain Dealer. Dam removal to return Cuyahoga to natural, free-flowing state. Posted September 29, 2005; retrieved October 6, 2005.
  58. Web site: Archived copy . September 8, 2020 . July 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210703175033/https://epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/documents/MiddleCuyahoga2007final-amended2.pdf . dead .
  59. City of Kent, Ohio, Cuyahoga River Restoration Project FINAL SUMMARY . Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  60. Book: White, Richard . The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . 0-521-37104-X . 188–189, fn 4 . registration . The 'White River' itself was usually the Cuyahoga.....
  61. Web site: 3745-1-26 Cuyahoga river.. November 8, 2016. Environmental Protection Agency.
  62. Web site: Lower Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs Figure 2. Schematic of the Lower Cuyahoga River Watershed. Ohio EPA. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080912182540/http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/Cuyahoga_lower_final_report.pdf. September 12, 2008. mdy-all.
  63. Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam manually plotted in Google.
  64. 1078455. Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam. May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
  65. Web site: Middle Cuyahoga TMDL, Figure 2. Schematic of the Middle Cuyahoga River. Ohio EPA. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080912182525/http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/MidCuyFinalTMDL.pdf. September 12, 2008. mdy-all.
  66. 1079539. Cuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam. May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
  67. Kent dam manually plotted from Google Maps
  68. 1078782. Lake Rockwell Dam. May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
  69. 1072324. Old River. May 3, 2009.
  70. 1066787. Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  71. 1066843. Morgan Run. May 3, 2009.
  72. 1066620. Burk Branch. May 3, 2009.
  73. 1066577. Big Creek. May 3, 2009.
  74. 1068339. West Creek. May 3, 2009.
  75. 1043317. Mill Creek. May 3, 2009.
  76. 1067011. Tinkers Creek. May 3, 2009.
  77. 1066646. Chippewa Creek. May 3, 2009.
  78. 1066599. Brandywine Creek. May 3, 2009.
  79. 1066347. Stanford Run. May 3, 2009.
  80. 1067318. Grannys Run. May 3, 2009.
  81. 1066968. Slipper Run. May 3, 2009.
  82. 1038208. Boston Run. May 3, 2009.
  83. 1066742. Haskell Run. May 3, 2009.
  84. 1066941. Salt Run. May 3, 2009.
  85. 1039702. Dickerson Run. May 3, 2009.
  86. 1042417. Langes Run. May 3, 2009.
  87. 1045102. Robinson Run. May 3, 2009.
  88. Web site: Furnace Run . Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090627161123/http://www.crcpo.org/FurnaceRun/FurnaceRun.html . June 27, 2009 . mdy .
  89. 1040734. Furnace Run. May 3, 2009.
  90. 1048184. Yellow Creek. May 3, 2009.
  91. 1067068. Woodward Creek. May 3, 2009.
  92. 1045940. Sand Run. May 3, 2009.
  93. 1066851. Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  94. 1066802. Little Cuyahoga River. May 3, 2009.
  95. 1040464. Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  96. 1044637. Plum Creek. May 3, 2009.
  97. 1066600. Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  98. 1040065. Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  99. 1048202. Yoder Ditch. May 3, 2009.
  100. 1041347. Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River). May 3, 2009.
  101. 1066585. Black Creek. May 3, 2009.
  102. 1045985. Sawyer Brook. May 3, 2009.
  103. 1038301. Bridge Creek. May 3, 2009.