Curitiba Explained

Curitiba
Settlement Type:Municipality
Official Name:Portuguese: Município de Curitiba
Municipality of Curitiba
Nickname:Portuguese: Cidade Modelo ("Model City"); Portuguese: Capital Ecológica do Brasil ("Ecological Capital of Brazil"); Portuguese: Cidade Verde ("Green City"); Portuguese: Capital das Araucárias ("Capital of Araucarias"); Portuguese: A Cidade da Névoa Eterna ("The City of Eternal Fog")
Motto:Portuguese: A Cidade da Gente (Our City; The People's City)
Flag Link:Flag of Curitiba
Image Blank Emblem:Brasão de Curitiba.svg
Mapsize:250px
Pushpin Map:Brazil#South America
Pushpin Mapsize:250
Pushpin Relief:yes
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Region
Subdivision Type2:State
Subdivision Name: Brazil
Subdivision Name1:South
Subdivision Name2: Paraná
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Rafael Greca (PSD)
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:29 March 1693
Established Title3:Incorporated
Established Date3:1842
Area Total Km2:430.9
Area Total Sq Mi:166.4
Area Urban Km2:319.4
Area Metro Km2:15416.9
Area Metro Sq Mi:5952
Population As Of:2022[1]
Population Total:1,773,718 (8th)
Population Density Km2:4062
Population Density Sq Mi:10523
Population Metro:3,559,366 (9th)
Population Density Metro Km2:210.9
Population Density Metro Sq Mi:546.2
Demographics Type1:GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
Demographics1 Title1:Year
Demographics1 Info1:2023
Demographics1 Title2:Total
Demographics1 Info2:$77.8 billion[2]
Timezone:UTC-3
Utc Offset:-3
Coordinates:-25.4297°N -49.2711°W
Elevation M:934.6
Elevation Ft:3066.3
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:80000-000 to 82999-999
Area Code Type:Area code
Area Code:+55 (41)
Blank Name:HDI (2010)
Blank Info:0.823 – very high[3]
Blank Name Sec2:Major airport
Blank Info Sec2:Afonso Pena International Airport
Blank1 Name Sec2:Federal Highways
Population Demonym:in Portuguese: Curitibana/e/o

Curitiba (pronounced as /pt-BR/) is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná in Southern Brazil. The city's population was 1,773,718, making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil's South Region.[1] The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3,559,366,[4] making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country.

The city sits on a plateau at above sea level. It is located west of the seaport of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in Latin America[5] and hosts the Federal University of Paraná, established in 1912.

In the 19th century, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Paraná State (first Araucaria angustifolia logging, later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn and soybean cultivation). In the 1850s, waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians, contributing to the city's economic and cultural development and richness in diversity.[6] Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily from Middle Eastern[7] and other South American countries.

Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people.[8] Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil. Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba.[9]

Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development.[10] According to US magazine Reader's Digest, Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live.[11] [12] Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth.[13] The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil.[14] Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state.[15]

Etymology

See main article: Etymology of Curitiba.

One theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kurí tyba 'many araucária seeds' due to the large number of Paraná pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding.[16]

Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination of kurit 'pine tree' and yba 'large amount'.[17]

The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais 'Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines'.

The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its name Curityba.

An alternative spelling was Coritiba. This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba.[16]

History

See also: Timeline of Curitiba.

At the end of the 17th century, Curitiba's agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction.[18] Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850, mainly Poles, Italians, Germans (mostly Volga Germans from Russia) and Ukrainians.[6]

Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to the state of São Paulo, turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post.[19]

The Paranaguá–Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885.[19]

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills. The owners (known as "barões da erva-mate") built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória.[20]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its first city plan. It emphasized a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete.[21]

Geography

Curitiba, the capital of the Paraná state of southern Brazil, is located near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It is around 3,050 feet (930 meters) above sea level.

Climate

Curitiba has a typically humid subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cfb). The city's somewhat mild winters, due to its low latitude, differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones.[22]

It is located on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas[23] [24] contribute to its mild and damp winter, with an average minimum temperature of in July. Temperatures can drop below on the coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around . However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above, and on rare occasions, above .[25]

During summertime, the average temperature is around at daytime, but it can get above on the hottest days. However, temperatures above at night are rare.[26] Snowfall was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020.[27] [28] Huge accumulation, however, is rarer. [29]

The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often from Antarctica and Argentina, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain.[30] Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.[31]

Vegetation

Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Paraná (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings.[32]

Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipês (tabebuias), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree.[33]

Hydrography

The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the city's watershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.[32] After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.[32]

Topography

The city covers on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has a topography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it a relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of above sea level. The highest point is to the north at, and with lower altitudes at to the south.

Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including the Serra do Mar, a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Paraná.[34]

Government

, the mayor is Rafael Greca, who replaced Gustavo Fruet. The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. The Rua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.[35]

Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make the city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste.[36]

Demographics

See also: Brazilians, Demographics of Brazil and Immigration to Brazil.

Ethnic groups

According to the 2022 census, 1,773,718 people resided in the city of Curitiba.[37] The census revealed 1,320,252 White people (74.4%), 355,834 Pardo (Multiracial) people (20.1%), 71,948 Afro-Brazilian people (4.1%), 23,635 Asian people (1.3%), 1,976 Amerindian people (0.1%).[38]

Curitiba is Brazil's 8th most populous city.[39] In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974 same-sex couples. The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male.[40]

As with most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.[41]

Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe.[19]

The first non-Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to the city were German.[42]

The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June. Its area is and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of the Polish people), form parts of the memorial.[43] The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878, coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy. They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still a centre of the Italian community.[44]

Nearly 20,000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná.[45] [46] The State of Paraná has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community.[47]

Curitiba has a Jewish community[48] that was originally established in the 1870s.[49] Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated.[50] In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba.[51] Physicist César Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner[52] and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. The community centre, a Jewish school, a Chabad house (Beit Chabad),[53] three synagogues,[54] and two Jewish cemeteries are there,[55] one of which was defiled in 2004.[56] Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according to IBGE. Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in the interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba.[57]

Religion

See also: Religion in Brazil, Protestantism in Brazil and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil.

According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) is Roman Catholic, other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69).[58] [59]

Economy

See also: Economy of Brazil and Tourism in Brazil.

Since it was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment.[60]

The city is Brazil's second largest car manufacturer. Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil.[61]

The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport, where almost 60,000 flights land annually.[62]

According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals, without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%.[63] Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Philip Morris, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods, as well as many well-known national industries, such as Sadia, O Boticário and Positivo Informática.

Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by InfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved in revenues, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.[64]

The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated - 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city's strategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.[65]

Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. The Rua das Flores (Street of Flowers) is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair.[66]

In 2008, according to IBGE Curitiba's nominal GDP was (or about of)[67] (with, or, by nominal GDP per capita, about of more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it the fourth richest city in the country, after only São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasília.

Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according to Veja Magazine of 2007. The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure, Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work in Southern Brazil, according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 global sustainability centres, according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008.[68] Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil, Erasto Gaertner Hospital.[69]

Attractions

Attractions in the city include:

Education

More than 183 universities operate in the state of Paraná.[76]

Tertiary educational institutions

Educational system

In the 1990s, the city started a project called Faróis do Saber ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries, free Internet access and other cultural resources. Libraries work with municipal schools, offering a collection of approximately 5000 books, and provide cultural reference and leisure.[78]

Among Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the highest literacy rate,[79] and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals.[80]

Urban planning

Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system. The buses are split into three sections (bi-articulated) and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with access for disabled riders. Buses charge one price regardless of distance.[81]

The city preserves and cares for its green areas, boasting of green space per inhabitant.[82]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. The plan was too expensive to complete.[83] By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had reached 430,000. Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, reduced traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system.[84]

This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This used two one-way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development, to pull traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.[85]

Today, Curitiba is considered one of the world's best examples of urban planning.[86] In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the country".[87] Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan.[88] In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte, Integrated Transport Network) was created.[89] At the same time, the city began building the "Faróis de Saber" (Lighthouses of Knowledge) educational centres.[90] The city has more than of public parks and forests.[91]

In 2007, the city placed third in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according to Grist magazine, after Reykjavík in Iceland and Portland, Oregon in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown.[92]

Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues; focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities, can create positive ripple effects. Urban "acupuncture" reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities.[93] It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact.[94]

The "capacity building job line"[95] was created to accelerate economic development. About 15,000 new jobs were generated by 2013.[96]

According to Jonas Rabinovitch, a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute (IPPUC), up to 8% of Curitiba's population still lived in favelas as of 2016.[97] According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE, 49,700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements.[98] This is equivalent to 163,300 people.[98] The population growth of favelas was 12.4% between 2000 and 2010, higher than the population in general (10.3%).[98]

For transportation, Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil.[99]

Culture

See also: Culture of Brazil. In January 1973 the Fundação Cultural de Curitiba was set up, with the aim of promoting culture.[19]

The Cultural Complex Solar do Barão features the Photography Museum, the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu. The MuMA – Museu Metropolitano de Arte (Museum of Metropolitan Art) displays artists from the state of Paraná as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti, Guignard and Di Cavalcanti.[19]

The Polish Immigrants Memorial, also known as The Pope's Woods, offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees, which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll. The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980.[100] [101] In 2003, Curitiba received the "American Capital of Culture" title, granted by the OAS (Organization of American States).[19]

Gastronomy

The capital of Paraná is an important gastronomic center in Brazil, and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes. The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods. Curitiba's cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian, Polish and German immigrants.[102]

Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas, and one of the world's largest restaurants, Restaurante Madalosso. Madalosso can feed more than 4,600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms, all named after Italian cities.[103]

Arts and entertainment

Curitiba was Brazil's first city to have an IMAX movie theatre.[104] Curitiba has many theaters. The largest and most important one is the Guaíra Theater.[105] Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival.

Museums

Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba.[106]

Festivals

Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts, such as Curitiba Theatre Festival[109] and the Music Workshop of Curitiba.[110] Others celebrate immigrants festivals, such as the Grape Feast ("Festa da Uva"),[111] which is related to Italian immigrants, and the four Matsuri, related to Japanese immigrants.

The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are: Imin Matsuri (Japanese: 移民祭り, "Immigration Festival") which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil,[112] [113] Haru Matsuri (Japanese: 春祭り, "Spring Festival") which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring,[114] Hana Matsuri[115] (Japanese: 花祭り, "Flower Festival"), which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni,[116] and Seto Matsuri ("Seto Festival"), in honor of Cláudio Seto,[117] comic artist, precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba.

Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival,[118] a three-day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival, but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres, attracting people from all over the world. In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens. The 2016 edition took more than 20,000 people to the streets.[119]

UN Convention on Biodiversity

On 20–31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais (a city near Curitiba), addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries.[120]

Transportation

Public transport

See main article: Rede Integrada de Transporte. Curitiba's public transportation consists entirely of buses. It opened the world's second bus rapid transit (BRT) system, Rede Integrada de Transporte, in 1974.[121] The popularity of Curitiba's BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveler survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the country's lowest rates of ambient air pollution. Some 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation, far below the national average.[122] Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi-articulated bus in the world, with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers. The bus operates only with soy-based biofuel, which reduces pollutant emissions by 50%.[123]

The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35-year public private partnership contract to build and operate a, 14-station north–south line. The cost is estimated at 4.62 billion reais.[124]

Roads

Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid. Apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not severe.[125]

Air

Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba's main airport. It is located in the nearby city of São José dos Pinhais. All commercial flights operate from this airport.[126] It was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil.[127]

The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials; availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge; quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities; availability and cleanliness of the toilets; general cleaning; airport thermal and acoustic comfort; quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels, as well as availability of public transport to the airport.

There is also the Bacacheri Airport, a smaller general aviation facility. It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft.

Rail

Brazil's transportation and railway company, Rumo, has its headquarters in Curitiba.[128] Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country to Morretes and Paranaguá.[129]

Others

The city has of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. City streets carry almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are orange Taxis. To service these vehicles, more than 355 petrol stations serve the city.[130]

Curitiba public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 72 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[131]

Sports

See main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil.

Curitiba has three teams in the city: Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba and Paraná Clube. Paraná Clube plays at Estádio Durival Britto e Silva, Coritiba plays at Estádio Major Antônio Couto Pereira, and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, in 1985 and 2001, respectively. Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil. The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Paraná Clube.[132]

The Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Raceway) is located in nearby Pinhais.

Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil, Curitiba Rugby Clube, national champions in 2014 and 2016.

A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives, including the Rua brothers Maurício "Shogun" and Murilo "Ninja", Wanderlei Silva, Anderson Silva, and women's MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg. Much of the city's success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta.

Neighborhoods

Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The centro (downtown or central business district), where the city was founded, is the most bustling area, housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.

Bairros (neighborhoods) of Curitiba define the city's geographical divisions. Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods, although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities.Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighborhoods.

Civic Center (In Portuguese: Centro Cívico) is where the main government buildings are located. It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná. The name means 'Center of the Citizen''.

It was conceived in 1953, with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state.[133] [134]

In August 2011, the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble. The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Cândido de Abreu are protected, including Plaza 19 de Dezembro, Tiradentes State College, Courts of Justice, Accounts and Jury buildings, the Iguaçu Palace, the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette.[135]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil.

Twin towns – sister cities

Curitiba is twinned with:[136]

Cooperation agreements

Curitiba has cooperation agreements with:

People

Aviation

Politics

Science

Sports

Chess
Football
Mixed martial arts
Motorsports
Basketball
Beach volleyball
Horse racing
Poker
Skateboarding
Swimming

Architecture

Arts

Other

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: IBGE 2021 . 21 February 2023. pt . 15 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190915091638/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pr/curitiba/panorama . live .
  2. Web site: TelluBase—Brazil Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series). Tellusant. 2024-01-11.
  3. Web site: Archived copy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf . July 8, 2014 . August 1, 2013 . United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
  4. Web site: 2023-06-28 . Região Metropolitana de Curitiba cresce 10% em 12 anos, indica Censo . 2024-06-25 . G1 . pt-br.
  5. Web site: Curitiba . Rnestrangeiros.com.br. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20140227011053/http://www.rnestrangeiros.com.br/#!location/galleryPage. 27 February 2014. live.
  6. Web site: Tradições Culturais . Curitiba-parana.net. 7 March 2011 . pt. https://web.archive.org/web/20110211165316/http://www.curitiba-parana.net/tradicoes.htm. 11 February 2011. live.
  7. Web site: A imigração árabe muçulmana em Curitiba . Etni-cidade . pt . 3 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081205114702/http://www.etni-cidade.net/2008/a_imigracao_arabe.htm . 5 December 2008 . dead.
  8. Web site: Dados do IBGE sobre Curitiba . IBGE . pt . 31 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130602180952/http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/painel/painel.php?codmun=410690 . 2 June 2013 . live.
  9. Web site: Quase metade de Curitiba é dos "estrangeiros" . Bem Paraná . pt . 6 August 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090922092532/http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=23799&t=quase-metade-de-curitiba-e-dosestrangeiros . 22 September 2009 . live.
  10. Web site: The Brazilian city Curitiba awarded the Globe Sustainable City Award 2010 . globeforum.com . 7 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212832/http://globeaward.org/winner-city-2010.html . 14 July 2014 . dead.
  11. Web site: Brazil Outsourcing: Curitiba Comes on Strong as 'Silicon Valley South' . 21 April 2010 . Nearshore Americas . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121014133919/http://nearshoreamericas.com/brazil-outsourcing-curibita-comes-on-strong-as-silicon-valley-south/ . 14 October 2012 . live.
  12. Web site: Bestcitiestolivein.net . https://archive.today/20120723101730/http://www.bestcitiestolivein.net/curitiba-brazil-the-best-city-to-live-in-south-america-a-melhor-cidade-do-brasil.html . dead . 23 July 2012 . Bestcitiestolivein.net . 3 January 2013.
  13. Web site: As 10 capitais mais seguras para os jovens do Brasil . Planetasustentavel.abril.com.br. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170102042801/http://planetasustentavel.abril.com.br/album/10-capitais-mais-seguras-jovens-brasil-indice-vulnerabilidade-violencia-734424.shtml?&foto=4. 2 January 2017. live.
  14. Web site: Curitiba é eleita a melhor cidade do Brasil pelo ranking Istoé/Austin Ratings – ISTOÉ DINHEIRO . 18 September 2015 . Istoedinheiro.com.br. 9 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145311/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/noticias/economia/20150918/curitiba-eleita-melhor-cidade-brasil-pelo-ranking-istoe-austin-ratings/300248. 1 December 2017. live.
  15. Web site: Curitiba foi a segunda capital que mais demitiu em 2017 . 2 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193243/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/economia/pos-e-carreira/por-que-o-mercado-de-trabalho-de-curitiba-ainda-continua-demitindo-868i7lb2m3rmofjytl3yhy1l5 . 14 July 2018 . live.
  16. Fenianos, E. (2003) Almanaque Kur'yt'yba, Curitiba: Univer Cidade, p.6
  17. Web site: Curitiba name origin . Inf.ufpr.br . 20 October 2004 . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162138/http://www.inf.ufpr.br/sibgrapi2004/site.html . 6 July 2011 . live.
  18. Web site: History of Curitiba . 20 May 2022 . 28 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220528194039/https://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/conteudo/perfil-da-cidade-de-curitiba/174 . live .
  19. Web site: History of the City . Curitiba. 24 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425122309/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/idioma/ingles/historia. 25 April 2018. live.
  20. News: Palacetes suntuosos do início do século foram inspirados em referências trazidas pelos ervateiros de suas viagens à Europa . 2015-11-03 . . grp.com. 2018-05-21 . pt-BR. https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224516/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/haus/estilo-cultura/as-casas-dos-baroes-curitibanos/. 12 April 2017. live.
  21. Web site: The Agache Plan . Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba. 12 August 2008 .
  22. Web site: Curitiba, Parana Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase) . Weatherbase. 2019-01-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013639/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=4838&cityname=Curitiba-Parana-Brazil. 1 February 2019. live.
  23. Web site: Plano Diretor de Drenagem Urbana de Curitiba. Volume II – Volume Técnico.: Tomo 2 – Politicas e Ações Não Estruturais . 2012 . City Hall of Curitiba. 31 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013608/http://multimidia.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2017/00211750.pdf. 1 February 2019. live.
  24. Web site: Plano Diretor de Drenagem Urbana de Curitiba. Volume II – Volume Técnico; Tomo 4: Caracterizações e Medidas de Controle Estruturais . 2012 . City Hall of Curitiba. 31 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013642/http://multimidia.curitiba.pr.gov.br/2018/00238308.pdf. 1 February 2019. live.
  25. Web site: Curitiba registra tarde mais fria entre temperaturas máximas desde 1997, diz Simepar . 2022-03-30 . G1 . pt-br . 30 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220330075705/https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/2020/08/21/curitiba-registra-tarde-mais-fria-entre-temperaturas-maximas-desde-1997-diz-simepar.ghtml . live .
  26. Web site: Maros . Angieli . Curitiba tem madrugada mais quente dos últimos anos. Noite no litoral ficou perto de 30°C . 2022-03-30 . Gazeta do Povo . pt-BR . 30 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220330075703/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/curitiba-tem-madrugada-mais-quente-dos-ultimos-anos-noite-no-litoral-ficou-perto-de-30c-0bcvrsp1xu60rvs4he7mrzbrq/ . live .
  27. Web site: SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA . Mundomanz. 25 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20150712081521/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display. 12 July 2015. live.
  28. Web site: METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil . Weather Underground. 25 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235705/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1. 2 December 2013. live.
  29. Web site: Povo . Gazeta do . Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos . 2022-03-30 . Gazeta do Povo . pt-BR . 15 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003926/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ . live .
  30. Web site: Frente fria traz chuva ao Paraná e aumenta taxas de umidade . Bemparana.com.br . 7 March 2011 . pt . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151735/http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=75493&t=frente-fria-traz-chuva-ao-parana-e-aumenta-taxas-de-umidade . 6 July 2011 . live.
  31. Web site: Winter of Curitiba is dry and cold . https://archive.today/20120731124345/http://portal.rpc.com.br/gazetadopovo/vidaecidadania/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=778839&tit=Inverno-vai-ser-mais-seco-e-mais-frio-que-o-do-ano-passado . dead . 31 July 2012 . Portal.rpc.com.br . 7 March 2011.
  32. Web site: City of Curitiba, Brazil . Convention on Biological Diversity . 23 May 2008 .
  33. Web site: Livro mostra roteiros das árvores de Curitiba/Pr . Ambiente Brasil . pt . 25 May 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151019045953/http://www.ambientebrasil.com.br/noticias/index.php3?action=ler&id=18883 . dead . 19 October 2015.
  34. Web site: Serra do Mar in Paraná state . 24 March 2022 . 10 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221010152153/https://www.infoescola.com/geografia/relevo-do-parana/ . live .
  35. Web site: Curitiba, Brazil Travel Guide – Government – Zoohara . Zoohara.com. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170203011834/http://www.zoohara.com/travel-guide-curitiba-parana-state-vacations-government. 3 February 2017. live.
  36. Web site: Sitemap – ダポキセチンで早漏改善！ . Citiesforpeople.net. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312113008/http://citiesforpeople.net/cities/curitiba.html. 12 March 2016. dead.
  37. Web site: Censo 2022 - Panorama .
  38. Web site: Censo 2022 - Panorama .
  39. Web site: 2023-06-28 . As dez maiores cidades do Brasil em população . 2024-06-25 . G1 . pt-br.
  40. Web site: IBGE Censo 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn . 14 May 2012 . 6 April 2023 . censo2010.ibge.gov.br.
  41. Web site: Imigração . https://web.archive.org/web/20070703141121/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/pmc/curitiba/index.asp?noframe=sim&conteudo=imigra%2Findex.html . 3 July 2007 . 3 July 2007 . 16 September 2011 . dead.
  42. Web site: The 'Curitibano . Prefeitura de Curitiba. 19 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130323164759/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/idioma/ingles/curitibano. 23 March 2013. live.
  43. Web site: Polish Memorial of Curitiba . Parques-curitiba.com. 7 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715044611/http://www.parques-curitiba.com/bosque-papa-joao-paulo.htm. 15 July 2011. dead.
  44. Web site: Imigração e Cultura Italiana . Curitiba-parana.net . 7 March 2011 . pt . https://web.archive.org/web/20110501092246/http://www.curitiba-parana.net/italianos.htm . 1 May 2011 . live.
  45. Web site: Ukrainian memorial in the city of Curitiba . Curitiba-parana.net . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110224160856/http://www.curitiba-parana.net/parques/memorial-ucraniano.htm . 24 February 2011 . live.
  46. Web site: Paraná Government (Ukrainian community in the State) . .pr.gov.br . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100712140342/http://www3.pr.gov.br/e-parana/pg_etnias.php . 12 July 2010.
  47. Web site: Slavic community in Curitiba . Brasil.kiev.ua . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203110425/http://www.b/ . 3 December 2013.
  48. http://www.jewishbrazil.com/englishsp.htm Jews of Brazil site
  49. https://www.jstor.org/pss/3512913 Brazil's Jews during the Vargas Era and After
  50. Book: Moore, Steven A. . Alternative Routes to the Sustainable City: Austin, Curitiba, and Frankfurt . 2007 . Lexington Books . 978-0-7391-1534-3 . 122 . 19 August 2016 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731145902/https://books.google.com/books?id=OnweHjc-zx4C&pg=PA122 . live .
  51. A research paper about the Jewish immigration to Brazil during the second world war.
  52. Web site: Jewish in Curitiba . Heschel.org.il . 18 April 2007 . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101017062111/http://www.heschel.org.il/eng/jgen . 17 October 2010.
  53. Web site: Beit Chabad . Chabadcuritiba.com . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110128222539/http://www.chabadcuritiba.com/ . 28 January 2011 . live.
  54. http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/about/reports/report-activities-7-2003.1296.htm Israel Synagogue
  55. http://www.jewishgen.org/Cemetery/southamerica/brazil.html Jewish Genealogy site
  56. Web site: Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism . Tau.ac.il . 28 August 2004 . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070807221758/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/brazil.htm . 7 August 2007.
  57. Web site: Japan Square in Curitiba . Curitiba-parana.net . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110301095258/http://www.curitiba-parana.net/japao.htm . 1 March 2011 . live.
  58. «As capitais mais (e menos) evangélicas do Brasil ». Exame
  59. «Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência » (PDF)
  60. Web site: Curitiba Economy – FIFA report. https://web.archive.org/web/20100505083751/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/brazil2014/destination/cities/city%3D35400/index.html. dead. 5 May 2010. 6 April 2023.
  61. https://cbncuritiba.com.br/materias/curitiba-e-apontada-como-melhor-cidade-para-viver-visitar-e-investir-por-levantamento-inedito/ Curitiba was elected the best city to invest
  62. Web site: Curitiba – Economic ranks . Brasilprimedesign.com . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091133/http://www.brasilprimedesign.com/eng/lernoticia.asp?cod=56 . 8 July 2011.
  63. Web site: GDP – Curitiba . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004629/http://www.ipardes.gov.br/cadernos/Montapdf.php?Municipio=80000&btOk=ok . 24 May 2011 . live.
  64. Web site: A capital do Paraná se destaca na área de TI e oferece oportunidades para profissionais do setor. . Revista TI . pt. 11 October 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20030912101441/http://www.timaster.com.br/revista/materias/main_materia.asp?codigo=648. 12 September 2003. live.
  65. Web site: Economy – City of Curitiba . Hopebuilding.pbworks.com . 7 March 2011 . 3 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220103035803/http://hopebuilding.pbworks.com/w/session/login?return_to=http%3A%2F%2Fhopebuilding.pbworks.com%2Fw%2Fpage%2F19222330%2FBrazilian+city+of+Curitiba+may+be+most+livable+city+in+the+world . live .
  66. Web site: Shopping in Curitiba, Brazil . Curitiba.info . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110324041831/http://www.curitiba.info/curitiba-shopping.html . 24 March 2011 . live.
  67. Web site: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística . IBGE . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111108012419/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2004_2008/ . 8 November 2011 . live.
  68. Web site: Invest in Curitiba – Agência Curitiba S/A . Agencia.curitiba.pr.gov.br. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701015625/http://www.agencia.curitiba.pr.gov.br/publico/conteudo.aspx?codigo=82. 1 July 2017. live.
  69. Web site: Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Historico Institucional . erastogaertner.com.br. 26 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211602/https://erastogaertner.com.br/pagina/historico. 26 February 2018. live.
  70. Web site: Santuário da Divina Misericórdia . 26 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426181342/https://misericordia.org.br/santuario/ . 26 April 2019 . live.
  71. Web site: Curitiba Tourist Attractions and Sightseeing . World Guides . TravelSmart. 19 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128060921/http://www.curitiba.world-guides.com/curitiba_attractions.html. 28 January 2013. live.
  72. Web site: The Wire Opera House: Curitiba's Most Original Theatre . 1 November 2010 . Curitiba in English. 18 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030834/http://curitibainenglish.com.br/current-affairs/the-wire-opera-house-curitibas-most-original-theatre/. 3 December 2013. dead.
  73. Web site: Curitiba Rocks the Brazilian Winter as a World Cup Host City . Gobrazil.about.com. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103035119/http://gobrazil.about.com/od/braziliancities/tp/Top-10-Curitiba-Attractions.htm. 3 November 2012. live.
  74. Web site: Maratona Ecológica de Curitiba – Ladeiras e incentivos do povo curitibano . Copacabana Runners . pt. 7 August 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080901234414/http://www.copacabanarunners.net/maracur.html. 1 September 2008. live.
  75. Web site: Getting Around, Curitiba Travel, Transport and Car Rental . World Guides . TravelSmart. 19 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128060932/http://www.curitiba.world-guides.com/curitiba_travel.html. 28 January 2013. live.
  76. Web site: Ser Universitário – Tudo sobre o mundo universitário e estudantil! . Seruniversitario.com. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/. 13 June 2011. live.
  77. Web site: Unicuritiba . Unicuritiba . 30 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131128050531/http://www.unicuritiba.edu.br/ . 28 November 2013 . live.
  78. Web site: CURITIBA, UNA CITTÀ DA FANTASCIENZA . Eco Fantascienza . it . 18 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080501143512/http://www.ecofantascienza.it/articoli/curitiba.html . 1 May 2008 . dead.
  79. Web site: Só 1% das cidades está livre de analfabetismo . O Estado de S. Paulo . pt. 23 June 2007 .
  80. Web site: Índice da Educação Básica . Jornal da Globo . pt . 28 April 2007 . 7 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064616/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-da-globo/ . live .
  81. Jonas Rabinovitch and Josef Leitman, "Urban Planning in Curitiba", Scientific American, vol. 274, no. 3 (March 1996), pp. 46–53
  82. Web site: Curitiba busca recuperação de biodiversidade local Terra – Ambiente . Noticias.terra.com.br. 22 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20110606025238/http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI1926962-EI299,00.html. 6 June 2011. live.
  83. Web site: Prefeitura ENG . Curitiba.pr.gov.br . 22 July 2009.
  84. Web site: About Curitiba. https://web.archive.org/web/20101125170008/http://mcachicago.org/massivechange/timelines/urban.pdf. dead. 25 November 2010. 6 April 2023.
  85. http://www.pescacommosca.com.br/noticia/lernoticia.php?IdtNoticia=869 Parks of Curitiba and floods
  86. Irazábal, Clara Elena (2002) Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization, PhD Dissertation in Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, p.112
  87. Oliveira . Márcio de . A trajetória do discurso ambiental em Curitiba (1960-2000) . The Path of Environmental Speech in Curitiba (1960–2000) . pt . Revista de Sociologia e Política . June 2001 . 16 . 97–106 . 10.1590/S0104-44782001000100007 . free.
  88. Web site: ja:クリチバもモデルに＝カブール復興計画に参加 . Nikkey Shimbun . ja . 21 October 2008 . http://www.nikkeyshimbun.com.br/020615-24brasil.html . https://web.archive.org/web/20041103064150/http://www.nikkeyshimbun.com.br/020615-24brasil.html . 3 November 2004.
  89. Web site: RIT Curitiba – Trajetory . Urbs.curitiba.pr.gov.br . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155916/http://www.urbs.curitiba.pr.gov.br/PORTAL/historiadotransportecoletivo.php . 6 July 2011 . live.
  90. Web site: Social programs in the city . Cmc.pr.gov.br . 16 May 2006 . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522092748/http://www.cmc.pr.gov.br/ass_det.php?not=7004 . 22 May 2011 . live.
  91. Web site: Curitiba – Sustainable City . Anil Mundra . 27 December 2012 . Green Planet Monitor. 19 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130423054904/http://www.greenplanetmonitor.net/news/2012/12/curitiba-sustainable-city/. 23 April 2013. live.
  92. Web site: 15 Green Cities . Grist. 10 July 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100627053911/http://www.grist.org/article/cities3/. 27 June 2010. live.
  93. http://forum.davidson.edu/anthro16/space/urban-acupuncture/ Urban Acupuncture
  94. http://www.brazilmax.com/news.cfm/tborigem/pl_south/id/10 Curitiba: Jaime Lerner's Urban Acupuncture
  95. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/cifal-curitiba-strengthens-its-activities-field-environment-and-sustainable-urbanization Curitiba - UN
  96. Web site: Curitiba a green city . 3.iclei.org. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20100509210814/http://www3.iclei.org/localstrategies/summary/curitiba2.html. 9 May 2010. live.
  97. Web site: Adler . David . Story of cities #37: how radical ideas turned Curitiba into Brazil's 'green capital' . The Guardian. 2 August 2017 . 6 May 2016 . Up to 8% of Curitiba still lives in favelas; it is not a socio-economic island within the Brazilian context.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170802134122/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/may/06/story-of-cities-37-mayor-jaime-lerner-curitiba-brazil-green-capital-global-icon. 2 August 2017. live.
  98. Web site: 9,3% dos curitibanos moram em favelas – Giro pelos Bairros . Giro pelos Bairros . Gazeta do Povo. 2 August 2017 . pt-BR . 6 September 2012 . Em Curitiba, há 49,7 mil domicílios nesta situação. Isso é equivalente a 163,3 mil pessoas. O crescimento populacional das favelas cresceu 12,4% entre 2000 e 2010, ritmo mais acelerado do que a população como um todo (10,3%).. https://web.archive.org/web/20170827033352/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/blogs/giro-pelos-bairros/93-dos-curitibanos-moram-em-favelas/. 27 August 2017. live.
  99. Web site: Curitiba – low pollution . 3.iclei.org. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20100509210814/http://www3.iclei.org/localstrategies/summary/curitiba2.html. 9 May 2010. live.
  100. Web site: Pope and Polish house of Curitiba . 24 March 2022 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413204011/https://www.areasverdesdascidades.com.br/2015/05/bosque-joao-paulo-ii-ou-bosque-do-papa.html . live .
  101. Web site: Polish Pope visited the Polish Memorial in Curitiba . 24 March 2022 . 11 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411145935/https://guia.melhoresdestinos.com.br/bosque-papa-joao-paulo-ii-e-memorial-da-imigracao-polonesa-185-5363-l.html . live .
  102. Web site: Copa do Mundo e culinária: as comidas típicas de Curitiba . La Violetera . Cozinha do Mundo . 5 March 2014. 5 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160529192746/http://www.lavioletera.com.br/blog/cozinha-do-mundo/comidas-tipicas-curitiba/. 29 May 2016 .
  103. Web site: 2016-07-20. Novo Madalosso The most largest restaurant in the Americas. 2020-10-23. BBMAG International Lifestyle Magazine. en-US. 28 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214553/https://www.bbmag.co.uk/the-most-largest-restaurant-in-the-americas/. live.
  104. Web site: Palladium Shopping Center . Shoppingpalladium.com.br . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110226185145/http://shoppingpalladium.com.br/ . 26 February 2011 . live.
  105. Web site: Teatro Guaíra . Tguaira.pr.gov.br . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101225183531/http://www.tguaira.pr.gov.br/ . 25 December 2010 . live.
  106. Web site: Museums in the city . Curitiba.info . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101031014126/http://www.curitiba.info/curitiba-history.html . 31 October 2010 . live.
  107. Web site: Museu Oscar Niemeyer . Descubra Curitiba . pt . 17 January 2008 .
  108. Web site: Campanha Sobrevivente – Museu do Holocausto de Curitiba . Museudoholocausto.org.br. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170212063257/http://www.museudoholocausto.org.br/. 12 February 2017. live.
  109. Web site: Festival de Teatro de Curitiba chega a sua 20ª edição com mais de 400 peças – 28/03/2011 – Da Redação . Entretenimento.uol.com.br . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120222071352/http://entretenimento.uol.com.br/ultnot/2011/03/28/20-edicao-do-festival-de-teatro-de-curitiba-comeca-nesta-terca-29.jhtm . 22 February 2012 . dead.
  110. Web site: Do G1 PR . G1 – Oficina de Música de Curitiba inicia neste domingo com música erudita – notícias em Paraná . G1.globo.com . 9 January 2012 . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120112073032/http://g1.globo.com/parana/noticia/2012/01/oficina-de-musica-de-curitiba-inicia-neste-domingo-com-musica-erudita.html . 12 January 2012 . live.
  111. Web site: 51ª Festa da Uva de Curitiba – Gastronomia – Bonde. O seu portal . Bonde.com.br . 6 January 1990 . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130509032330/http://www.bonde.com.br/?id_bonde=1-33--14-20090107 . 9 May 2013 . live.
  112. Web site: Governador prestigia Imin Matsuri, tradicional festa da colônia japonesa – Paraná-Online – Paranaense como você . 19 June 2006 . Parana-online.com.br . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145417/http://www.parana-online.com.br/editoria/almanaque/news/183378/ . 5 December 2013 . live.
  113. Web site: Vida e Cidadania . Gazeta do Povo . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131102233559/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vidaecidadania/conteudo.phtml?id=778958 . 2 November 2013 . live.
  114. Web site: Haru Matsuri comemora chegada da primavera em Curitiba – Paraná-Online – Paranaense como você . 23 September 2011 . Parana-online.com.br . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131205154907/http://www.parana-online.com.br/editoria/almanaque/news/561323/ . 5 December 2013 . live.
  115. Web site: Tadaima! Curitiba . Evento: Hana Matsuri 2011 . Tadaima! Curitiba . 25 March 2011 . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121031215117/http://www.tadaimacuritiba.com.br/evento-hana-matsuri-2011/ . 31 October 2012 . live.
  116. Web site: Hanamatsuri . Culturajaponesa.com.br . 3 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120408100401/http://culturajaponesa.com.br/htm/hanamatsuri.html . 8 April 2012 . live.
  117. Web site: Eventos: Seto Matsuri dias 06 e 07 de novembro . 15 October 2010 . pt . Tadaima – Cultura Japonesa . Myrelle Silva. 24 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120502031452/http://www.tadaimacuritiba.com.br/eventos-seto-matsuri-dias-06-e-07-de-novembro/. 2 May 2012. live.
  118. Web site: Eventos: 2016 Psycho Carnival . February 2016 . pt. 16 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919153533/http://specialparana.com/psycho-carnival-zombie-walk-curitiba/. 19 September 2016. live.
  119. Web site: Eventos: 2016 Zombie Walk . February 2016 . pt. 16 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160819181225/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/videos/zombie-walk-leva-20-mil-pessoas-ao-centro-de-curitiba/. 19 August 2016. live.
  120. Web site: UN Convention on Biodiversity and Biosecurity . Cartamaior.com.br . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101229042526/http://cartamaior.com.br/templates/editoriaMostrar.cfm?editoria_id=24&alterarHomeAtual=1 . 29 December 2010 . live.
  121. News: Schneider . Keith . Putting BRT in Car City, China . Next American City . 23 October 2012. 1 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121106120900/http://americancity.org/daily/entry/putting-brt-in-car-city-china. 6 November 2012. live.
  122. Web site: Goodman . Joseph . Urban transport of Curitiba . Urbanhabitat.org . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110223215411/http://urbanhabitat.org/node/344 . 23 February 2011 . live.
  123. Web site: 2011-03-29 . Curitiba inaugura maior ônibus biarticulado do mundo . 2020-10-23 . Exame . pt-BR . 26 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201026225229/https://exame.com/brasil/curitiba-inaugura-maior-onibus-biarticulado-do-mundo/ . live .
  124. Web site: Curitiba re-launches metro concession tender . 8 July 2014. 24 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133734/http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=16722. 26 August 2014. live.
  125. Web site: Roads in Curitiba . Hagah.com.br . 21 February 2011 . 7 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130609233631/http://www.hagah.com.br/mapas/ . 9 June 2013 . live.
  126. Web site: Afonso Pena International Airport. https://web.archive.org/web/20081020001130/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=221. dead. 20 October 2008. 6 April 2023.
  127. Web site: Afonso Pena é eleito o melhor aeroporto do Brasil; o de Salvador é o pior . 2020-10-23 . Gazeta do Povo . pt-BR . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027044033/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/turismo/afonso-pena-e-eleito-melhor-aeroporto-do-brasil/ . live .
  128. Web site: Rumo . pt.all-logistica.com. 2017-05-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20160711010843/http://pt.all-logistica.com/all/web/default_eni.asp?idioma=1&conta=46. 11 July 2016. live.
  129. Web site: Curitiba Luxury Train . Serra Verde Express. https://web.archive.org/web/20160414085728/http://www.serraverdeexpress.com.br/site/en/trem/trem-de-luxo-curitiba/. 2016-04-14. dead.
  130. Web site: Curitiba . Brasilprimedesign.com . 7 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091133/http://www.brasilprimedesign.com/eng/lernoticia.asp?cod=56 . 8 July 2011.
  131. Web site: Curitiba Public Transportation Statistics . Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. 19 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170901063632/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Curitiba-942. 1 September 2017. live. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  132. Web site: Curitiba FIFA World Cup 2014 . Curitiba2014.com . 22 July 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090503045915/http://www.curitiba2014.com/ . 3 May 2009 . live.
  133. Web site: Centro Cívico – Prefeitura de Curitiba . Curitiba . Prefeitura de . www.curitiba.pr.gov.br . pt-br. 2018-12-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225049/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/idioma/portugues/linhaturismo/centrocivico. 25 December 2018. live.
  134. Web site: Conheça a História do Centro Cívico de Curitiba . Curitiba . Partiu . 2017-05-26 . Partiu Curitiba . pt-BR. 2018-12-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035235/http://partiucuritiba.com/conheca-a-historia-do-centro-civico-de-curitiba/. 26 December 2018. live.
  135. Web site: Centro Cívico agora é patrimônio estadual . Gazeta do Povo . pt-br. 2018-12-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084543/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-e-cidadania/centro-civico-agora-e-patrimonio-estadual-apmyuk7f0xlhniddhdte8rxou/. 26 December 2018. live.
  136. Web site: Cidades-irmãs de Curitiba . curtacuritiba.com.br . Curta Curitiba . pt . 2018-04-20 . 2020-05-22 . 29 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050607/https://curtacuritiba.com.br/2018/04/20/cidades-irmas-de-curitiba/ . live .
  137. Web site: Curitiba e Lyon firmam acordo de cidades-irmãs . tribunapr.com.br . Tribuna . pt . 2013-01-19 . 2020-06-03 . 3 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085010/https://www.tribunapr.com.br/noticias/curitiba-e-lyon-firmam-acordo-de-cidades-irmas/ . live .
  138. Web site: Curitiba ganha nova cidade-irmã nesta quarta-feira; saiba qual . Curitiba.pr.gov.br . 7 April 2022 . Portuguese . 7 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064143/https://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/noticias/curitiba-ganha-nova-cidade-irma-nesta-quarta-feira-saiba-qual/63272 . live .
  139. Web site: Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade . lisboa.pt . Lisbon . pt. 2020-05-22. 3 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073440/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade. dead.
  140. http://www.masp.art.br/masp2010/acervo_detalheobra.php?id=376 São Paulo Museum of Art
  141. http://www2.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?from_day=&from_month=&from_year=&infoid=4268&query=advsearch&search_by_authorname=all&search_by_field=tax&search_by_headline=false&search_by_keywords=any&search_by_priority=all&search_by_section=1%2C536%2C2%2C5%2C6%2C7%2C8%2C45%2C693%2C9%2C540%2C10%2C11%2C12%2C13%2C545%2C14%2C467%2C15%2C16%2C618%2C633%2C636%2C653%2C655%2C635%2C637%2C640%2C641%2C644%2C645%2C647%2C638%2C639%2C642%2C643%2C646%2C684%2C685%2C686%2C688%2C689%2C700%2C17%2C537%2C18%2C19%2C20%2C21%2C22%2C23%2C24%2C569%2C649%2C25%2C538%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C573%2C29%2C30%2C31%2C32%2C479%2C480%2C481%2C482%2C483%2C484%2C485%2C486%2C487%2C488%2C489%2C490%2C491%2C492%2C493%2C494%2C33%2C35%2C670%2C676%2C677%2C678%2C681%2C682%2C691%2C692%2C701%2C629%2C630%2C631%2C648%2C652%2C657%2C658%2C659%2C660%2C663%2C596%2C597%2C607%2C598%2C600%2C599%2C601%2C603%2C604%2C605%2C610%2C615%2C558%2C559%2C560%2C561%2C562%2C563%2C446%2C472%2C473%2C474%2C475%2C525%2C447%2C476%2C519%2C477%2C478%2C526%2C448%2C495%2C496%2C520%2C497%2C498%2C499%2C527%2C449%2C500%2C521%2C501%2C502%2C503%2C528%2C450%2C504%2C522%2C505%2C506%2C507%2C529%2C451%2C509%2C510%2C511%2C512%2C513%2C530%2C452%2C515%2C524%2C516%2C517%2C518%2C531%2C34%2C671%2C650%2C602%2C572%2C453%2C550%2C454%2C455%2C543%2C456%2C457%2C458%2C534%2C459%2C36%2C539%2C37%2C38%2C535%2C544%2C39%2C40%2C41%2C42%2C672%2C624%2C593%2C557%2C460%2C461%2C462%2C463%2C464%2C465%2C466%2C43%2C44%2C675%2C679%2C680%2C687%2C695%2C626%2C627%2C628%2C632%2C634%2C651%2C654%2C656%2C662%2C664%2C665%2C667%2C582%2C594%2C595%2C606%2C611%2C612%2C613%2C614%2C617%2C619%2C622%2C623%2C565%2C566%2C567%2C568%2C570%2C571%2C574%2C576%2C577%2C578%2C579%2C580%2C368%2C369%2C370%2C371%2C372%2C548%2C549%2C552%2C553%2C554%2C555%2C556%2C373%2C374%2C375%2C376%2C377%2C378%2C379%2C380%2C381%2C382%2C383%2C384%2C445%2C386%2C387%2C388%2C389%2C390%2C391%2C392%2C393%2C394%2C395%2C396%2C397%2C398%2C399%2C400%2C401%2C402%2C403%2C404%2C405%2C406%2C407%2C408%2C409%2C410%2C411%2C412%2C413%2C414%2C415%2C416%2C417%2C418%2C419%2C420%2C421%2C422%2C423%2C424%2C425%2C426%2C427%2C428%2C429%2C430%2C431%2C432%2C433%2C434%2C435%2C436%2C437%2C438%2C439%2C440%2C441%2C442%2C443%2C444%2C468%2C471%2C470%2C469%2C532%2C533%2C541%2C542%2C575&search_by_state=all&search_text_options=all&sid=531&text=Muricy&to_day=&to_month=&to_year= Brazilian Academy of Letters: Essay by Eduardo Portela (Portuguese)
  142. http://www2.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=220 Brazilian Academy of Letters (Portuguese)
  143. http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia&cd_verbete=1970&cd_item=1&cd_idioma=28555 Itaú Cultural Encyclopedia: Viaro, Guido (1897–1971)
  144. https://books.google.com/books?id=OmVQe6YnpaAC&pg=PA48 MOISÉS, Massaud.History of Brazilian Literature: Modernism. 6th Ed. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2001.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Curitiba".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.