| Trudeau Sanatorium | |
| Nrhp Type: | hd |
| Nocat: | yes |
| Nearest City: | Saranac Lake, New York |
| Architect: | Multiple, including W. L. Coulter |
| Architecture: | Late Victorian, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals |
| Added: | April 20, 1995 |
| Refnum: | 95000479 |
Between 1873 and 1945, Saranac Lake, New York, became a world-renowned center for the treatment of tuberculosis, using a treatment that involved exposing patients to as much fresh air as possible under conditions of complete bed-rest. In the process, a specific building type, the "cure cottage", developed, built by residents seeking to capitalize on the town's fame, by physicians, and often by the patients themselves. Many of these structures are extant, and their historic value has been recognized by listing on The National Register of Historic Places.
Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau (1848–1915), as a young man, watched his elder brother die of tuberculosis over a period of three months - at the time, the disease was incurable. He subsequently trained as a doctor, and, three years after completing his studies, was himself diagnosed with tuberculosis. Conventional thinking of the time called for a change of climate, and he went to live in the Adirondack Mountains, initially at Paul Smith's Hotel, spending as much time as possible in the open, and he subsequently regained his health. In 1876 he moved to Saranac Lake and established a medical practice among the sportsmen, guides and lumber camps of the region. In 1882, Trudeau read about Prussian Dr. Hermann Brehmer's success treating tuberculosis with the "rest cure" in cold, clear mountain air. Following this example, Trudeau founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium in February, 1885. The first patients were two sisters who had been factory workers in New York City. They were treated in a one-room cottage named "Little Red", built for $350 on land donated by the guides and residents of the village. As the sanitorium grew, it would be supported at first by wealthy sportsmen that Trudeau had met at Paul Smith's, several of whom had built great camps on the nearby St. Regis Lakes.
The requirement for fresh air lead Trudeau to avoid large institutional settings, feeling that a cottage-like structure would maximize the patient's exposure to light and air, and avoid the sanitation difficulties of a large institutional setting. Consequently, as the town's increasing fame drew more and more invalids, "cure cottages" began to spring up throughout the town. Many were created by simply adding glassed-in porches to existing houses. Others were built as cure cottages and/or apartment buildings, but all had "cure porches" with sliding glass windows, in which patients spent at least eight hours a day resting on special day beds or reclining chairs.
In 1887, when Robert Louis Stevenson came to Saranac Lake for treatment of what was then thought to be tuberculosis and stayed at what is now known as Stevenson Cottage, the town's fame grew substantially, and the arrival of the railroads, the New York Central and the Delaware and Hudson, in the village greatly eased access to the area. The discovery that tuberculosis was contagious further contributed to Saranac Lake's importance as a cure center, as many other venues in the Adirondacks began to turn "consumptives" away. As a result, the village grew rapidly, from 533 in 1880 to 1582 in 1890 to a peak of more than 6,000 by 1920.
Many who came to take the cure brought talents that were put to good use in the small town. William L. Coulter, for example, was an architect who found work designing cottages for wealthy clients, often to be used as cure cottages. He designed a house at 147 Park Avenue for Thomas Bailey Aldrich editor of the Atlantic Monthly in 1903 that wits dubbed "The Porcupine" because it had so many fine points. He also designed Camp Eagle Island and Prospect Point Camp, two Great Camps on Upper Saranac Lake.
A number of different types of institutions developed: boarding houses and cottages, for relatively ambulatory patients; cottages that didn't provide board, in which case meals would be provided by a nearby boarding cottage; "nursing cottages" for patients too weak to get around. In time, cottages came to specialize in distinct populations: there were cottages for Greeks, for Cubans, for blacks, and kosher boarding cottages for Jews. Some were organized by occupation: there were cottages that catered to circus people, for telephone workers, for the employees of the DuPont company, and for Endicott Johnson Shoes. The National Vaudeville Artists built the National Vaudeville Artists Hospital, which later became the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, now a senior independent living community, Saranac Village at Will Rogers.
For those who could afford it, the best situation for a patient was to be able to live with one's own family. For these, a number of possibilities existed, ranging from a small cottage that could house the entire family, to large and luxurious houses built to accommodate the family and whatever patients might be part of it. One of the latter type was built for a Swiss baron for his invalid daughter, another by the founder of Stanley Tools. Those of lesser means frequently brought family members who earned a living by working in other sanatoria, or creating their own cure settings in rented accommodations.
World War I caused another major increase in patients - the stress of war and the damage caused by mustard gas provided fertile ground for the tuberculosis bacillus. By 1921 there were 650 veterans living in Saranac Lake; later, the Veterans Administration opened Sunmount Veterans Hospital in nearby Tupper Lake.
When Norway was overrun by the Nazis early in World War II, many Norwegian merchant seamen who were at sea at the time chose to come to the United States; some of those were found to have tuberculosis, and perhaps as many as 500 came to live in Saranac Lake. They nearly all left after the war, but 16 had died, and are buried in a special section of Pine Ridge Cemetery; their graves are tended by prisoners at nearby Camp Gabriels, funded by an annual payment from the Norwegian government.
In 1944, an effective drug, streptomycin, was developed, and by the mid-1950s, sanatorium treatment of tuberculosis was nearly entirely supplanted by drug treatment, although the New York state-operated tuberculosis sanatorium in nearby Ray Brook (started in 1904) was not closed until the mid-1960s. Many of the cure cottages were converted into apartment houses, and some were torn down; some have been lovingly restored, and some badly renovated.
Sixty-four of the hundreds of cure cottages still extant in Saranac Lake have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Still more are included in seven historic districts in the village.
| width = 18% | Landmark name | width = 8% class="unsortable" | Image | Location | width = 8% | Town[1] | Summary[2] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium | Trudeau Rd. 44.3419°N -74.1225°W | St. Armand | A tuberculosis sanitorium established in 1882 by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau, later called the Trudeau Sanitorium. | |||||
| Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage | 11 Woodycrest Road 44.3314°N -74.1297°W | Harrietstown | A 1909 Scopes and Feustmann-designed cure cottage.[3] | |||||
| Ames Cottage | 19 Church Street 44.3247°N -74.1278°W | Harrietstown | A Queen Anne style cure cottage built about 1906.[4] | |||||
| Baird Cottage | Glenwood Rd. 44.3147°N -74.1347°W | Harrietstown | A virtually intact cure cottage built in 1930, near the end of the cure cottage era.[5] | |||||
| Barngalow | 40 Cliff Road 44.3339°N -74.1289°W | Harrietstown | A two-story cure cottage that was originally a barn, converted to residential use in 1910. | |||||
| Bogie Cottage | 15 Franklin Avenue 44.325°N -74.1258°W | North Elba | A 1908, American Craftsman-inspired cure cottage | |||||
| Camp Intermission | Northwest Bay Rd. 44.3486°N -74.1489°W | Harrietstown | A Great Camp built for theatrical agent William Morris, designed by William G. Distin[6] | |||||
| Peyton Clark Cottage | 36 Rockledge Rd. 44.33°N -74.1225°W | St. Armand | A 1915 large, Tudor-style, -story cure cottage designed by William H. Scopes. The owner was a civil engineer whose wife had tuberculosis. | |||||
| Church Street Historic District | Roughly, Church St. from Main St. to St. Bernard St. 44.3264°N -74.1297°W | Harrietstown | Twenty-seven buildings including three churches, a medical laboratory, ten homes, two libraries, six cure cottages, most built between the late 1870s and 1900.[7] | |||||
| Colbath Cottage | 63 River St. 44.3256°N -74.1294°W | Harrietstown | A Queen Anne-style cure cottage built about 1896.[8] | |||||
| Cottage Row Historic District | Roughly, Park Ave. N side from Rosemont Ave. to Catherine St. 44.3331°N -74.1333°W | Harrietstown | Twenty-seven cure cottage built between 1900 and 1940. | |||||
| Coulter Cottage | 82 Shepard Ave. 44.3256°N -74.1264°W | North Elba | A -story cure cottage designed by William L. Coulter and built between 1897 and 1899 as his residence. | |||||
| Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue | 43 Forest Hill Avenue 44.3297°N -74.1231°W | Saranac Lake | A two-story cure cottage built about 1912. | |||||
| Denny Cottage | 141 Bloomingdale Ave. 44.34°N -74.1272°W | St. Armand | A cure cottage built about 1910. | |||||
| Distin Cottage | 186 Kiwassa Rd. 44.3194°N -74.13°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage designed by architect William G. Distin for his father, photographer William L. Distin, built between 1915 and 1925. | |||||
| Drury Cottage | 52 Bloomingdale Ave. 44.3294°N -74.1311°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built c. 1912. | |||||
| Ellenberger Cottage | 212 Broadway 44.3319°N -74.1378°W | Harrietstown | A Queen Anne style cure cottage built before 1917. | |||||
| Fallon Cottage Annex | 83 Franklin St. 44.3267°N -74.1261°W | North Elba | A 1901 cure cottage.[9] | |||||
| Feisthamel-Edelberg Cottage | 203 Neil St. 44.3289°N -74.1364°W | Harrietstown | An intact cure cottage built before 1915. | |||||
| Feustmann Cottage | 83 Catherine St. 44.3328°N -74.1306°W | Harrietstown | A private cure cottage designed by architect Maurice Feustmann for use by his own family. | |||||
| Freer Cottage | 267 Kiwassa St. 44.3175°N -74.1317°W | Harrietstown | A largely intact private cure cottage built before 1925 | |||||
| E. L. Gray House | 27 Helen St. 44.3261°N -74.1281°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage designed by Scopes and Feustmann, built between 1911 and 1913. | |||||
| Hathaway Cottage | 168 Charles St. 44.3306°N -74.1383°W | Harrietstown | A largely intact American Craftsman cure cottage built about 1900. | |||||
| Highland Park Historic District | Roughly, Park Ave. from Military Rd. to 170 Park Ave. 44.3361°N -74.1256°W | St. Armand | Seventeen private, single-family homes built between 1896 and 1930; most include cure cottage features. | |||||
| Helen Hill Historic District | Prescott Place, Helen & Front Sts., Sheppard, Franklin & Clinton Aves. 44.325°N -74.0778°W | St. Armand | Includes nine previously listed cure cottages. | |||||
| Hill Cottage | 76 Franklin Ave. 44.3267°N -74.1256°W | North Elba | A 1913 Craftsman-style cure cottage. | |||||
| Hillside Lodge | Harrietstown Rd. 44.355°N -74.1464°W | Harrietstown | An intact cure cottage built about 1920. | |||||
| The Homestead | 17 Maple Hill 44.3233°N -74.1319°W | Harrietstown | A boarding cure cottage built in 1890. | |||||
| Hooey Cottage | 4 Prescott Pl. 44.3281°N -74.1272°W | Harrietstown | A 1916 cure cottage. | |||||
| Hopkins Cottage | 58 Birch St. 44.3178°N -74.13°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built in 1923. | |||||
| Jennings Cottage | 23 Marshall St. 44.3308°N -74.1306°W | Harrietstown | An 1896 Bungalow-style cure cottage. | |||||
| Johnson Cottage | 46 St. Bernard St. 44.3256°N -74.1319°W | Harrietstown | A largely intact cure cottage built before 1896. | |||||
| Kennedy Cottage | 98 Shepard Ave. 44.3269°N -74.1267°W | North Elba | An 1897 cure cottage that was used by the National Vaudeville Artists Philanthropic Association prior to the construction of the Will Rogers Hospital. | |||||
| Lane Cottage | 5 Rockledge Rd. 44.3297°N -74.1228°W | North Elba | A 1923 cure cottage built by Edward Shaw for his wife, who had tuberculosis. The Shaws had two young children; fearing that they would contract TB from Mrs. Shaw, a separate house was built for them, nearby. | |||||
| Larom Cottage | 247 Park Ave. 44.3339°N -74.1283°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built between 1905 and 1910. | |||||
| Larom-Welles Cottage | 50 Cliff Road 44.3339°N -74.1292°W | Harrietstown | A 1905, three-story, wood-frame cure cottage, built for the priest of St. Lukes Episcopal Church, later the home of Dr. Edward Welles, a pioneer in thoracic surgery, who practiced at the Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium. | |||||
| Dr. Henry Leetch House | 12 Labrador Lane 44.3264°N -74.1206°W | North Elba | A 1932 cure cottage designed by William L. Distin for Dr. Henry Leetch, who specialized in treating tuberculosis, and who had the disease himself. | |||||
| Leis Block | 12 Bloomingdale Ave. 44.3289°N -74.1331°W | Harrietstown | A 1902 commercial building with apartments built with "cure porches", it originally housed Henry P. Leis pianos and a pharmacy on its first floor. The pharmacy at one time was named Terminal Pharmacy due to the fact that it was the bus stop. Later it was renamed Hoffman Pharmacy. | |||||
| Leis Cottage | 401 State Route 3 44.3206°N -74.1497°W | Harrietstown | A private, shingled cure cottage built about 1906. | |||||
| Lent Cottage | 108 Franklin Ave. 44.3286°N -74.1258°W | North Elba | An apartment house, built about 1920 as a cure cottage | |||||
| Little Red | 154Algonquin Ave. 44.3183°N -74.1581°W | Harrietstown | The original cure cottage of the Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium founded by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau. | |||||
| Magill Cottage | 74 Kiwassa Road 44.32°N -74.1275°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built about 1911. | |||||
| Marquay Cottage | 67 Slater St. 44.3217°N -74.1222°W | North Elba | A 1914, Queen Anne-style cure cottage built of rusticated cast-concrete blocks, with an octagonal corner tower. | |||||
| Marvin Cottage | 113 Franklin St. 44.3286°N -74.1267°W | North Elba | A cure cottage built about 1900. | |||||
| McBean Cottage | 192 Park Ave. 44.3325°N -74.1308°W | Harrietstown | A Colonial Revival cure cottage with Craftsman-style touches, built between 1915 and 1925. | |||||
| Morgan Cottage | 211 Park Ave. 44.3328°N -74.13°W | Harrietstown | A 1915 bungalow designed by Scopes and Feustmann as a cure cottage. | |||||
| Musselman Cottage | 60 Kiwassa Road 44.3222°N -74.1294°W | Harrietstown | A boardinghouse-style cure cottage built about 1907. | |||||
| Noyes Cottage | 35 Helen St. 44.3269°N -74.1278°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built in 1898. | |||||
| Partridge Cottage | 30 Clinton Avenue 44.3242°N -74.1242°W | North Elba | A 1925 Colonial Revival apartment house, with three apartments used as a cure cottages for three families. | |||||
| Pittenger Cottage | 494 Forest Hill Ave. 44.3286°N -74.1219°W | North Elba | A cure cottage with five cure porches, built about 1920. | |||||
| Pomeroy Cottage | 55 Baker St. 44.3336°N -74.1319°W | Harrietstown | A built about 1910, it may have been designed as a private cure cottage by William G. Distin. | |||||
| Radwell Cottage | 178 Charles St. 44.3306°N -74.1381°W | Harrietstown | An intact 1896 cure cottage. | |||||
| Ryan Cottage | 29 Algonquin Ave. 44.3183°N -74.1528°W | Harrietstown | An 1893 Queen Anne-style cure cottage. | |||||
| Sarbanes Cottage | 129 Bloomingdale Ave. 44.3308°N -74.1278°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built about 1930. | |||||
| Orin Savage Cottage | 117 Olive St. 44.3278°N -74.1356°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage built about 1910. | |||||
| Schrader-Griswold Cottage | 116 Kiwassa Road 44.3217°N -74.1281°W | Harrietstown | A 1906 Queen Anne-style cure cottage. | |||||
| Seeley Cottage | 127 Olive St. 44.3281°N -74.135°W | Harrietstown | An intact cure cottage built in 1890. | |||||
| Sloan Cottage | 31 View St. 44.3222°N -74.1358°W | Harrietstown | A Coulter and Westhoff-designed single-family cure cottage built in 1907. | |||||
| Smith Cottage | 25 Jenkins St. 44.3178°N -74.1397°W | Harrietstown | A cure cottage for a single patient built about 1903. | |||||
| Stevenson Cottage | 44 Stevenson Ln. 44.3308°N -74.1239°W | St. Armand | A cure cottage used by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887. | |||||
| Stonaker Cottage | 92 Glenwood Drive 44.3158°N -74.1353°W | Harrietstown | A private home built in 1916 for the president of Northern New York Telephone who used it as a cure cottage. | |||||
| Stuckman Cottage | 7 Fawn Street 44.3275°N -74.1244°W | North Elba | A cure cottage built between 1897 and 1900. | |||||
| Walker Cottage | 134 Park Ave. 44.3325°N -74.1336°W | Harrietstown | A 1904 Colonial Revival-style house that evolved into a cure cottage. | |||||
| Wilson Cottage | 21 William St. 44.3283°N -74.1364°W | Harrietstown | An intact Queen Anne-style cure cottage. | |||||
| Witherspoon Cottage | 164 Kiwassa Rd. 44.32°N -74.1294°W | Harrietstown | A boardinghouse-style cure cottage built in 1910. |