Cupan languages explained

Cupan
Region:	southern California
Familycolor:	Uto-Aztecan
Fam2:	Northern
Fam3:	Takic?
Glotto:	cupa1239
Glottorefname:	Cupan
Map:	Cupan languages-01.svg
Mapcaption:	Historical extent of Cupan languages
Child1:	Cupeño–Cahuilla
Child2:	Luiseño–Juaneño
Child3:	? Nicoleño †

The Cupan languages are a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family that comprises Cupeño, Ivilyuat (Cahuilla), Luiseño-Juaneño, and perhaps Nicoleño^[1], all historically spoken in southern California.

The branch had long been considered to be part of the Takic subgroup, but there is doubt about the validity of Takic as a genetic unit, the similarities between the languages classed as Takic possibly being due primarily to borrowing.^{[2] [3]}

Languages and dialects

• Luiseño-Juaneño language
  • Luiseño dialect cluster^[4]
  • Juaneño dialect †
• Ivilyuat (also known as Cahuilla)
  • Mountain Cahuilla dialect
  • Pass Cahuilla dialect (also known as Wanikik)^[5] †
  • Desert Cahuilla dialect
• Cupeño †
  • Cupa dialect^[6] †
  • Wilaqalpa dialect †
  • Paluqla dialect †

(†) – Extinct language

Notes and References

1. US Department of the Interior . Takic Foundations of Nicoleño Vocabulary . Fifth California Islands Symposium . 659–668 . Munro . Pamela . Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium . Santa Barbara . 2000.
2. Shaul, D. L. (2014). A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. UNM Press.
3. Hill, J. H. (2011). "Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan". Language Dynamics and Change, 1(2), 241-278.
4. Book: Golla, Victor. California Indian Languages. 2011-08-02. University of California Press. 978-0-520-26667-4. en.
5. Book: Mamet, Ingo. Man-bear travels to hell: aspects of the phonological description of a Cahuilla narrative. 2008. LINCOM GmbH. 9783895867866. en.
6. Book: Hill, Jane H.. A Grammar of Cupeño. 2005. University of California Press. 978-0-520-24637-9. en.