Cummins Unit Explained

Cummins
Settlement Type:Unincorporated community
Pushpin Map:USA Arkansas
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within the state of Arkansas
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Name1:Arkansas
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Lincoln
Subdivision Type3:Township
Subdivision Name3:Auburn Township and Choctaw Township
Unit Pref:Imperial
Population As Of:2000
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:Central (CST)
Utc Offset:-6
Timezone Dst:CDT
Utc Offset Dst:-5
Elevation Ft:177
Coordinates:34.0514°N -91.5839°W
Postal Code Type:ZIP Code
Postal Code:71644
Area Code:870
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:64050[1]
GNIS for prison building: 82008[2]

The Cummins Unit (formerly known as Cummins State Farm) is an Arkansas Department of Corrections prison in unincorporated Lincoln County, Arkansas, United States,[3] in the Arkansas Delta region.[4] It is located along U.S. Route 65,[3] near Grady,[3] Gould,[5] and Varner,[6] 28miles south of Pine Bluff,[3] and 60miles southeast of Little Rock.[7] [8]

This prison farm is a 16500acres correctional facility. The prison first opened in 1902 and has a capacity of 1,725 inmates. Cummins housed Arkansas's male death row until 1986, when it was transferred first to the Tucker Maximum Security Unit. The State of Arkansas execution chamber is located in the Cummins Unit, adjacent to the location of the male death row, the Varner Unit.[9] The female death row is located at the McPherson Unit.[10] Cummins is one of the State of Arkansas's "parent units" for male prisoners; it serves as one of several units of initial assignment for processed male prisoners.[11]

History

In 1902 the State of Arkansas purchased about 10000acres of land for $140,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to build the Cummins Unit.[12] The prison was established during that year,[13] and prisoners began occupying the site in December.[14] The prison occupied the former Cummins and Maple Grove plantations.[15] Both had been used for growing cotton.[16]

Then-Governor of Arkansas Jeff Davis wanted the state to buy a farm in Jefferson County owned by Louis Altheimer, a Republican Party leader who was Davis's friend. When the legislature instead purchased the land for Cummins, Davis put up political opposition, trying to force the state to cancel the purchase.[17]

In 1933 Governor Junius Marion Futrell closed the Arkansas State Penitentiary ("The Walls"), and some prisoners moved to Cummins from the former penitentiary.[12] Since the establishment of the prison, it had housed African-American men and women. Beginning in 1936, white male prisoners with disciplinary problems were housed at Cummins. As of 1958, most prisoners worked in farming, producing cotton, livestock, and vegetables. The prison, during that year, housed clothing and lumber manufacturing facilities.[18] In 1951 white female prisoners were moved from the Arkansas State Farm for Women to Cummins.[12]

On September 5, 1966, riots occurred at Cummins and 144 prisoners attempted a strike. Arkansas State Police ended the strike with tear gas.[19] In 1970 some prisoners asking for segregated housing started a riot, leading to an intervention by state police.[20]

In 1969 Johnny Cash performed at a concert in Cummins Unit. He donated his own money so a chapel could be built there.[21]

In 1972 Arkansas's first prison rodeo was held at the Cummins Unit.[12] In 1974 death row inmates, previously at the Tucker Unit, were moved to the Cummins Unit.[22] In 1976 female inmates were moved from the Cummins Unit to the Pine Bluff Unit. In 1978 a new execution chamber opened at Cummins Unit.[12] In 1983 the Cummins Modular Unit opened.[23] In 1986 death row inmates were moved to the Maximum Security Unit.[22] In 1991 the vocational technology program moved from the Cummins Unit to the Varner Unit.[24] In 2000 Arkansas's first lethal electrified fence, built with inmate labor, opened at the Cummins Unit.[12]

A tornado affected the Cummins Unit facility in May 2011. It damaged the dairy facility, the chicken and swine houses, and the employee housing in the Free Line area. The tornado destroyed the prison's three green houses. It also turned over a center pivot irrigation system.[25]

In 2020 the prison was affected in the COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas. According to correctional staff, the administration initially did not wish for correctional staff to wear masks to avoid frightening prisoners. As of April 25, 2020, 33 correctional employees and 800 prisoners had COVID-19. 11 Cummins prisoners had died from COVID-19.[16]

Torture

In 1968, Tom Murton alleged that three human skeletons found on the farm were the remains of inmates who had been subjected to torture, prompting a publicized investigation which found "a prison hospital served as torture chamber and a doctor as chief tormentor."[26]

The revelations included allegations of electrical devices connected to the genitalia of inmates. The Arkansas State Penitentiary System at that time had already been found to have held inmates at the Cummins Unit under conditions rising to the level of unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment, in cases tried by the US District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, among others.

Composition

It is located partially in Auburn Township,[27] and partially in Choctaw Township.[28]

Cummins has about 16500acres of land.[13]

Prisoners working the fields are part of the Hoe Squad, and prisoners who refuse work are taken to solitary confinement.[16]

A white building is and has been referred to the past as the prison's "barracks". The "telephone-pole" style structure serves as a housing unit for prisoners. The building had eight units. In the past, one was reserved for white trustees, one for black trustees, and others for other prisoners. The housing units were racially segregated.[29] There was a separate unit for female prisoners.[30]

The prison includes the "Free Line", the prison residences for free world employees, including the warden, several prison officials, and their families; prisoners work as house servants in the Free Line.[8] Children (dependents of correctional staff) living on the prison property are zoned to the Dumas School District.[31] [32] The prison property was formerly within the Gould School District.[33] [34] On July 1, 2004, the Gould School District was merged into the Dumas district.[35]

In the past the main entrance to the prison was at the terminus of a road off of the main highway. The main gate consisted of a wooden structure behind a chicken wire fence, which had barbed wire on top. A trusty shooter manned the main entrance.[8] In past eras, the prison housed a commissary and did not house educational facilities, prison factories, or medical and dental clinics.[29]

The Cummins Unit has an electric fence.[36]

The Cummins/Varner Volunteer Fire Department provides fire services to the Cummins Unit property.[37] The station is inside the Cummins Unit property,[38] along Arkansas Highway 388.[39] In fiscal year 2010 the Arkansas Department of Correction spent $81,691 on the fire station.[38]

Operations

As of 2006, the Cummins Unit has the largest farming operation in the Arkansas Department of Correction system. At Cummins, over 16000acres of land is devoted to production of crops and farm goods, including cash crops, hay, livestock, and vegetables.[40] As of 2001 prisoners harvested corn, cotton, and rice from the fields and were supervised by prison guards mounted on horses.[4]

Cummins previously housed the Special Management Barracks, a unit for prisoners with counseling and mental health requirements.[41] In 2008 it moved to the Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility.[42]

Prisoners at Cummins attend the correctional school system.[43]

Prisoner life

In the past, each prisoner worked for 10 hours per day, six days per week in the fields. Prisoners were only excused if the outside temperature was below freezing.[8] Some prisoners who were sent to the fields lacked shoes.[44] Prisoners did not have fixed quotas. Instead they were told to do as much work as possible. Prisoners deemed to be not doing enough work were beaten.[29]

Trustee prisoners had authority over other prisoners. At night, all except for two of the free world prison guards left, so trustees kept the order during the night. Prisoners who were not trustees were sub-ranked as "do-pops" and "rankers".[29] In past eras, trustee prisoners were responsible for the prison's perimeter security.[8]

During the day, the prison barracks were empty since most prisoners worked on the fields. At night, the two free world employees patrolled the central corridor but did not venture into the barrack units. The trustees, armed with knives, kept the order at night. Some inmates, referred to as "crawlers" and "creepers", stabbed sleeping prisoners. Male on male rape frequently occurred in the housing units. The prison did not ask trustees to intervene in case of rape, and guards rarely intervened.[29]

Prisoners did not receive payment for working in the fields. In order to buy items from the commissary, some prisoners worked there.[29] Other prisoners sold their blood; a healthy prisoner was permitted to sell his blood once weekly.[45]

Trustees were allowed to leave and re-enter the prison without undergoing searches, so trustees smuggled in alcohol, illegal drugs, and weapons; they then sold those items within the prison. Trustees usually bought these items from one another, since they had large amounts of money. Non-trustees, including "do-pops" and "rankers", had to pay trustees in order to get food, medicine, access to medical staff, access to outsiders, and protection from arbitrary prison punishments. Therefore non-trustees did not have large reserves of money.[45]

Education in the Cummins Unit began in 1968, when the Gould School District started a night program.[46]

Wardens

Notable inmates

Death Row

Non Death Row

Bruce Jackson's prison photography

See main article: Bruce Jackson (scholar). In the 1960s, ethnographer Bruce Jackson began taking photographs of prisoners in Texas for his research on African-American work songs in prison. Jackson had become friends with the assistant warden of Ramsey prison farm at the time, T. Don Hutto. When Hutto became Arkansas commissioner of corrections in 1971, their friendship provided Jackson with access to prisoners resulting in numerous publications. In 2010, Jackson's photo collection from the Cummins Unit was exhibited at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York and at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.[51] [64]

See also

References

General
Specific

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. 64050. Cummins, Arkansas.
  2. 82008. Cummins State Prison.
  3. Web site: Cummins Unit . . August 15, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100726132908/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/facilities/facilities2.html#cummins . July 26, 2010.
  4. News: Nelson . Melissa . December 9, 2001 . Inmates recall prison life before reforms at harsh Cummins Unit . . November 12, 2021 . 40–46 . Cummins Prison Farm: Lesson Plan Cummins Prison Farm Lincoln County, Arkansas.
  5. Book: Barnes, Royl S. . 1957 . Facts, Figures, and Functions of Arkansas State and Local Government . Hurley Co. . 182 . . March 6, 2011 . Arkansas maintains three penitentiary units: the Women's Reformatory at Cummins near Gould; one near Tucker for white men, known as the Tucker Farm; and the other near Gould, for Negro men and women, known as the Cummins Farm..
  6. News: Arkansas killer plans no more appeals: He is to die Wednesday in '84 death of trooper . Associated Press . . April 18, 1995 . March 5, 2011 . and he was transferred to the death watch cell at the Cummins Unit near Varner..
  7. News: Over 20 Convicts Flee State Farm . . New London, Connecticut . January 20, 1916 . . March 5, 2011.
  8. Book: Feeley . Malcolm M. . Rubin . Edward L. . 2000 . Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How the Courts Reformed America's Prisons . . 53 . . 978-0-521-77734-6.
  9. News: State Capitol Week in Review . State of Arkansas . June 13, 2008 . August 15, 2010 . Executions are carried out in the Cummins Unit, which is adjacent to Varner. . https://web.archive.org/web/20100623011403/http://www.arkansas.gov/senate/newsroom/files/junethirteen.doc . June 23, 2010.
  10. News: Haddigan . Michael . April 9, 1999 . They Kill Women, Don't They? . . August 15, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/19990508130907/http://www.arktimes.com/990409coverstory.html . May 8, 1999.
  11. Web site: Guide for Family and Friends . https://web.archive.org/web/20100819032000/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf . August 19, 2010 . Arkansas Department of Correction . July 18, 2010.
  12. Web site: Prison History and Gallery . https://web.archive.org/web/20110310123329/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/history_gallery.html . March 10, 2011 . Arkansas Department of Correction . September 7, 2010.
  13. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . March 8, 2011 . 14.
  14. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . March 8, 2011 . 23.
  15. Jobe et al. v. Urquhart . The Southwestern Reporter . . 1911 . 136 . 663 . . September 23, 2011.
  16. Aviv . Rachel . June 15, 2020 . Punishment by Pandemic . . July 5, 2021.
  17. Book: Donovan . Timothy Paul . Gatewood . Willard B. . 1995 . The Governors of Arkansas: Essays in Political Biography . . 125 . Google Books . March 5, 2011 . 978-1-55728-331-3.
  18. Book: Federal Writers' Project . Federal Writers' Project . 1958 . Arkansas: A Guide to the State . US History Publishers . 277 . Google Books . March 5, 2011 . 978-1-60354-004-9.
  19. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 24 . March 8, 2011.
  20. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 25 . March 8, 2011.
  21. Johnny Cash and the Forgotten Prison Blues . The Documentary . BBC . January 12, 2013.
  22. Web site: 2006 Facts Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 25 . August 15, 2010.
  23. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 26 . March 8, 2011.
  24. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 27 . March 8, 2011.
  25. News: 2012 Billy Max Moore Award Winner: David L. Allen . The Advocate . Arkansas Department of Correction . December 2012 . 9 . April 16, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160115023056/http://adc.arkansas.gov/resources/Documents/December_2012_Advocate_Newsletter.pdf . January 15, 2016 . In May 2011, a tornado hit the Cummins Farm, devastating the employees' free line housing, dairy facility, swine and chicken houses; turning over a center pivot irrigation system; and completely destroying three green houses..
  26. News: von Zielbauer . Paul . Paul von Zielbauer . Plambeck . Joseph . February 27, 2005 . As Health Care in Jails Goes Private, 10 Days Can Be a Death Sentence . . July 11, 2010.
  27. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Auburn township, AR. U.S. Census Bureau. 2022-08-01.
  28. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Choctaw township, AR. U.S. Census Bureau. 2022-08-01.
  29. Book: Feeley . Malcolm M. . Rubin . Edward L. . 2000 . Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How the Courts Reformed America's Prisons . Cambridge University Press . 54 . Google Books . March 5, 2011 . 978-0-521-77734-6.
  30. Web site: Woodward. Colin Edward. The Arkansas prison scandal. Arkansas Times. 2018-03-22. 2023-02-19.
  31. Web site: Maintenance & Transportation Department . https://web.archive.org/web/20110815054056/http://dpsd.k12.ar.us/Information/DocketSCAN-1.pdf . August 15, 2011 . . March 6, 2011.
  32. Web site: Arkansas School Districts and Education Cooperatives Effective July 1, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101116233050/http://arkansased.org/about/pdf/RevisedSDJuly1_2010.pdf . November 16, 2010 . . March 7, 2011.
  33. Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Lincoln County, 1952-1954 . Arkansas Digital Archives . December 31, 1954 . Arkansas State Archives.
  34. General Highway and Transportation Map: Lincoln County: Arkansas . . Cummins State Convict Farm . November 12, 2021.
  35. Web site: Consolidation/Annexations of LEA's (1983-2010) . https://web.archive.org/web/20101116233653/http://arkansased.org/about/excel/consolidaton_annexation_070110.xls . November 16, 2010 . Arkansas Department of Education . March 6, 2011.
  36. News: Third Electric Fence Installed With Inmate Labor . ADC Advocate . Arkansas Department of Correction . February 2005 . 3 . March 6, 2011.
  37. News: Fire Department Ratings . Lincoln County . . Little Rock . March 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070623205811/http://www.fox16.com/content/news/firestations.aspx . June 23, 2007.
  38. Web site: Annual Report Financial Year 2010 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 3, 6 . March 8, 2011.
  39. Web site: Cummings Volunteer Fire Station . . May 5, 2011 . State Highway 388, Grady, Ar 71644.
  40. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 8 . March 8, 2011.
  41. Web site: 2006 Fact Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20090806120702/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/facts_brochure2006.pdf . August 6, 2009 . Arkansas Department of Correction . 36 . March 8, 2011.
  42. Web site: ADC Acquires Jefferson County Jail . Financial Year 2008 Annual Report . Arkansas Department of Correction . March 8, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090429222046/http://www.adc.arkansas.gov/pdf/reports/2008_annual_report.pdf . April 29, 2009.
  43. Web site: School/District . Arkansas Department of Education . September 23, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111011122807/http://arkansased.org/about/pdf/directory/11-12_school_dist.pdf . October 11, 2011.
  44. Book: Feeley . Malcolm M. . Rubin . Edward L. . 2000 . Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How the Courts Reformed America's Prisons . Cambridge University Press . 53–54 . Google Books . March 5, 2011 . 978-0-521-77734-6.
  45. Book: Feeley . Malcolm M. . Rubin . Edward L. . 2000 . Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How the Courts Reformed America's Prisons . Cambridge University Press . 55 . Google Books . March 5, 2011 . 978-0-521-77734-6.
  46. Web site: History and Description of the Arkansas Correctional School . . April 4, 2006 . November 12, 2021.
  47. News: Former Warden Knows of No Former Brutality . The Camden News . Camden, Arkansas . February 23, 1968.
  48. Web site: Shane . Bauer . 2018 . The Straight Line From Slavery to Private Prisons: How Texas Turned Plantations into Prisons . . October 14, 2018.
  49. Book: Bauer, Shane . American Prison: a Reporter's Undercover Journey into the Business of Punishment. 368 . . September 18, 2018 . 978-0735223585.
  50. Web site: . Shockingly Candid Photos of Life on a 1970s Arkansas Prison Farm: 'Just about everyone carrying a gun was a convict' . . August 9, 2017 . October 15, 2018.
  51. Web site: James . Estrin . James Estrin . May 27, 2009 . Showcase: A Wide View of a Hellish World . The New York Times . October 15, 2018.
  52. News: Arkansas Electrocutes Killer of Police Officer. The New York Times. June 19, 1990.
  53. Web site: Arkansas Justice: Racism, Torture, and a Botched Execution. November 12, 2017.
  54. Web site: Hillary Clinton's forgotten death penalty shift. Politico. April 29, 2015 .
  55. News: Arkansas Carries Out Nation's First Triple Execution in 32 Years. The New York Times. August 5, 1994.
  56. Web site: Arkansas schedules triple execution.
  57. Web site: Three Killers Executed in Arkansas : Punishment: The three had slain a businessman in 1981. Multiple execution is decried by some as 'slaughter' as others note its efficiency. Los Angeles Times. August 4, 1994.
  58. Web site: Arkansas Schedules Triple Execution Tonight. August 3, 1994 .
  59. News: Duke . Lynne . In Arkansas, A Death Row Struggle And Doubt . The Washington Post . 1994-01-09 . 2022-06-10.
  60. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/os-xpm-1993-09-20-9309200135-story.html
  61. Web site: Wicked witness got federal protection to turn into 'mad-dog killer'. New York Daily News. October 2016 .
  62. Web site: Kevin Drew CNN . Executed mentally ill inmate heard voices until end - Jan. 6, 2004 . CNN.com . 2022-06-10.
  63. Web site: Arkansas Prison Still Shackled to Dark Past. Los Angeles Times. January 6, 2002.
  64. News: Steven . Kurutz . September 4, 2010 . Speakeasy: Bruce Jackson on how he became the dean of prison folklore . The Wall Street Journal.

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