Cum saepe accidere ("as often happens") was a papal bull issued by Pope Clement VIII on 28 February 1592,[1] which decreed that the Jews of Avignon were forbidden to trade "new commodities" in public places in order to put them at an economic disadvantage.[2] [3] It foreshadowed the increasing hostility toward Jews living in the Papal states, who were soon after forbidden from studying Talmud and ordered expelled.[4] [5] Under the previous Pope, restrictions on Jews had been relaxed. With cum saepe accidere, Pope Clement VIII issued the first of a series of edicts which would remain in place until the 19th century.[6] After this bull was issued, Jewish merchants could only sell secondhand goods, leading to the stereotype of Jewish secondhand dealers.