CUL3 explained

Cullin 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUL3 gene.[1] [2] [3]

Cullin 3 protein belongs to the family of cullins which in mammals contains eight proteins (Cullin 1, Cullin 2, Cullin 3, Cullin 4A, Cullin 4B, Cullin 5, Cullin 7 and Cullin 9).[4] Cullin proteins are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins throughout yeast, plants and mammals.[5]

Protein function

Cullin 3 is a component of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases complexes (CRLs) which are involved in protein ubiquitylation and represent a part of ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Added ubiquitin moieties to the lysine residue by CRLs then target the protein for the proteasomal degradation.[6] Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in many cellular processes responsible for cell cycle regulation, stress response, protein trafficking, signal transduction, DNA replication, transcription, protein quality control, circadian clock and development.[7] [8]

Deletion of CUL3 gene in mice causes embryonic lethality.[9]

Cullin 3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases

Cullin 3-RING complex consists of Cullin 3 protein, RING-box protein 1 (RBX1), which recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) protein, a substrate recognition subunit. Cullin 3 protein is a core scaffold protein coordinating other components of the CRL complex.[10] Cullin 3-RING complexes can also dimerise via their BTB domains which lead to creation of two substrate receptors and two catalytic RING domains.[11]

Activation of the complex is regulated by the attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to a conserved Lys residue in the cullin-homology domain, the process called neddylation.[12] Deneddylation is conducted by an eight-subunit CSN complex which mediates the cleavage of the isopeptidic bond between NEDD8 and cullin protein.[13] Another protein that interacts with cullin is CAND1 which binds to deneddylated form of cullin protein and disrupts the interaction between cullin and other subunits of the complex leading to inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.[14] Therefore, dynamic neddylation and deneddylation of cullin is important for regulation of CRL complex activity.[15]

Clinical significance

Familial hyperkalemic hypertension

Mutations in CUL3 gene are associated with Familial hyperkalemic hypertension disease. CRL complex containing Cullin 3 controls the activity of Na+ Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney by regulating the proteasomal degradation of With-no-lysine [K] kinases WNK1 and WNK4. It was shown that mutations in CUL3 gene lead to WNKs accumulation.[16] The abundance of these kinases leads to increased phosphorylation of NCC and its activation. As a consequence, Na+ reabsorption is increasing resulting in high blood pressure.[17]

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Cullin 3 is heavily involved in the regulation of the central nervous system. Cullin 3 expression levels in the central nervous system change during fetal development, infancy, childhood and adulthood suggesting that the protein's expression plays a crucial role in brain development. The CUL3 gene has been identified as a risk gene for neurodevelopmental disorders particularly Autism Spectrum Disorder.[18]

Cancer

Deregulation of Cullin 3 expression level was observed in human cancers. It was shown that Cullin 3 is overexpressed in invasive cancers, and the protein expression level positively correlates with tumour stage. In breast cancer, the overexpression of Cullin 3 protein results in a decrease of Nrf2 protein level. This protein is a transcription factor regulating the expression of some detoxification and antioxidant enzymes. Another substrate of CRL complex is a candidate tumour suppressor protein RhoBTB2.[19]

Interactions

CUL3 has been shown to interact with:

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM . cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family . Cell . 85 . 6 . 829–39 . June 1996 . 8681378 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2 . 15805562 . free .
  2. Wimuttisuk W, Singer JD . The Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase functions as a Nedd8-bound heterodimer . Molecular Biology of the Cell . 18 . 3 . 899–909 . March 2007 . 17192413 . 1805106 . 10.1091/mbc.E06-06-0542 .
  3. Web site: Entrez Gene: CUL3 cullin 3.
  4. Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W . Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer . 1869 . 1 . 11–28 . January 2018 . 29128526 . 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001 . 7076836 .
  5. Sarikas A, Hartmann T, Pan Z . The cullin protein family . Genome Biol . 12 . 4 . 220 . 2011 . 21554755 . 3218854 . 10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-220 . free .
  6. Dubiel D, Bintig W, Kähne T, Dubiel W, Naumann M . Cul3 neddylation is crucial for gradual lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research . 1864 . 8 . 1405–1412 . August 2017 . 28499918 . 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.009 .
  7. Chen HY, Chen RH . Cullin 3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Biology: Functions and Therapeutic Implications . en . Frontiers in Oncology . 6 . 113 . 2016 . 27200299 . 4852199 . 10.3389/fonc.2016.00113 . free .
  8. Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ . Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases . En . Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology . 6 . 1 . 9–20 . January 2005 . 15688063 . 10.1038/nrm1547 . 24159190 .
  9. Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W . Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer . 1869 . 1 . 11–28 . January 2018 . 29128526 . 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001 . 7076836 .
  10. Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W . Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer . 1869 . 1 . 11–28 . January 2018 . 29128526 . 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001 . 7076836 .
  11. Bulatov E, Ciulli A . Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation . The Biochemical Journal . 467 . 3 . 365–86 . May 2015 . 25886174 . 4403949 . 10.1042/BJ20141450 .
  12. Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ . Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases . En . Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology . 6 . 1 . 9–20 . January 2005 . 15688063 . 10.1038/nrm1547 . 24159190 .
  13. Bulatov E, Ciulli A . Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation . The Biochemical Journal . 467 . 3 . 365–86 . May 2015 . 25886174 . 4403949 . 10.1042/BJ20141450 .
  14. Chew EH, Hagen T . Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 282 . 23 . 17032–40 . June 2007 . 17439941 . 10.1074/jbc.M701153200 . free .
  15. Soucy TA, Smith PG, Rolfe M . Targeting NEDD8-activated cullin-RING ligases for the treatment of cancer . Clinical Cancer Research . 15 . 12 . 3912–6 . June 2009 . 19509147 . 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0343 . 17834925 .
  16. Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA . The CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a target for antihypertensive therapy . American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology . 310 . 11 . F1389–96 . June 2016 . 27076645 . 4935775 . 10.1152/ajprenal.00132.2016 .
  17. Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA . Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension . American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology . 314 . 5 . F915–F920 . May 2018 . 29361671 . 6031903 . 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2017 .
  18. Lin P, Yang J, Wu S, Ye T, Zhuang W, Wang W, Tan T . Current trends of high-risk gene Cul3 in neurodevelopmental disorders . Frontiers in Psychiatry . 14 . 1215110 . 2023 . 37575562 . 10416632 . 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215110 . free .
  19. Haagenson KK, Tait L, Wang J, Shekhar MP, Polin L, Chen W, Wu GS . Cullin-3 protein expression levels correlate with breast cancer progression . Cancer Biology & Therapy . 13 . 11 . 1042–6 . September 2012 . 22825334 . 3461811 . 10.4161/cbt.21046 .
  20. Min KW, Hwang JW, Lee JS, Park Y, Tamura TA, Yoon JB . TIP120A associates with cullins and modulates ubiquitin ligase activity . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 278 . 18 . 15905–10 . May 2003 . 12609982 . 10.1074/jbc.M213070200 . free .
  21. Singer JD, Gurian-West M, Clurman B, Roberts JM . Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells . Genes & Development . 13 . 18 . 2375–87 . September 1999 . 10500095 . 317026 . 10.1101/gad.13.18.2375 .
  22. Kim AY, Bommeljé CC, Lee BE, Yonekawa Y, Choi L, Morris LG, Huang G, Kaufman A, Ryan RJ, Hao B, Ramanathan Y, Singh B . SCCRO (DCUN1D1) is an essential component of the E3 complex for neddylation . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 . 48 . 33211–20 . November 2008 . 18826954 . 2586271 . 10.1074/jbc.M804440200 . free .
  23. Wang XJ, Sun Z, Chen W, Li Y, Villeneuve NF, Zhang DD . Activation of Nrf2 by arsenite and monomethylarsonous acid is independent of Keap1-C151: enhanced Keap1-Cul3 interaction . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . 230 . 3 . 383–9 . August 2008 . 18417180 . 2610481 . 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.003 .
  24. Rachakonda G, Xiong Y, Sekhar KR, Stamer SL, Liebler DC, Freeman ML . Covalent modification at Cys151 dissociates the electrophile sensor Keap1 from the ubiquitin ligase CUL3 . Chemical Research in Toxicology . 21 . 3 . 705–10 . March 2008 . 18251510 . 10.1021/tx700302s . free .
  25. Rondou P, Haegeman G, Vanhoenacker P, Van Craenenbroeck K . BTB Protein KLHL12 targets the dopamine D4 receptor for ubiquitination by a Cul3-based E3 ligase . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 . 17 . 11083–96 . April 2008 . 18303015 . 2431063 . 10.1074/jbc.M708473200 . free .