Toyota Owners 400 Explained

Race Title:Toyota Owners 400
Series Long:NASCAR Cup Series
Venue:Richmond Raceway
Location:Richmond, Virginia, United States
Sponsor:Toyota
First Race:1953
Distance:300miles
Laps:400[1]
Stage 1: 80
Stage 2: 155
Final stage: 165
Previous Names:Richmond 200 (1953, 1955–1957, 1960–1961)
Richmond 100 (1959)
Richmond 250 (1962–1968)
Richmond 500 (1969–1975)
Richmond 400 (1976–1983)
Miller High Life 400 (1984–1987)
Pontiac Excitement 400 (1988–2003)
Chevy American Revolution 400 (2004–2005)
Crown Royal 400 (2006)
Crown Royal presents the Your Name Here 400 (2007–2011)
Capital City 400 presented by Virginia is for Lovers (2012)
Most Wins Driver:Richard Petty (6)
Most Wins Team:Joe Gibbs Racing (11)
Most Wins Manufacturer:Chevrolet (23)
Surface:Asphalt
Length Mi:0.75
Turns:4

The Toyota Owners 400 is a 400 lap NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at the Richmond Raceway in Richmond, Virginia. From 2007 to 2011, former race title sponsor Crown Royal named the race after the winner of an essay contest during Daytona Speedweeks. The winner of the first essay contest was Jim Stewart from Houma, Louisiana, with subsequent contests won by Dan Lowry of Columbiana, Ohio, and Russ Friedman of Huntington, New York,[2] with the 2010 race being named for Army veteran Heath Calhoun of Clarksville, Tennessee. Since 2010 only military service members have been eligible to win the contest.[3] Crown Royal moved the "Your Name Here" sponsorship to the Brickyard 400 beginning in 2012.

For several years, the race was held as a Sunday afternoon event the weekend after the Daytona 500 in February. Lights were installed at the facility in 1991, but the spring race remained during the day. Consistent cold weather, and even a snow delay in 1989, prompted track officials to move the race later in the spring. The race was moved around to May or June and permanently moved from Sunday afternoons to Saturday nights. After a few years, the race eventually fixed as a May race date by 1999. Starting in 2012, the race was held on the last Saturday in April, after the race switched dates with the spring Talladega race. The race returned to Sunday afternoon in 2016 but returned to Saturday night in 2018. The 2020 race was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being replaced with a race at Darlington Raceway.[4]

Denny Hamlin is the defending winner of the race.

Past winners

YearDateDriverTeamSponsorManufacturerRace DistanceRace TimeAverage Speed
(mph)
ReportRef
LapsMiles (km)
1953April 1942Lee PettyPetty EnterprisesN/ADodge200100 (160.934)2:11:4845.535Report[5]
1954Not held
1955May 22300Tim FlockCarl KiekhaeferMercury OutboardsChrysler200100 (160.934)1:50:3054.298Report[6]
1956April 2987Buck BakerCarl KiekhaeferN/ADodge200100 (160.934)1:46:4256.232Report[7]
1957May 512Paul GoldsmithPete DePaoloDePaolo EngineeringFord200100 (160.934)1:36:0562.445Report[8]
1958Not held
1959June 2159Tom PistoneCarl RupertRupert Safety BeltT-Bird200100 (160.934)1:45:2956.881Report[9]
1960June 542Lee PettyPetty EnterprisesN/APlymouth200100 (160.934)1:36:2362.251Report[10]
1961April 2343Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesN/APlymouth200100 (160.934)1:36:0462.456Report[11]
1962April 14Rex WhiteRex WhiteLouis ClementsChevrolet180*90 (144.84)1:45:0851.363Report[12]
1963April 78Joe WeatherlyBud Moore EngineeringN/APontiac250125 (201.168)2:06:1658.624Report[13]
1964March 106David PearsonCotton OwensN/ADodge250125 (201.168)2:07:5160.233Report[14]
1965March 726Junior JohnsonJunior Johnson & AssociatesN/AFord250125 (201.168)2:02:0761.416Report[15]
1966May 156David PearsonCotton OwensSouthside DodgeDodge250125 (201.168)1:52:4366.539Report[16]
1967April 3043Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesPlymouth by PettyPlymouth250125 (201.168)1:53:4065.982Report[17]
1968March 2417David PearsonHolman-MoodyN/AFord250125 (201.168)1:55:5565.217Report[18]
1969April 1317David PearsonHolman-MoodyEast Tennessee Motor Company/Torino CobraFord500250 (402.336)3:23:2373.752Report[19]
1970March 148James HyltonJames HyltonMallory's Speed ShopFord500271 (436.132)3:18:1182.044Report[20]
1971March 743Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesPlymouth by PettyPlymouth500271 (436.132)3:23:2079.836Report[21]
1972Feb 2743Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesSTPPlymouth500271 (436.132)3:32:1276.258Report[22]
1973Feb 2543Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesSTPDodge500271 (436.132)3:37:2974.764Report[23]
1974Feb 2412Bobby AllisonBobby AllisonCoca-ColaChevrolet450*243.9 (392.519)3:02:0280.095Report[24]
1975Feb 2343Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesSTPDodge500271 (436.132)3:37:0374.913Report[25]
1976March 771Dave MarcisNord KrauskopfK&K InsuranceDodge400216.8 (348.905)2:58:4472.792Report[26]
1977Feb 2711Cale YarboroughJunior Johnson & AssociatesHolly FarmsChevrolet245*132.79 (213.704)1:49:0173.084Report[27]
1978Feb 2672Benny ParsonsL.G. DeWitt1st National City Travelers ChecksChevrolet400216.8 (348.905)2:41:5980.304Report[28]
1979March 1111Cale YarboroughJunior Johnson & AssociatesBuschOldsmobile400216.8 (348.905)2:35:3483.608Report[29]
1980Feb 2488Darrell WaltripDiGard MotorsportsGatoradeChevrolet400216.8 (348.905)3:12:0867.703Report[30]
1981Feb 2211Darrell WaltripJunior Johnson & AssociatesMountain DewBuick400216.8 (348.905)2:49:5376.57Report[31]
1982Feb 2171Dave MarcisDave MarcisJ.D. StacyChevrolet250*135.5 (218.066)1:51:3072.914Report[32]
1983Feb 2722Bobby AllisonDiGard MotorsportsMiller High LifeChevrolet400216.8 (348.905)2:43:4579.584Report[33]
1984Feb 2615Ricky RuddBud Moore EngineeringWrangler JeansFord400216.8 (348.905)2:09:3176.736Report[34]
1985Feb 243Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingWrangler JeansChevrolet400216.8 (348.905)3:11:2767.945Report[35]
1986Feb 237Kyle PettyWood Brothers Racing7-ElevenFord400216.8 (348.905)3:02:5471.078Report[36]
1987March 83Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingWrangler JeansChevrolet400216.8 (348.905)2:39:3481.52Report[37]
1988Feb 2175Neil BonnettRahMoc EnterprisesValvolinePontiac400216.8 (348.905)3:15:5466.401Report[38]
1989Mar 26*27Rusty WallaceBlue Max RacingKodiakPontiac400300 (482.803)3:20:5189.619Report[39]
1990Feb 256Mark MartinRoush RacingFolgersFord400300 (482.803)3:15:1892.158Report[40]
1991Feb 243Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingGM GoodwrenchChevrolet400300 (482.803)2:50:47105.937Report[41]
1992March 811Bill ElliottJunior Johnson & AssociatesBudweiserFord400300 (482.803)2:52:27104.378Report[42]
1993March 728Davey AllisonRobert Yates RacingHavolineFord400300 (482.803)2:47:07107.709Report[43]
1994March 628Ernie IrvanRobert Yates RacingTexaco/HavolineFord400300 (482.803)3:03:0398.334Report[44]
1995March 55Terry LabonteHendrick MotorsportsKellogg'sChevrolet400300 (482.803)2:49:08106.425Report[45]
1996March 324Jeff GordonHendrick MotorsportsDuPontChevrolet400300 (482.803)2:55:11102.75Report[46]
1997March 22Rusty WallacePenske RacingMiller LiteFord400300 (482.803)2:45:54108.499Report[47]
1998June 65Terry LabonteHendrick MotorsportsKellogg's Corn FlakesChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:05:2997.044Report[48]
1999May 1588Dale JarrettRobert Yates RacingQuality Care/Ford CreditFord400300 (482.803)2:59:49100.102Report[49]
2000May 68Dale Earnhardt Jr.Dale Earnhardt, Inc.BudweiserChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:01:0899.374Report[50]
2001May 520Tony StewartJoe Gibbs RacingThe Home DepotPontiac400300 (482.803)3:07:4595.872Report[51]
2002May 4/5*20Tony StewartJoe Gibbs RacingThe Home DepotPontiac400300 (482.803)3:27:1986.824Report[52]
2003May 325Joe NemechekHendrick MotorsportsUAW/DelphiChevrolet393*294.75 (474.354)3:23:4786.783Report[53]
2004May 158Dale Earnhardt Jr.Dale Earnhardt, Inc.BudweiserChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:03:1298.253Report[54]
2005May 149Kasey KahneEvernham MotorsportsDodge Dealers/UAWDodge400300 (482.803)2:59:26100.316Report[55]
2006May 68Dale Earnhardt Jr.Dale Earnhardt, Inc.BudweiserChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:05:2797.061Report[56]
2007May 6*48Jimmie JohnsonHendrick MotorsportsLowe'sChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:17:5391.27Report[57]
2008May 307Clint BowyerRichard Childress RacingBB&TChevrolet410*307.5 (494.873)3:12:3795.786Report[58]
2009May 218Kyle BuschJoe Gibbs RacingCombosToyota400300 (482.803)3:18:3790.627Report[59]
2010May 118Kyle BuschJoe Gibbs RacingM&M'sToyota400300 (482.803)3:00:4799.567Report[60]
2011April 3018Kyle BuschJoe Gibbs RacingM&M's PretzelToyota400300 (482.803)3:08:5595.28Report[61]
2012April 2818Kyle BuschJoe Gibbs RacingM&M's BrownToyota400300 (482.803)2:51:06105.202Report[62]
2013April 2729Kevin HarvickRichard Childress RacingBell HelicopterChevrolet406*304.5 (490.045)3:18:1792.141Report[63]
2014April 2622Joey LoganoTeam PenskeShell/PennzoilFord400300 (482.803)3:20:4791.369Report[64]
2015April 26*41Kurt BuschStewart-Haas RacingHAAS AutomationChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:05:1697.157Report[65]
2016April 2419Carl EdwardsJoe Gibbs RacingXfinityToyota400300 (482.803)3:05:2697.07Report[66]
2017April 3022Joey LoganoTeam PenskeShell/PennzoilFord400300 (482.803)3:12:0893.685Report[67]
2018April 2118Kyle BuschJoe Gibbs RacingM&M's Flavor VoteToyota402*301.5 (485.217)3:08:0196.215Report[68]
2019April 1319Martin Truex Jr.Joe Gibbs RacingAuto-Owners InsuranceToyota400300 (482.803)3:00:1699.852Report[69]
2020Moved to Darlington because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[70] [71]
2021April 1848Alex BowmanHendrick MotorsportsAllyChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:06:5796.282Report[72]
2022April 311Denny HamlinJoe Gibbs RacingFedEx ExpressToyota400300 (482.803)3:04:4397.447Report[73]
2023April 25Kyle LarsonHendrick MotorsportsHendrickCars.comChevrolet400300 (482.803)3:17:3791.085Report[74]
2024March 3111Denny HamlinJoe Gibbs RacingMavis Tire and BrakesToyota407*305.25 (491.252)3:14:4194.076Report[75]

Track length notes

Multiple winners (drivers)

WinsDriverYears Won
6Richard Petty1961, 1967, 1971–1973, 1975
5Kyle Busch2009–2012, 2018
4David Pearson1964, 1966, 1968–1969
3Dale Earnhardt1985, 1987, 1991
Dale Earnhardt Jr.2000, 2004, 2006
2Lee Petty1953, 1960
Cale Yarborough1977, 1979
Darrell Waltrip1980–1981
Dave Marcis1976, 1982
Bobby Allison1974, 1983
Rusty Wallace1989, 1997
Terry Labonte1995, 1998
Tony Stewart2001–2002
Joey Logano2014, 2017
Denny Hamlin2022, 2024

Multiple winners (teams)

WinsDriverYears Won
11Joe Gibbs Racing2001–2002, 2009–2012, 2016, 2018–2019, 2022, 2024
8Petty Enterprises1953, 1960–1961, 1967, 1971–1973, 1975
7Hendrick Motorsports1995–1996, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2021, 2023
5Junior Johnson & Associates1965, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1992
Richard Childress Racing1985, 1987, 1991, 2008, 2013
3Robert Yates Racing1993–1994, 1999
Dale Earnhardt, Inc.2000, 2004, 2006
Team Penske1997, 2014, 2017
2Carl Kiekhaefer1955–1956
Bud Moore Engineering1963, 1984
Cotton Owens1964, 1966
Holman-Moody1968–1969
DiGard Motorsports1980, 1983

Manufacturers wins

WinsManufacturerYears Won
23Chevrolet1962, 1974, 1977–1978, 1980, 1982–1983, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1995–1996, 1998, 2000, 2003–2004, 2006–2008, 2013, 2015, 2021, 2023
15Ford1957, 1965, 1968–1970, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992–1994, 1997, 1999, 2014, 2017
9Toyota2009–2012, 2016, 2018–2019, 2022, 2024
8Dodge1953, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1975–1976, 2005
5Plymouth1960–1961, 1967, 1971–1972
Pontiac1963, 1988–1989, 2001–2002
1Chrysler1955
T-Bird1959
Buick1981

Crown Royal Sweepstakes winners

YearWinner
Jim Stewart
Dan Lowry
Russ Friedman
Heath Calhoun
Matthew and Daniel Hansen

Notes and References

  1. News: Stage lengths for 2021 NASCAR season. NASCAR. January 25, 2021. January 31, 2021.
  2. http://www.scenedaily.com/news/articles/sprintcupseries/Fan_wins_naming_rghts_to_May_race_at_Richmond.html "Fan crowned the winner of 'Your Name Here' contest for Richmond race"
  3. http://www.rir.com/Articles/2010/10/Crown-Royal-Your-Name-Here-Contest.aspx "Crown Royal Honors America's Bravest for 2nd Year With Naming Rights to NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Race"
  4. News: Davis. Marc. Spring race weekend at Richmond Raceway postponed. WWBT. March 16, 2020. January 10, 2021.
  5. Web site: 1953 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  6. Web site: 1955 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  7. Web site: 1956 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  8. Web site: 1957 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  9. Web site: 1959 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  10. Web site: 1960 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  11. Web site: 1961 Richmond 200. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  12. Web site: 1962 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  13. Web site: 1963 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  14. Web site: 1964 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  15. Web site: 1965 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  16. Web site: 1966 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  17. Web site: 1967 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  18. Web site: 1968 Richmond 250. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  19. Web site: 1969 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  20. Web site: 1970 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  21. Web site: 1971 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  22. Web site: 1972 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  23. Web site: 1973 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  24. Web site: 1974 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  25. Web site: 1975 Richmond 500. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  26. Web site: 1976 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  27. Web site: 1977 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  28. Web site: 1978 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  29. Web site: 1979 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  30. Web site: 1980 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  31. Web site: 1981 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  32. Web site: 1982 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  33. Web site: 1983 Richmond 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  34. Web site: 1984 Miller High Life 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  35. Web site: 1985 Miller High Life 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  36. Web site: 1986 Miller High Life 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  37. Web site: 1987 Miller High Life 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  38. Web site: 1988 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  39. Web site: 1989 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  40. Web site: 1990 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  41. Web site: 1991 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  42. Web site: 1992 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  43. Web site: 1993 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  44. Web site: 1994 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  45. Web site: 1995 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  46. Web site: 1996 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  47. Web site: 1997 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  48. Web site: 1998 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  49. Web site: 1999 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  50. Web site: 2000 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  51. Web site: 2001 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  52. Web site: 2002 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  53. Web site: 2003 Pontiac Excitement 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  54. Web site: 2004 Chevy American Revolution 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  55. Web site: 2005 Chevy American Revolution 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  56. Web site: 2006 Crown Royal 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  57. Web site: 2007 Crown Royal Presents The Jim Stewart 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  58. Web site: 2008 Crown Royal Presents the Dan Lowry 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  59. Web site: 2009 Crown Royal Presents the Russ Friedman 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  60. Web site: 2010 Crown Royal Presents the Heath Calhoun 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  61. Web site: 2011 Crown Royal Presents the Matthew and Daniel Hansen 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  62. Web site: 2012 Capital City 400 Presented by Virginia is for Lovers. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  63. Web site: 2013 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  64. Web site: 2014 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  65. Web site: 2015 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  66. Web site: 2016 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  67. Web site: 2017 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  68. Web site: 2018 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  69. Web site: 2019 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  70. Web site: NASCAR realigns 2020 schedule, shifts events from Chicagoland, Richmond, Sonoma. NASCAR.com. May 8, 2020. November 25, 2023.
  71. Web site: Nguyen. Justin. Three dates axed from Cup schedule. The Checkered Flag. May 8, 2020. November 25, 2023.
  72. Web site: 2021 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  73. Web site: 2022 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  74. Web site: 2023 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. November 25, 2023.
  75. Web site: 2024 Toyota Owners 400. Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. March 31, 2024.
  76. Web site: Wilkins. Robert. Rain postpones Pontiac 400. Crash. May 5, 2002. November 25, 2023.
  77. News: Rain Puts Race on Hold in Richmond. The Ledger. May 6, 2007. November 25, 2023.
  78. News: Wise. Brandon. NASCAR race at Richmond postponed until Sunday because of rain. CBS Sports. April 25, 2015. November 25, 2023.
  79. News: Fryer. Jenna. Kyle Busch celebrates birthday with Richmond sweep. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. May 2, 2009. November 25, 2023.