Crossognathiformes Explained

Crossognathiformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Eocene. Its phylogenetic placement is disputed; some authors have recovered it as part of the teleost stem group, while others place it in a basal position within crown group Teleostei.^[1] Other placements have found it to be paraphyletic, with the Varasichthyidae being stem-group teleosts whereas the other, "true" crossognathiforms are crown-group teleosts within the Teleocephala.

The oldest definitive crossognathiforms are known from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of Chile. They diversified afterwards and became a dominant group of marine fish throughout much of the Cretaceous. The last surviving member was the pachyrhizodontid Platinx from the Early Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy.^[2]

Classification

Order Crossognathiformes Taverne, 1989^[3] ^[4]

Bavarichthys Arratia & Tischlinger, 2010^[5]
Kradimus Veysey et al., 2020^[6]
Family Varasichthyidae Arratia, 1981
- Bobbichthys Arratia, 1986
- Domeykos Arratia & Schultze, 1985
- Luisichthys White, 1942
- Protoclupea Arratia et al., 1975
- Varasichthys Arratia, 1981
Family Chongichthyidae Arratia, 1982
- Chongichthys Arratia, 1982
Suborder Crossognathoidei Taverne, 1989
- Family Crossognathidae Woodward, 1901 [Apsopelicidae Romer, 1966; Syllaemidae Cragin, 1901; Pelecorapidae Cragin, 1901]
 - Apsopelix Cope, 1871 [''[[Helmintholepis]] Cockerell, 1919; Leptichthys Stewart, 1899; Palaeoclupea Dante, 1942; Pelecorapis Cope, 1874; Syllaemus Cope, 1875]
 - Crossognathus Pictet, 1858
Suborder Pachyrhizodontoidei Forey, 1977
- Family Notelopidae Forey, 1977
 - Notelops Woodward, 1901
- Family Pachyrhizodontidae Cope, 1872 [Greenwoodellidae Taverne, 1973; Thrissopatrinae Boulenger, 1904b]
 - Apricenapiscis Taverne, 2013
 - Aquilopiscis Cumbaa & Murray, 2008
 - Cavinichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2019
 - Elopopsis Heckel, 1856
 - Goulmimichthys Cavin, 1995
 - Greenwoodella Taverne & Ross, 1973
 - Hemielopopsis Bassani, 1879
 - Lebrunichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2020
 - Michin Alvarado-Ortega et al., 2008
 - Motlayoichthys Arratia et al., 2018
 - Nardopiscis Taverne, 2008
 - Pachyrhizodus Dixon, 1850 [''[[Acrodontosaurus]] Mason, 1869; Eurychir Jordan, 1924; Oricardinus Cope, 1872; Thrissopater Günther, 1872 sensu Forey, 1977]
 - Phacolepis Agassiz, 1841 [''[[Rhacolepis]] Agassiz, 1841 non Frenguelli, 1942]
 - Platinx Agassiz, 1835
 - Polcynichthys London & Shimada, 2020^[7]
 - Rhacolepis Agassiz, 1843
 - Stanhopeichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2020
 - Tingitanichthys Taverne, 1996

Timeline of genera

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Bibliography

Sepkoski . Jack . A compendium of fossil marine animal genera . Bulletins of American Paleontology . 363 . 1–560 . 2002 . 2011-05-17 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class . July 23, 2011 .

Notes and References

Sferco . E. . López-Arbarello . A. . Báez . A. M. . Phylogenetic relationships of †Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 2015 . 15 . 1 . 268 . 10.1186/s12862-015-0551-6. 26630925 . 4668602 . free .
Arratia . Gloria . Tischlinger . Helmut . 2010-08-05 . The first record of Late Jurassic crossognathiform fishes from Europe and their phylogenetic importance for teleostean phylogeny . Fossil Record . en . 13 . 2 . 317–341 . 10.1002/mmng.201000005. free .
Book: Nelson. J. S.. Grande. T. C.. Wilson. M. V. H.. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 9781118342336.
van der Laan. R.. 2016. Family-group names of fossil fishes.
Arratia . G. . Tischlinger . H. . The first record of Late Jurassic crossognathiform fishes from Europe and their phylogenetic importance for teleostean phylogeny . Fossil Record . 2010 . 13 . 2 . 317–341 . 10.1002/mmng.201000005. free .
Veysey . A. J. . Brito . P. M. . Martill . D. M. . A new crossognathiform fish (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of southern Morocco with hypertrophied fins . Cretaceous Research . 2020 . 114 . 104207 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104207. 202200253 .
London . M. G. . Shimada . K. . A new pachyrhizodontid fish (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Tarrant Formation (Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group in Texas, USA . Cretaceous Research . 2020 . 113 . 104490 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104490. 219066064 .