Croissant (linguistic zone) explained

The Croissant (Occitan:[1] lo Creissent; French: le Croissant) is a linguistic transitional zone between the Langue d'oc (also referred to as Occitan) dialects and the Langue d'oïl dialects, situated in the centre of France where Occitan dialects are spoken (Limousin and Auvergnat) that have transitional traits toward French (Langue d'oïl[2]). The name derives from the contours of the zone that resemble a croissant, or crescent.

The first author to use the term Croissant was the linguist (1864-1925) in 1913.[3]

There are two main Croissant dialects:

Territory

The Croissant’s territory is shaped like a tapered crescent, joining the Tardoire valley in Charente (to the west) to Monts de la Madeleine in Allier (to the east). The crescent is very narrow between its westernmost point and Le Dorat (between 10 and 15 km wide) but widens towards the east: between 30 km (at Guéret) and 45 km (at Culan).

The principal communes in the zone:

The main Langue d’oc cities in the Croissant are Guéret, Montluçon and Vichy.[9]

Classification

Most linguists specializing in the Croissant dialects confirm it is a predominantly Occitan-speaking zone. (Tourtoulon & Bringuier, Dahmen, Escoffier, Chambon & Olivier, Quint). Only Jules Ronjat expresses a more cautious opinion by refusing to explicitly say if the Croissant comes under Langue d’Oc or Langue d’Oïl (French). Since Ronjat’s hesitation, some books by Occitan scholars (Pierre Bec, Robert Lafont) have been reluctant to present the Croissant as a completely Langue d'oc zone. However, cultural studies conducted in the Croissant from the 1970s (Quint, Merle) prove that linguistic and cultural awareness of Occitan is widespread there.

Since the 1970s, edited maps include nearly all of the Croissant in the Langue d’oc region. Guylaine Brun-Trigaud even includes the Langue d’oïl dialects with Occitan features.[10]

Likewise, the writer Valery Larbaud (1881-1957), who originated from Vichy, in the Croissant zone, expressed his support for the idea of a union of Langue d’oc regions in his work Jaune bleu blanc (Yellow blue white) (1927).

Historical, territorial and linguistic evolution

The influence of French in the Croissant zone goes back a long way. The presence of French-speaking nobility and administrators caused, from the second half of the 13th century, administrative and legal documents to be written in French and not in the local dialects, as well as in Marche County (Limousin-speaking territory) and in Bourbonnais (Auvergnat-speaking territory). In Bourbonnais, the earliest known documents written in the local vernacular are deeds in French with some Occitan forms inserted from 1245. Therefore, the Croissant has been a Langue d’oc-Langue d’oïl diglossia since that time, long before French had spread through the rest of the Langue d’oc linguistic area. The border between Langue d’oc and [Langue d’oïl was once located further north and has moved southward over the centuries. The French dialects the north of the Croissant (the southern part of [[Berry, France|Berry]] and the northern part of Bourbonnais) still contain traces of the Langue d’oc substrate.[11]

The spread of French towards the Croissant has been a long and progressive process, in contrast to the quite rapid désoccitanisation of Poitou, Saintonge and Angoumois, which took place between the 12th and 15th centuries, principally from the ravages of the Hundred Years' War, which caused the area to be consecutively repopulated.

In the Croissant dialects, the spread of Gallicisms has increased, weakening the local Occitan variants. During the last few centuries, it seems that progression to have been more rapid in Marche County (Limousin-speaking territory) than in Bourbonnais (Auvergnat-speaking territory). However, since the 20th century, in all cases, the spread of French has resulted in a diglossia, and linguistic substitutions similar to those across all of the Langue d’oc regions. That puts into perspective the "gallicised" aspects of the Croissant dialects today since nearly all Occitan dialects are undergoing a process of Gallicization.

Dialectological subdivisions

There is no clear dialectological subdivision in the Croissant region, and the general impression is that it is largely fragmented. There is no clear border between the Auvergnat dialect region and the Limousin dialect region since the "border" between these two dialects is a vast transitional zone spanning the entire eastern part of the Limousin region (well beyond the Croissant).

In any case, from a cultural and possibly dialectological point of view, the west of the Croissant as far as Montluçon belongs to Limousin or La Marche (Marchois is spoken there).

The eastern part of the Croissant from Montmarault, where the Averno-Bourbonnais dialect is found, is linked to Auvergnat.

Within the Auvergnat area, there is a distinct zone influenced by Francoprovençal in the south-east of Bourbonnais (the south-eastern part of Allier), towards the Bourbonnais Mountains. There, since ancient times, the intervocalic d is dropped, in particular in -aa endings (for -ada), as is also the case in Vivaro-Alpin, where the loss of the d can also be explained by its proximity to Francoprovençal.

Traits

The Croissant dialects are quite heterogenous according to Ronjat, but the following characteristics are commonly found:

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bonnaud, Pierre . Nouveau dictionnaire général français-auvergnat . New French-Auvergne general dictionary . Créer . Nonette . 1999 . 2-909797-32-5 . 41511251 . fr . [{{Google books |id=iIkx9IPwQD4C |page=176 |plainurl=yes}} 176].
  2. (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, 30 avril 2012 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])
  3. Ronjat . Jules . 1913 . Essai de syntaxe des parlers provençaux modernes . Essay on the syntax of modern Provençal dialects . D. ès L. . Introduction . https://archive.org/details/essaidesyntaxede00ronjuoft/page/6/mode/2up?q=Croissant . Protat Frères . Mâcon . 1046374159 . fr . 6–7, 11.
  4. (ca + oc) Manuel Cuyàs, Berta Rosés, Nuria Cicero,  [« Aranés, er occitan de Catalonha »], Barcelone, Généralité de Catalogne, 2020 (lire en ligne [archive])
  5. (fr + oc), Paris, Éditions CPE, 2010, 160 p.
  6. (en) Linguasphere Observatory, Linguasphere Observatory, 1999-2000 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 402
  7. Dominique Caubet, Salem Chaker, Jean Sibille, «  », Codification des langues de France. Actes du colloque Les langues de France et leur codification organisé par l'Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (Inalco, Paris, Mai 2000), Paris, Éditions L'Harmattan, 2002, p. 63-76
  8. Karl-Heinz Reichel, Études et Recherches sur les parlers arverno-bourbonnais aux confins de l'Auvergne, du Bourbonnais, de la Marche et du Forez, 2012 Chamalières, Cercle Terre d'Auvergne.
  9. (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, Toulouse, Barcelone, Associacion entara Difusion d'Occitània en Catalonha (ADÒC), 2014 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])
  10. Guylaine Brun-Trigaud, «  », Langue française, vol. 93, no 1, 1992, p. 23-52 (lire en ligne [archive], consulté le 6 décembre 2016).
  11. (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, 12 mai 2014 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])

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