Cro-Magnon rock shelter explained

Cro-Magnon rock shelter
Native Name:Abri de Cro-Magnon
Native Name Lang:fr
Map Type:France
Altitude M:73.0
Altitude Ref:[1]
Relief:1
Coordinates:44.9402777777778 0.00972222222222222
Location:Les Eyzies, Dordogne
Region:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Type:Rock shelter
Part Of:European early modern human sites
Material:Human remains, animal bones, flint tools
Built:~27,680 ± 270 BP
Epochs:Aurignacian
Occupants:Cro-Magnons
Excavations:1868+
Archaeologists:Louis Lartet
Public Access:Yes
Designation1:World Heritage Site
Designation1 Partof:Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley
Designation1 Date:1979 (3rd session)
Designation1 Type:Cultural
Designation1 Criteria:i, iii
Designation1 Number:85

Cro-Magnon (; French: Abri de Cro-Magnon in French pronounced as /kʁomaɲɔ̃/)[2] [3] [4] is an Aurignacian (Upper Paleolithic) site, located in a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, a hamlet in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, southwestern France.[5]

Most notably, it is the site of the discovery of anatomically modern human remains, apparently buried at the site, dated to about 28,000 years ago.[6] Because of its archeological importance, Abri de Cro-Magnon was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley site.[7]

Human remains

In 1868, workmen found animal bones, flint tools, and human skulls in the rock shelter. French geologist Louis Lartet was called for excavations, and found the partial skeletons of four prehistoric adults and one infant, along with perforated shells used as ornaments, an object made from ivory, and worked reindeer antler.

These "Cro-Magnon men" were identified as the prehistoric human species of Europe, as distinct from Neanderthal Man, described a few years earlier by William King based on the Neanderthal 1 fossil discovered in Germany in 1856. Lartet proposed the subspecies name Homo sapiens fossilis in 1869. The term "Cro-Magnon Man" soon came to be used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe. By the 1970s, the term was used for any early modern human wherever found, as was the case with the far-flung Jebel Qafzeh remains in Israel and various Paleo-Indians in the Americas.[8]

Cro-Magnon 1 consists of a skull and partial skeletal remains belonging to a male individual, approximately 40 years old.[9] It is dated to 27,680 ± 270 Before Present (BP). The cranial cavity measures .[10] The capacity of a modern adult anatomically modern human's cranial cavity is 1200to.[11]

Cro-Magnon 2 is a partially preserved female skull with marked facial similarities to Mladeč 2.[12]

Cro-Magnon 3 is a partial skull of a male adult.

The remains are thought to represent adults who died at an advanced age, who were placed at the site, along with pieces of shell and animal teeth in what appear to have been pendants or necklaces, in an apparent intentional burial. The presence of necklaces and tools suggests the concept of grave goods.[13]

Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life-threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons relied on community support and took care of each other's injuries. In addition, Cro-Magnon 1 suffered from a genetic condition called Neurofibromatosis type I, which would have led him to have large cysts or tumours on his face, evident in the depression in the frontal bone and pits of the eyebrows and cheek bones.[14]

Compared to Neanderthals, the skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. The other specimens from the site are a female, Cro-Magnon 2, and male remains, Cro-Magnon 3.

See also

Notes and references

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm Google Maps Elevation Finder
  2. French abri means "rock shelter", crô means "hole" in Occitan (standard French creux), and Magnon is the surname of the land owner at the time.
  3. Web site: Cros . 2014-08-15.
  4. Web site: The Cro-Magnon Shelter . 2014-08-15.
  5. Prehisto-France
  6. Cro-Magnon 1: 27,680 ± 270 BP Web site: Evolution: Humans: Origins of Humankind . Pbs.org . 2011-10-05.
  7. Web site: Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization . 9 October 2021.
  8. Brace . C. Loring . Alice M. . Haeussler . Shara E. . Bailey . 1996 . Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh—vive la Difference . Dental Anthropology Newsletter. 10 . 3 . 2–9 . Laboratory of Dental Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University . Tempe, AZ . 1096-9411 . 34148636 . 10.26575/daj.v10i3.225 . free .
  9. Abri Cro-Magnon - Hominidés.com
  10. Web site: Cro-Magnon 1 . 14 July 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060707133653/http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/cromagnon.html . July 7, 2006.
  11. Turchin VF. The Phenomenon of Science. Chapter 5. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  12. https://books.google.com/books?id=-8-aYbmn5xIC&pg=PA318 Maria Teschler-Nicola, Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladec Caves and their Remains (2007), p.318
  13. Web site: Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program . Museum of Natural History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060707133653/http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/cromagnon.html . July 7, 2006 .
  14. Charlier . P. . Benmoussa . N. . Froesch . P. . Huynh-Charlier. I.. Balzeau. A.. Did Cro-Magnon 1 have neurofibromatosis type 1?. The Lancet. March 2018 . 391 . 10127 . 1259 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30495-1 . 29619955 . free.