| Conventional Long Name: | Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic |
| Native Name: | Крымская Социалистическая Советская Республика |
| Common Name: | Crimea |
| P1: | Crimean Regional Government |
| Flag P1: | Flag of the Crimean Regional Government.svg |
| S1: | General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia |
| Flag S1: | Flag of Russia.svg |
| Capital: | Simferopol |
| Government Type: | Socialist republic |
| Title Leader: | Chairman |
| Leader1: | Dmitry Ulyanov |
| Year Leader1: | 1919 |
| Legislature: | |
| Era: | Russian Civil War |
| Event Pre: | Bolshevik invasion of CrimeaFall of the Crimean Regional Government |
| Date Pre: | Mar - Apr 1919 |
| Event Start: | Republic established |
| Year Start: | 1919 |
| Date Start: | May |
| Event1: | White Movement |
| Date Event1: | June 1919 |
| Event End: | Republic defeated |
| Date End: | June |
The Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic[1] (Russian: Крымская Социалистическая Советская Республика or Крымская Советская Социалистическая Республика;[2] Crimean Tatar; Crimean Turkish: Qırım Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti) or the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Crimea[3] was a state allied with Soviet Russia that existed in Crimea for several months in 1919 during the Russian Civil War. It was the second Bolshevik government in Crimea[3] and its capital was Simferopol.[2]
In April 1919, the Bolsheviks invaded Crimea for the second time (the first was in March 1918 and led to the creation of the short-lived Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic). After the conquest of Crimea (with the exception of the Kerch Peninsula) by the 3rd Ukrainian Red Army, a Crimean Regional Party Conference at Simferopol from 28–29 April adopted a resolution forming the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic and a revolutionary committee government.[2]
By 30 April, the Bolsheviks had occupied the entire peninsula and, on 5 May, the government was formed with Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov, Vladimir Lenin's brother, as chairman.[2] [3] On 1 June, the Crimean SSR joined in military union with soviet republics in Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, Lithuania, and Latvia.[3]
The republic was declared to be a non-national entity based on the equality of all nationalities.[2] Nationalization of industry and confiscation of the land of landlords, kulaks, and the church were implemented.[2] The Crimean SSR was more friendly toward the interests of Crimean Tatars than the Taurida SSR had been and leftist Tatars were allowed to take positions in the government.[3]
Starting in late May, Anton Denikin's White Volunteer Army, which had been gaining strength, threatened seizure of Crimea.[2] On 18 June, White forces under Yakov Slashchov (Яков Слащёв) landed in the area Koktebel and, as a result, the authorities of the Crimean SSR were evacuated from Crimea from 23–26 June and the Whites assumed control of the peninsula.[2] Crimea did not have its own government again until the formation of the South Russian Government by the Whites in February 1920.