CrfA RNA explained
CrfA RNA (Caulobacter response to famine RNA) is a family of non-coding RNAs found in Caulobacter crescentus. CrfA is expressed upon carbon starvation and is thought to activate 27 genes.[1] It was originally identified along with 26 other non-coding RNAs using a tiled Caulobacter microarray protocol specifically aimed at detecting small RNAs.[2]
CrfA RNA is one of only 8 putative ncRNAs conserved in the closely related Caulobacter sp. K31.
Carbon starvation response
CrfA was found to be upregulated 10-fold in C. crescentus when glucose was deprived in a minimal medium. Further experimentation found the response to be specific to carbon deprivation; its expression was not increased when phosphate or nitrogen were limiting factors.
Affymetrix microarrays were then used to analyse changes in the transcriptome in response to increased CrfA. Seven affected gene products were TonB-dependent receptors, outer membrane proteins which facilitate the uptake of external substrate.[3] The upregulation of these proteins could increase the carbon uptake during starvation. Another CrfA regulated gene is thought to encode a proton pump powered by pyrophosphate hydrolysis. Increasing production of this protein could enable the cell to maintain its electrochemical gradient and power ATP synthesis during carbon starvation.
σ54 regulates many other proteins involved in the carbon starvation response at the level of transcription.[4]
Further reading
- Laub MT, Shapiro L, McAdams HH . Systems biology of Caulobacter . Annu. Rev. Genet. . 41 . 429–441 . 2007 . 18076330 . 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130346 . 15724929 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190308174343/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ec34/bc7843e9c4042cbb29cd0390047a32abcaf6.pdf . dead . 2019-03-08 .
- Hinz AJ, Larson DE, Smith CS, Brun YV . The Caulobacter crescentus polar organelle development protein PodJ is differentially localized and is required for polar targeting of the PleC development regulator . Mol. Microbiol. . 47 . 4 . 929–941 . February 2003 . 12581350 . 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03349.x. free .
- Massé E, Majdalani N, Gottesman S . Regulatory roles for small RNAs in bacteria . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. . 6 . 2 . 120–124 . April 2003 . 12732300 . 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00027-4.
- Majdalani N, Vanderpool CK, Gottesman S . Bacterial small RNA regulators . Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. . 40 . 2 . 93–113 . 2005 . 15814430 . 10.1080/10409230590918702 .
- Book: Ely B . Genetics of Caulobacter crescentus . Bacterial Genetic Systems . Miller JH . Methods in Enzymology . 204 . 372–384 . 1991 . 1658564 . 10.1016/0076-6879(91)04019-K. 9780121821050 .
- Fröhlich KS, Vogel J . Activation of gene expression by small RNA . Curr. Opin. Microbiol. . 12 . 6 . 674–682 . December 2009 . 19880344 . 10.1016/j.mib.2009.09.009 .
Notes and References
- Landt SG, Lesley JA, Britos L, Shapiro L . CrfA, a Small Noncoding RNA Regulator of Adaptation to Carbon Starvation in Caulobacter crescentus . J. Bacteriol. . 192 . 18 . 4763–4775 . September 2010 . 20601471 . 10.1128/JB.00343-10 . 2937403.
- Landt SG, Abeliuk E, McGrath PT, Lesley JA, McAdams HH, Shapiro L . Small non-coding RNAs in Caulobacter crescentus . Mol. Microbiol. . 68 . 3 . 600–614 . May 2008 . 18373523 . 7540941. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06172.x . free .
- Koebnik R . TonB-dependent trans-envelope signalling: the exception or the rule? . Trends Microbiol. . 13 . 8 . 343–347 . August 2005 . 15993072 . 10.1016/j.tim.2005.06.005 .
- England JC, Perchuk BS, Laub MT, Gober JW . Global regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus in response to nutrient availability . J. Bacteriol. . 192 . 3 . 819–833 . February 2010 . 19948804 . 2812448 . 10.1128/JB.01240-09 .
