Crete and Cyrenaica explained

Native Name:
Conventional Long Name:Province of Crete and Cyrenaica
Common Name:Creta et Cyrenae
Subdivision:Province
Nation: the Roman Empire
Capital:Gortyna
Year Start:67 BC
Year End:c. 297 AD
Image Map Caption:Roman province of Creta et Cyrenae highlighted.
P1:Roman Cyrenaica
S1:Byzantine Crete
Flag S1:Simple Labarum.svg
S2:Libya Superior
Today:

Crete and Cyrenaica (Latin: Creta et Cyrenaica, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Κρήτη καὶ Κυρηναϊκή|Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ) was a senatorial province of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, established in 67 BC, which included the island of Crete and the region of Cyrenaica in modern-day Libya. These areas were settled by Greek colonists from the eighth to sixth centuries BC. After Alexander the Great's death, his short-lived empire was partitioned between his generals during the Wars of the Diadochi. Cyrenaica ended up under Egyptian rule, except for Crete, which remained independent.

Apion's will and Roman rule of Cyrenaica

Ptolemy Apion, the last king of the Hellenistic Kingdom of Cyrenaica left his kingdom to the Roman Republic when he died childless in 96 BC.[1] Rome readily accepted this inheritance from Ptolemy Apion but preferred to leave the administration to local rulers, rather than enforcing direct control. However, by the 70s BC, civil uprisings by Jewish settlers began to destabilise the province and the Senate was forced to take action. In 74 BC, they sent a low level official, the quaestor Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, to officially annex Cyrenaica as a Roman province and restore order. That the Senate sent such a low-ranking official indicates the political difficulty the Republic had in governing its growing empire, as well as indicating the ease with which Cyrenaica was willing to submit to Roman governance and the stability it brought.[2]

Roman conquest of Crete

Marcus Antonius Creticus attacked Crete in 71 BC and was repelled. Then in 69 BC, Rome commissioned Quintus Caecilius Metellus and, following a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered for Rome in 66 BC, Metellus earning the agnomen "Creticus" as an honour for his conquest and subjugation of Crete.[3]

Province

In 67 BC, Crete and Cyrenaica were combined into a single province with its capital at Gortyn in Crete.[4] In 117 AD, a Jewish revolt erupted in Cyrenaica, resulting in the death of two hundred and twenty thousand people.[5] In 298 AD, Diocletian, because of geographic inconvenience, separated the province of Crete from Cyrenaica, which in turn was divided between Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolis, with Cyrene as its capital, and Libya Inferior or Libya Sicca, with Paraetonium as its capital.[3] [6]

List of Roman governors

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ptolemy Apion . 2016-11-24 . Chris Bennett.
  2. Web site: Cyrenaica . 2016-11-24 . UNRV.com.
  3. Web site: Crete . 2016-11-24 . UNRV.com.
  4. Web site: Cyrenaica historical region, North Africa . 27 December 2017 . Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  5. Book: Smallwood, Edith M. . The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations . BRILL . 1981 . 978-90-04-06403-4 . 394 .
  6. Web site: Cyernaica . 2016-11-24 . Livius.org.
  7. Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 30 BC to AD 67 are taken from Werner Eck, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung", Zephyr 23/24 (1972/73), pp. 246f
  8. Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 71 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237
  9. Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 140 to 165 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 263f

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