| Cauterets | |
| Commune Status: | Commune |
| Image Coat Of Arms: | Blason ville fr Cauterets (65).svg |
| Arrondissement: | Argelès-Gazost |
| Canton: | La Vallée des Gaves |
| Insee: | 65138 |
| Postal Code: | 65110 |
| Mayor: | Jean-Pierre Florence[1] |
| Term: | 2020 - 2026 |
| Intercommunality: | Pyrénées Vallées des Gaves |
| Coordinates: | 42.89°N -0.11°W |
| Elevation M: | 1000 |
| Elevation Min M: | 503 |
| Elevation Max M: | 3300 |
| Area Km2: | 156.84 |
Cauterets (in French pronounced as /kotʁɛ/; in Occitan Cautarés, in Catalan Cautarés, in Aragonese Cautarès) is a spa town, a ski resort and a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department and the region of Occitanie in south-western France.
Historical names:[2]
The final -t is an error, as it was never used before the 19th century.
The meaning doesn't pose a problem: From the Latin (villa/vallis) caldarensis = (villa or Valley) where there are hot baths, in Gascon "los cautarers".
Occitan name: Cautarés.
Cauterets is located 32km (20miles) southwest of Lourdes and borders the Pyrenees National Park. Surrounded by the high mountains of the Pyrenees, the commune of Cauterets spreads in the narrow valley of the, a mountain stream extending from the and the and their tributaries, the and the .
The village gives access to many hiking trails serving natural sights, such as the Pic de Péguère at . Meanwhile, Gaube Lake is approximately 1hr and 30 minutes walk from Cauterets or can be accessed by a chairlift from the Pont d'Espagne, a settlement on a mountainside crossed by a waterfall. Also nearby is Petit Vignemale at, and the small Massif de la Fruitière. The is also accessible by cable car from where there are panoramic views over the Pyrenees. Cauterets is also a regular stopover for walkers travelling on the coast to coast Pyrenean GR10 walking route.
The minimum altitude,, is located in the north, where the Gave de Cauterets leaves the communal area and enters that of Soulom. The maximum elevation of corresponds to the highest point of the French Pyrénées, Vignemale, marking the . Other summits in the neighbourhood include the Monné at, the Cabaliros at and the Pic de Chabarrou at .
The extensive commune of Cauterets is bordered by Spain to southwest and fourteen communes in France.
Cauterets is well known for its copious thermal springs. They are chiefly characterized by the presence of sulphur and silicate of soda, and are used in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory organs, rheumatism, skin diseases and many other maladies. The main thermal baths, Thermes Cesar, were opened in 1843 and continue to offer treatments today.
Cauterets has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). Based on data collected between 1981 and 2010: The mean daily temperature in Cauterets was and average annual rainfall was, with November as the wettest month. July and August were the warmest months, with a mean high of, and January and February were the coldest, with a mean low of . Through 2015 the highest temperature recorded in Cauterets was on 18 August 2012, and the lowest recorded was on 11 February 1956.
Prehistoric and Protohistoric remnants have been found, many in the valleys above Cauterets: Eleven stone circles, four cromlech tumuli, six individual tumuli and five dolmens. The stone circles are particularly located in the Marcadau Valley and some plains and pastures.[3]
There are few traces of the period preceding the Roman conquest. Of the Gallo-Roman period, remains were found which used Cauterets thermal waters, such as a swimming pool. On the balcony of Saint-Savin, a castrum was built as well as the Palatium Aemilianum villa. The Villa Bencer was located on the present site of the village of Cauterets.
In the 8th or 9th century, a monk by the name of Sabinus came to live as a hermit in the valley. The future, his miracles and his canonization caused an influx of pilgrims. An abbey was built around his hermitage. It had the hôpital de Cauterès, named in a Papal Bull of the 12th century along with territories given by various lords, such as Charlemagne and the Comte de Bigorre. The abbey was plundered and destroyed by the Normans.
Between 1059 and 1078, Bernard III, Abbot of Saint-Savin, had installed a pool called "bain d'en-haut" [bath from above]. Cabin houses were grouped around this pool. This was the beginning of the village of Cauterets (Caouteres).
In the 12th century, a conflict arose between the inhabitants of Lavedan and those of the Aspe Valley for a theft of livestock; the result was the death of several Aspe people. The Bishop of Comminges, Bertrand excommunicated the Bigorre people who were repentant. They were sentenced to life imprisonment and to pay a yearly fine on the day of Saint Michel in the Church of Saint-Savin. It was regularly paid until 1789, and it was known as the tribut des Médailles [tribute of the medals].
Three baths existed around the different hot springs and there were twenty feus in the village. Gaston Phébus came to Cauterets to treat his deafness in 1380.
Return to "antique" values during the Renaissance of the 16th century favoured the return to the baths and the thermal waters. Multiple visits by Marguerite de Navarre in this century gave real fame to Cauterets.
In the 16th century, the Abbey of Saint-Savin lost its prestige and decayed due to lack of maintenance. During the French Wars of Religion, hydrotherapy stopped due to the destruction and wars against Spain.
The construction of passable roads in the 18th century to La Raillère helped the development of the valley. La Raillère became a water source of fashion thanks to editions of books on the water sources of Cauterets. At the end of the 18th century, the Bruzaud Spa was built.
The thermal baths of César, the Grand Hôtel d'Angleterre and the Grand Hotel Continental were all created along with monumental facades. All are witnesses of a 19th-century golden age of spas. Among its famous visitors, George Sand went there in 1825, Chateaubriand in 1829 and Victor Hugo in 1843. However, the socialites weren't the only ones to attend Cauterets: Bernadette Soubirous, affected by asthma, went there on several occasions in 1858 and 1859.
The vogue of hydrotherapy in the 19th century brought many personalities including members of the Bonaparte family. Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland, daughter of Empress Joséphine and wife of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland stayed in Cauterets from 18 June to 10 August 1807. On 25 July 1807, the Queen accompanied by guides Clement, Lacrampe and Martin, made the Cauterets-Gavarnie crossing by the .[4] In 1822, Vincent Chausenque, made the first ascent of the peak that now bears his name at above sea level. Count Henry Russell and other famous mountaineers came to realise numerous ascents from the valley. On 8 September 1859, Napoleon III and Empress Eugenie visited Cauterets.
La Raillère was built in stone from 1818 to 1828.
Transport infrastructure developed strongly, including the line of railway between Lourdes and Pierrefitte which opened in 1871, then the Pierrefitte-Cauterets electric line in 1899, and the Cauterets-La Raillère tramway was put into service on 2 August 1897.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Louis Falisse was one of the pioneers of skiing in the Pyrenees. With Henri Sallenave and Louis Robach, he made the first ascents of the Vignemale and the Aneto on ski. They gave tribute to the Pic Falisse at, close to the Grande Fache. The Cauterets ski club was founded in 1907. In 1910, the France Skiing Championship was organised at Eaux-Bonnes and Cauterets. In 1918, one of the first guardians of the was Pantet; Pic R.-Pantet at bears his name.
In 1937, the idea of a cable car to develop the skiing was launched but postponed due to World War II.
In the 1950s, during the construction of numerous hydroelectric dams, Cauterets refused the introduction of several selected at the Pont d'Espagne.[5]
On 18 June 2013, a catastrophic flood destroyed several buildings of the village. The RD920 departmental road, the access road to Cauterets from Pierrefitte-Nestalas, was swept away by the . The services of the General Council of the Hautes-Pyrénées commissioned a new section of road, in record time, of several hundred metres drawn on a mountainside, with a succession of spectacular laces that bypass the collapsed area.
In 2017, the commune had 908 inhabitants.
Cauterets is part of the, created in January 2017, which has brought together 46 communes.
| March 2006 (re-elected in March 2014) | 2020 | Michel Aubry[6] | |||
| 2020 | 2026 | Jean Pierre Florence |
Cauterets is a spa town with instructions in ENT and Rheumatology. The waters of its eleven sources are exploited in two institutions that receive spa guests: The Baths of César in the village of Cauterets, and the Baths of the Gryphons in the hamlet of La Raillère. Sources still remain the property of a syndicate of the neighbouring communes.
Confectionery arrived in the 16th century in Europe, the came to the thermal water communes of the Pyrenees in the 19th century, including Cauterets, according to the recommendations of some medical practitioners, to reduce the sulphur water taste.[7] Ten berlingot manufacturers existed in Cauterets at the beginning of the 20th century. There were four shops in 2014, three of which specialised in this product.
See main article: fr. Cauterets is a winter sports resort where one can enjoy downhill skiing and cross country skiing. There are of cross country tracks at Pont d'Espagne and 25 downhill pistes at between and altitude which are mainly suited for beginners and intermediates. A new cable car was built in 2005 which can transport 2000 skiers per hour to the Cirque du Lys area.
In February 2013, Cauterets experienced a record snowfall,[8] making it the snowiest resort in the world ahead of Mammoth Mountain[9] with at the ski resort.
The European Athletics Association organized the European Mountain Running Championships on 8 July 2007.
An extensive Pyrenean commune, Cauterets offers many natural sites in connection with the Pyrénées National Park, such as the Pont d'Espagne, Gaube Lake and the cascades which adorn the and the .
From the village of Cauterets, the Lys gondola lift and Grand Barbat chairlift provide access to the .