Covert listening device explained
A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug or a wire, is usually a combination of a miniature radio transmitter with a microphone. The use of bugs, called bugging, or wiretapping is a common technique in surveillance, espionage and police investigations.
Self-contained electronic covert listening devices came into common use with intelligence agencies in the 1950s, when technology allowed for a suitable transmitter to be built into a relatively small package. By 1956, the US Central Intelligence Agency was designing and building "Surveillance Transmitters" that employed transistors, which greatly reduced the size and power consumption. With no moving parts and greater power efficiency, these solid-state devices could be operated by small batteries, which revolutionized the process of covert listening.
A bug does not have to be a device specifically designed for the purpose of eavesdropping. For instance, with the right equipment, it is possible to remotely activate the microphone of cellular phones, even when a call is not being made, to listen to conversations in the vicinity of the phone.[1]
Dictograph
Among the earliest covert listening devices used in the United States of America was the dictograph, an invention of Kelley M. Turner patented in 1906 (US Patent US843186A).[2] It consisted of a microphone in one location and a remote listening post with a speaker that could also be recorded using a phonograph. While also marketed as a device that allowed broadcasting of sounds, or dictating text from one room to a typist in another, it was used in several criminal investigations.[3] [4]
A wire
A "wire" is a device that is hidden or concealed under a person's clothes for the purpose of covertly listening to conversations in proximity to the person wearing the "wire". Wires are typically used in police sting operations in order to gather information about suspects.[5] The wire device transmits to a remote location where law enforcement agents monitor what is being said.
The act of "wearing a wire" refers to a person knowingly recording the conversation or transmitting the contents of a conversation to a police listening post. Usually, some sort of device is attached to the body in an inconspicuous way, such as taping a microphone wire to their chest. Undercover agents "wearing a wire" is a typical plot element in gangster and police-related movies and television shows. A stereotypical scene might include an individual being suspected by criminals of "wearing a wire", resulting in their tearing the suspect's shirt open to reveal the deception.[6]
When infiltrating a criminal organization a mole may be given a "wire" to wear under their clothes.
Wearing a wire is viewed as risky since discovery could lead to violence against the mole or other retaliatory responses.[7]
Remotely activated mobile phone microphones
Mobile phone (cell phone) microphones can be activated remotely, without any need for physical access.[1] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] This "roving bug" feature has been used by law enforcement agencies and intelligence services to listen in on nearby conversations.[14] A United States court ruled in 1988 that a similar technique used by the FBI against reputed former Gulfport, Mississippi, cocaine dealers after having obtained a court order was permissible.[15] Not only microphones but also seemingly innocuous motion sensors, which can be accessed by third-party apps on Android and iOS devices without any notification to the user, are a potential eavesdropping channel in smartphones.[1] With the Covid-19 pandemic came an increase in remote work spurring on a new advent of Employee Monitoring Software which remotely collects many forms of data from laptops and smartphones issued by employers, including webcam and microphone data, raising concerns that a new era of corporate spying has shifted the power balance between workers and businesses.
Automobile computer systems
In 2003, the FBI obtained a court order to surreptitiously listen in on conversations in a car through the car's built-in emergency and tracking security system. A panel of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals prohibited the use of this technique because it involved deactivating the device's security features.[16] [17]
Audio from optical sources
A laser microphone can be used to reconstruct audio from a laser beam shot onto an object in a room, or the glass pane of a window.
Researchers have also prototyped a method for reconstructing audio from video of thin objects that can pick up sound vibrations, such as a houseplant or bag of potato chips.[18]
Examples of use
- Embassies and other diplomatic posts are often the targets of bugging operations.
- The Soviet embassy in Ottawa was bugged by the Government of Canada and MI5 during its construction in 1956.[19]
- The Russian Embassy in The Hague was bugged by the BVD and the CIA in 1958 and 1959 using an Easy Chair Mark III listening device.[20]
- Extensive bugging of the West German embassy in Moscow by the KGB was discovered by German engineer Horst Schwirkmann, leading to an attack on Schwirkmann in 1964.[21]
- The Great Seal bug was hidden in a copy of the Great Seal of the United States, presented by the Soviet Union to the United States ambassador in Moscow in 1946 and only discovered in 1952. The bug was unusual in that it had no power source or active components, making it much harder to detect—it was a new type of device, called a passive resonant cavity bug. The cavity had a metallic diaphragm that moved in unison with sound waves from a conversation in the room. When illuminated by a radio beam from a remote location, the cavity would return a frequency modulated signal.
- The United States Embassy in Moscow was bugged during its construction in the 1970s by Soviet agents posing as laborers. When discovered in the early 1980s, it was found that even the concrete columns were so riddled with bugs that the building eventually had to be torn down and replaced with a new one, built with US materials and labor.
- In 1984, bugs were discovered in at least 16 IBM Selectric typewriters in the US Embassy in Moscow and the US Consulate in Leningrad. The highly sophisticated devices were planted by the Soviets between 1976 and 1984 and were hidden inside a metal support bar. Information was intercepted by detecting the movements of metal bars inside the typewriter (the so-called latch interposers) by means of magnetometers. The data was then compressed and transmitted in bursts.[22]
- In 1990, it was reported that the embassy of the People's Republic of China in Canberra, Australia, had been bugged by the Australian Secret Intelligence Service as part of the UKUSA Project Echelon.[23]
- In 2003, the Pakistani embassy building in London was found bugged; contractors hired by MI5 had planted bugs in the building in 2001.[24]
- During World War II, the Nazis took over a Berlin brothel, Salon Kitty, and used concealed microphones to spy on patrons.
- Also during the war, the British used covert listening devices to monitor captured German fighter pilots being held at Trent Park.
- In the late 1970s, a bug was discovered in a meeting room at the OPEC headquarters in Vienna. The bug intercepted the audio from the PA system via a pickup coil and transmitted it on a frequency near 600 MHz using subcarrier audio masking. It was not discovered who was responsible for planting the bug.[25]
- Colin Thatcher, a Canadian politician, was secretly recorded making statements which would later be used to convict him of his wife's murder. The recording device was concealed on a person Thatcher had previously approached for help in the crime.
- Electronic bugging devices were found in March 2003 at offices used by French and German delegations at the European Union headquarters in Brussels. Devices were also discovered at offices used by other delegations. The discovery of the telephone tapping systems was first reported by Le Figaro newspaper, which blamed the US.[26]
- The car of Thomas Hentschell, who was involved in the Melbourne gangland killings, was bugged by police.
- In 1999, the US expelled a Russian diplomat, accusing him of using a listening device in a top floor conference room used by diplomats in the United States Department of State headquarters.[27]
- In 2001, the government of the People's Republic of China announced that it had discovered twenty-seven bugs in a Boeing 767 purchased as an official aircraft of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Jiang Zemin.[28]
- In 2003, Alastair Campbell (who was Director of Communications and Strategy from 1997 to 2003 for the British Prime Minister) in his memoirs The Blair Years: The Alastair Campbell Diaries alleged that two bugs were discovered in the hotel room meant for visiting Prime Minister Tony Blair planted by Indian intelligence agencies. The alleged bug discovery was at a hotel during Blair's official visit to New Delhi in 2001. Security services supposedly informed him that the bugs could not be removed without drilling the wall and therefore he changed to another room.[29] [30]
- In 2004, a bug was found in a meeting room at the United Nations offices in Geneva.[31]
- In 2008, it was reported that an electric samovar presented to Elizabeth II in about 1968 by a Soviet aerobatic team was removed from Balmoral Castle as a security precaution amid fears that its wiring could contain a listening device.[32]
- On 6 December 1972, the Central Intelligence Agency placed a wire tap on a multiplex trunk line 24 kilometers southwest of Vinh to intercept Vietnamese communist messages concerning negotiating an end to the Vietnam War.[33]
- The Watergate scandal in the 1970s.
Listening devices and the UK law
The use of listening devices is permitted under UK law providing that they are used in compliance with Data Protection and Human Rights laws. If a government body or organisation intends to use listening or recording devices they must follow the laws put in place by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA). It is usually permitted to record audio covertly in a public setting or one's own home.
Legal requirements of listening and recording device use
It is illegal to use listening or recording devices that are not permitted for public use. Individuals may only use listening or recording devices within reasonable privacy laws for legitimate security and safety reasons. Many people use listening devices on their own property to capture evidence of excessive noise in a neighbour complaint, which is legal in normal circumstances.[34]
Legal use of listening and recording devices
It is legal to use listening or recording devices in public areas, in an office or business area, or in one's own home. Many people use listening devices to record evidence or to take notes for their own reference.
Illegal use of listening and recording devices
It is illegal to use listening devices on certain Military band and Air Band UHF and FM frequencies - people in the past who have not followed this law have been fined over £10,000. This is because the use of a radio transmission bug that transmits on restricted frequencies contravenes the Telecommunications Act and is illegal. It is also against the law to place a listening or recording device in someone else's home. Due to privacy and human rights laws, using a listening or recording device to intrude on the reasonable expectation of privacy of an individual is highly illegal, i.e. placing gadgets in someone's home or car to which one does not have permitted access, or in a private area such as a bathroom.
United States Law on Listening Devices
See also: Telephone call recording laws.
Federal laws on Listening Devices
Several federal laws were passed by congress that apply nation-wide. Under Title 18 of the US Code § 2251 2(iii)(c) at least one of the parties involved in the communication must have given consent to interception of the communication. This title applies to wire, oral, or any kind of electric communication. This single party consent only applies if one of the parties is an "officer of the United States" (Title 18 of the US Code § 2251 [2d]).[35] Furthermore, congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). This act updated the Federal Wiretap Act of 1968. The Federal Wiretap act addressed the interception of conversations over telephone lines, but not interception of computer or other digital data. This act was further updated by the USA Patriot Act to clarify and modernize the ECPA. The ECPA has three title. Title I prohibits attempted or successful interception of or "procure[ment] [of] any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept any wire, oral, or electronic communication." It also prohibits the storage of any information obtained via phone calls without consent or illegally obtained though wiretaps.[36] Furthermore, the US passed the Wiretap Act which prohibits unauthorized interception of "wire, oral, or electronic communications" by the government or by private citizens. Furthermore, this act establishes the procedure for government officials to obtain warrants to authorize any wiretapping activates. Such laws were passed in response to congressional investigations that found extensive cases of government and private wiretapping without consent or legal authorization.[37] In the US, electronic surveillance is seen as protected under the Constitution that the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable search and seizure by the government,[38] which also is seen by the Supreme Court of the United States as electronic surveillance.
State to State variation
Listening devices are regulated by several legislative bodies in the United States. Laws on listening devices varies between states within the US. Typically the variation comes on whether or not the state is a one or two party consent state. Within one party consent states, only one party must approve the recording, whereas in all party consent states all parties must consent to the recording. In many states, the consent requirements listed below only apply to situations where the parties have a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as private property, and do not apply in public areas. [39] (Protection can apply to conversations in public areas in some circumstances.)[40]
Parties required to give consent by state!One-party Consent States!All-Party Consent StatesAlabama | California |
Alaska | Connecticut |
Arizona | Delaware |
Arkansas | Florida |
Colorado | Illinois |
District of Columbia (D.C.) | Maryland |
Georgia | Massachusetts |
Hawaii | Michigan |
Idaho | Montana |
Indiana | Nevada |
Iowa | New Hampshire |
Kansas | Oregon |
Kentucky | Pennsylvania |
Louisiana | Vermont |
Maine | Washington |
Minnesota | |
Mississippi |
Missouri |
Nebraska |
New Jersey |
New Mexico |
New York |
North Carolina |
North Dakota |
Ohio |
Oklahoma |
Rhode Island |
South Carolina |
South Dakota |
Tennessee |
Texas |
Utah |
Virginia |
West Virginia |
Wisconsin |
Wyoming | |
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Kröger. Jacob Leon. Raschke. Philip. Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXIII. Is My Phone Listening in? On the Feasibility and Detectability of Mobile Eavesdropping. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 11559. 2019. 102–120. 0302-9743. 10.1007/978-3-030-22479-0_6. 978-3-030-22478-3. free.
- US843186A. Telephone dictating machine or apparatus. 1907-02-05. Germer. William F. H..
- 10.1017/S153778140000222X. "The Dictograph Hears All": An Example of Surveillance Technology in the Progressive Era. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 6. 4. 409–430. 2007. Kemp. Kathryn W.. 163849152.
- What the dictograph is. Strother, French. 37–41. The World's Work. 1912. 24. 1.
- Informants and Undercover Investigations: A Practical Guide to Law, Policy, Dennis G. Fitzgerald, CRC Press, Jan 24, 2007, page 204
- Guide to Writing Movie Scripts, Wils Randel, 2009, page 123
- Organized Crime, Micheal Benson, Infobase Publishing, Jan. 1, 2009, page
- Web site: Remotely Eavesdropping on Cell Phone Microphones . Schneier. Bruce. 5 December 2006. Schneier On Security. 13 December 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20140112133850/https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html. 12 January 2014.
- News: FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool. McCullagh. Declan . Anne Broache. 1 December 2006. CNet News. 14 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110182623/http://news.cnet.com/FBI-taps-cell-phone-mic-as-eavesdropping-tool/2100-1029_3-6140191.html. 10 November 2013.
- News: Use of mobile helped police keep tabs on suspect . Odell. Mark. 1 August 2005. Financial Times. 14 March 2009.
- Web site: Telephones. 2001. Western Regional Security Office (NOAA official site). 22 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20131106021817/http://www.wrc.noaa.gov/wrso/security_guide/telephon.htm. 6 November 2013.
- News: Can You Hear Me Now?. ABC News: The Blotter. 13 December 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20110825102123/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2006/12/can_you_hear_me.html. 25 August 2011.
- Web site: Cell hack geek stalks pretty blonde shocker . Lewis Page . The Register . 26 June 2007 . 1 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193709/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/26/cell_hack_geek_spook_stalk/ . 3 November 2013 .
- News: This goes no further... . Brian Wheeler . . 2 March 2004 . 23 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20140327110049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3522137.stm . 27 March 2014 .
- http://news.cnet.com/FBI+taps+cell+phone+mic+as+eavesdropping+tool/2100-1029_3-6140191.html FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool.
- http://www.refuseandresist.org/police_state/art.php?aid=1216 "Court Leaves the Door Open for Safety System Wiretaps"
- http://news.cnet.com/Court+to+FBI+No+spying+on+in-car+computers/2100-1029_3-5109435.html Court to FBI: No spying on in-car computers.
- Web site: How To Translate Sight Into Sound? It's All In The Vibrations. npr.org. 9 May 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170714191450/http://www.npr.org/2014/08/05/338099752/how-to-turn-sight-into-sound-its-all-in-the-vibrations. 14 July 2017. dmy-all.
- Operation Dew Worm. Described by Peter Wright in Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer, Stoddart (paperback), 1987. pp. 79-83
- Web site: Operation Easy Chair: Bugging the Russian Embassy in The Hague in 1958. 30 March 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054627/http://www.cryptomuseum.com/covert/cases/nl/ra1958.htm. 1 April 2017. dmy-all.
- Fumigating the Fumigator . . 25 September 1964 . 6 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130823151105/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C876162%2C00.html . 23 August 2013 . dead .
- Web site: Operation Gunman: how the Soviets bugged IBM typewriters. 14 October 2015. Crypto Museum. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170515195015/http://www.cryptomuseum.com/covert/bugs/selectric/index.htm. 15 May 2017. dmy-all.
- Web site: Australian Security & Intelligence Organization (ASIO) . 5 April 2011 . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20090503131918/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/ww2/pages-2aif-cmf/aib-asio.htm . 3 May 2009 . "In 1990, it was learned, that the ASIS, along with the help of 30 NSA technicians, had bugged the Chinese embassy. The story had originally been picked up by an Australian paper, but the ASIS asked them to sit on the story. Shortly thereafter, the Associated Press also picked up the story, but the ASIS also got them to sit on the story. However, the story somehow made its way to Time magazine, where it was published, compromising the operation."
- News: UK embassy 'bug' angers Pakistan . BBC News . 10 November 2003 . 30 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121114062123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3257265.stm . 14 November 2012 .
- Web site: OPEC bug. 28 August 2016. Crypto Museum. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210022/http://www.cryptomuseum.com/covert/bugs/opec/index.htm. 31 March 2017. dmy-all.
- News: 2003-03-19. EU investigates mystery buggings. en-GB. 2020-05-13.
- News: David . Johnston . James Risen . U.S. Expelling Russian Diplomat in Bugging of State Dept. . 10 December 1999 . The New York Times . 27 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090206230511/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E0DF1431F933A25751C1A96F958260. 6 February 2009.
- News: China finds spy bugs in Jiang's Boeing jet. McElroy. Damien. 20 January 2002. The Telegraph. live. Wastell. David. https://web.archive.org/web/20140306111613/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1382116/China-finds-spy-bugs-in-Jiangs-Boeing-jet.html. 6 March 2014.
- News: 20 July 2007 . Vajpayee govt tried to bug Blair's bedroom in Delhi . IBNLive . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929145020/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vajpayee-govt-tried-to-bug-blairs-bedroom-in-delhi/45265-2.html . 29 September 2012 .
- News: Delhi clumsily bugged Blair's room . . 30 July 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160808035105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi_clumsily_bugged_Blairs_room/articleshow/2243144.cms . 8 August 2016 . dmy-all .
- Web site: 2004-12-18. Bugging device found at UN offices. 2021-09-04. the Guardian. en.
- News: Russia's teapot gift to Queen 'could have been bugged' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Matthew . Moore . 25 November 2008 . 30 April 2010. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090207195100/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/theroyalfamily/3515927/Russias-teapot-gift-to-Queen-could-have-been-bugged.html . 7 February 2009 .
- Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Paladin Press, pp. 381 - 385.
- The Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception of Communications) Regulations 2000.
- Web site: 18 U.S. Code § 2511 - Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited . 2024-01-29 . LII / Legal Information Institute . en.
- Web site: Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA) Bureau of Justice Assistance . 2024-01-29 . bja.ojp.gov . en.
- Web site: Title III of The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Wiretap Act) Bureau of Justice Assistance . 2024-01-29 . bja.ojp.gov . en.
- Web site: What Does the Fourth Amendment Mean? United States Courts . 2024-01-29 . www.uscourts.gov . en.
- Web site: 2018-04-25 . Recording Phone Calls and Conversations: 50-State Survey . 2024-01-29 . Justia . en.
- Web site: eavesdropping . 2024-01-29 . LII / Legal Information Institute . en.