Texas Courts of Appeals explained

The Texas Courts of Appeals are part of the Texas judicial system. In Texas, all cases appealed from district and county courts, criminal and civil, go to one of the fourteen intermediate courts of appeals, with one exception: death penalty cases. The latter are taken directly to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the court of last resort for criminal matters in the State of Texas. The highest court for civil and juvenile matters is the Texas Supreme Court. While the Supreme Court (SCOTX) and the Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) each have nine members per the Texas Constitution, the sizes of the intermediate courts of appeals are set by statute and vary greatly, depending on historical case filings and so that the justices on each court can timely adjudicate the volume of cases regularly before them. The total number of intermediate appellate court seats currently stands at 80, ranging from three (Texarkana, El Paso, Waco, Eastland, and Tyler), four (Amarillo and Beaumont), six (Austin and Corpus Christi-Edinburg), seven (Fort Worth and San Antonio), nine (Houston-1st and Houston-14th), and thirteen (Dallas) per court.

Appellate courts consisting of more than three justices hear and decide cases in panels of three. Those courts with more than three justices sit in rotating panels and do not consistently sit with the same justices. In some cases, the justices will hear arguments from the parties' lawyers in what is called oral argument. The lawyers present their arguments one at a time, typically for twenty minutes each, followed by a brief rebuttal from the appellant, the party complaining of the decision of the lower court. During the lawyers' presentations, the justice commonly interject with questions that the lawyers answer on the spot. On rare occasions, all the justices of a court of appeals sit together en banc to reconsider a panel decision or to assure consistency in that court's jurisprudence. En banc consideration is 'disfavored" according to appellate rule 41.2(b). The en banc process is also used to overrule prior precedent of the same court which its panels would otherwise follow. The precedents established by a court of appeals are binding on the lower courts in its own district, but not in others.

The various courts of appeals occasionally but rarely hand down conflicting rulings on the same legal issue. In large part, the Texas Supreme Court (in civil cases) or Court of Criminal Appeals (in criminal cases) exist to resolve these rare conflicts and to set forth consistent legal precedent for the state's litigants. Decisions of the two courts of last resort on questions of law are binding on all state courts, and are also followed by federal courts when they hear cases governed by Texas state law.

The federal courts sitting in Texas apply state law when the case is not controlled by federal law or by the law of another jurisdiction based contractual choice of law or other basis for application of another's jurisdiction's law. Not infrequently the federal district courts sitting in Texas and the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals make guesses as to how the Texas Supreme Court would rule on an issue of state law that is still unsettled due to a conflict among the intermediate courts of appeals.[1] Such an issue may also be referred to the Texas Supreme Court by certified question,[2] but this procedure is rarely employed.

Like the members of the Texas Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Justices of the intermediate Texas Courts of Appeals are elected in partisan elections to six-year terms. Some, however, are initially appointed by the Texas Governor to fill vacancies and then run as incumbents in the next election.

In a small number of instances, (4-6% in recent years),[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] the Texas Supreme Court transfers a case from one court to another. Under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 41.3, the transferee court must apply controlling precedents of the court from which the case was sent, if they exist. All courts of appeals retain the discretion to recall retired justices to assist writing any backlog of opinions in the court.

In 2023, a law was passed creating an appellate level business court, via the newly created Fifteenth Court of Appeals.[8] Once operational, it would become the first specialized appellate level business court in the United States.[9] On February 6, 2024, the Texas Supreme Court approved a preliminary set of appellate rules for this new court, subject to public comment (which closed on May 1, 2024).[10] In June 2024, the Governor began appointing judges to the Fifteenth Court of Appeals.[11] As of July 2024, there is a constitutional challenge to the viability of the Fifteenth Court of Appeals pending before the Texas Supreme Court, based upon its statewide nature.[12]

History

Courts of civil appeals in Texas were established in 1891 by constitutional amendment to help handle the increasing load of the court system. They had jurisdiction to hear appeals and mandamus petitions of any civil case from their region, with the regions decided by the legislature. The amendment provided that three-judge courts of appeals were to be created by legislature, and in 1892, the legislature created 3 courts of appeals: The First Court of Civil Appeals in Galveston, the Second Court of Civil Appeals in Fort Worth, and the Third Court of Civil Appeals in Austin. In 1893, the legislature created the Fourth Court of Civil Appeals in San Antonio out of territory taken from the first and third courts, and the Fifth Court of Appeals in Dallas. In 1907, the legislature created the Sixth Court of Civil Appeals in Texarkana. Then in 1911, the Seventh Court of Civil Appeals in Amarillo and the Eighth Court of Civil Appeals in El Paso were created. Soon after that, the Ninth Court of Civil Appeals was created in Beaumont in 1915, the Tenth was created in Waco in 1923, and the Eleventh was created in Eastland in 1925.[13]

In 1957, after Hurricane Audrey severely damaged the Galveston County Courthouse, the legislature moved the First Court of Appeals to Houston (where it sits today) and required Harris County to provide facilities.[14]

It was not until the 1970s that any more courts were created with the Twelfth Court of Civil Appeals in Tyler, the Thirteenth in Corpus Christi and Edinburg, and the Fourteenth in Houston. The latter exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the First Court.[13]

In 1977, the legislature increased the number of judges of various courts and authorized courts of appeals to sit in "panels" of not fewer than three judges.[14]

On September 1, 1981, all Courts of Civil Appeals were given criminal jurisdiction, and in 1985 a constitutional amendment was passed so that all courts were known as "Courts of Appeals" instead of "Courts of Civil Appeals."[14] Until 1981, all criminal appeals cases went directly to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, and all cases involving capital punishment still do.[15] [16]

In January 2019, a large number of newly elected justices took office, which required panels that included incumbents who were defeated in the November 2018 elections to be reconstituted, though in practice, this reconstitution caused little disruption in court productivity. Because of similar turnover in many metropolitan trial courts, the court procedure rules required pending mandamus cases to be abated and remanded for the new trial court judge to reconsider the challenged order of his or her predecessor.

The overall effect of the November 2018 Democratic sweep of the appellate courts in Houston, Dallas, and Austin was to make the intermediate appellate judiciary more diverse in terms of party affiliation, gender, and race/ethnicity, as can be seen by comparing the demographic statistics reported by the Office of Court Administration for 2018[17] and 2019.[18]

Jurisdictions

There are fourteen appellate districts each of which encompasses multiple counties and is presided over by a Texas Court of Appeals denominated by number:[19] The counties of Gregg, Rusk, Upshur, and Wood are in the jurisdictions of both the Sixth and Twelfth Courts, while Hunt County is in the jurisdiction of both the Fifth and Sixth Courts.

First Court of Appeals

First Court of Appeals of Texas – Houston (formerly Galveston), covering Austin, Brazoria, Chambers, Colorado, Fort Bend, Galveston, Grimes, Harris, Waller, and Washington counties

PlaceJustice[20] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice[21] 20282038RepublicanSouth Texas
9[22] 20242040DemocraticUT
220242028DemocraticUPenn
69 July 197220242048DemocraticColumbia
8[23] 20242034DemocraticBaylor
720242046DemocraticHouston
32026DemocraticHouston
520262054DemocraticHouston
420282062RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Harvard

Second Court of Appeals

Second Court of Appeals of Texas – Fort Worth, covering Archer, Clay, Cooke, Denton, Hood, Jack, Montague, Parker, Tarrant, Wichita, Wise, and Young counties

PlaceJustice[24] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice2 September 195920242034RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)UT
32028RepublicanUT
48 July 195920242034RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Houston
52 October 195720242034RepublicanBaylor
22026RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Baylor
62024RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Houston
7[25] 20262054RepublicanHouston

Third Court of Appeals

Third Court of Appeals of Texas – Austin, covering Bastrop, Bell, Blanco, Burnet, Caldwell, Coke, Comal, Concho, Fayette, Hays, Irion, Lampasas, Lee, Llano, McCulloch, Milam, Mills, Runnels, San Saba, Schleicher, Sterling, Tom Green, Travis, and Williamson counties

PlaceJustice[26] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice2026DemocraticHouston
530 July 195620242034DemocraticHouston
6[27] 20242042DemocraticUT
32024DemocraticUT
220242054DemocraticA&M
423 June 197520282050DemocraticUT

Fourth Court of Appeals

Fourth Court of Appeals of Texas – San Antonio, covering Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Brooks, Dimmit, Duval, Edwards, Frio, Gillespie, Guadalupe, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kendall, Kerr, Kimble, Kinney, La Salle, Mason, Maverick, McMullen, Medina, Menard, Real, Starr, Sutton, Uvalde, Val Verde, Webb, Wilson, Zapata, and Zavala counties

PlaceJustice[28] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice[29] 20262042DemocraticBoston
312 October 1954[30] 20242030DemocraticUT
424 June 1973[31] 20242048DemocraticSt. Mary's
6[32] 20282038DemocraticSt. Mary's
219 October 197620242052DemocraticSt. Mary's
52024DemocraticSt. Mary's
72024RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)St. Mary's

Fifth Court of Appeals

See main article: Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas. Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas – Dallas, covering Collin, Dallas, Grayson, Hunt, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties

Sixth Court of Appeals

Sixth Court of Appeals of Texas – Texarkana, covering Bowie, Camp, Cass, Delta, Fannin, Franklin, Gregg, Harrison, Hopkins, Hunt, Lamar, Marion, Morris, Panola, Red River, Rusk, Titus, Upshur, and Wood counties

PlaceJustice[33] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice2028RepublicanSouth Texas
325 October 196720282044RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)South Texas
216 September 196820242046RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Baylor

Seventh Court of Appeals

Seventh Court of Appeals of Texas – Amarillo, covering Armstrong, Bailey, Briscoe, Carson, Castro, Childress, Cochran, Collingsworth, Cottle, Crosby, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Dickens, Donley, Floyd, Foard, Garza, Gray, Hale, Hall, Hansford, Hardeman, Hartley, Hemphill, Hockley, Hutchinson, Kent, King, Lamb, Lipscomb, Lubbock, Lynn, Moore, Motley, Ochiltree, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Roberts, Sherman, Swisher, Terry, Wheeler, Wilbarger, and Yoakum counties.

PlaceJustice[34] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice23 June 195620262032RepublicanRick Perry (R)Texas Tech
26 September 196020242036RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Tech
422 August 196820282044RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Tech
32024RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Tech

Eighth Court of Appeals

Eighth Court of Appeals of Texas – El Paso, covering Andrews, Brewster, Crane, Crockett, Culberson, El Paso, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Loving, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Reeves, Terrell, Upton, Ward, and Winkler counties

PlaceJustice[35] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice20242036RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Tech
32024DemocraticPepperdine
2[36] 20242046DemocraticUT

Ninth Court of Appeals

Ninth Court of Appeals of Texas – Beaumont, covering Hardin, Jasper, Jefferson, Liberty, Montgomery, Newton, Orange, Polk, San Jacinto, and Tyler counties

PlaceJustice[37] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice20262036RepublicanHouston
42024RepublicanRick Perry (R)UT
318 October 196120242036RepublicanRick Perry (R)UA
29 April 195920282034RepublicanHouston

Tenth Court of Appeals

Tenth Court of Appeals of Texas – Waco, covering Bosque, Brazos, Burleson, Coryell, Ellis, Falls, Freestone, Hamilton, Hill, Johnson, Leon, Limestone, Madison, McLennan, Navarro, Robertson, Somervell, and Walker counties

PlaceJustice[38] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice20242034RepublicanRick Perry (R)Baylor
2[39] 20262038RepublicanOCU
3[40] 20262026RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)UT

Eleventh Court of Appeals

Eleventh Court of Appeals of Texas – Eastland, covering Baylor, Borden, Brown, Callahan, Coleman, Comanche, Dawson, Eastland, Ector, Erath, Fisher, Gaines, Glasscock, Haskell, Howard, Jones, Knox, Martin, Midland, Mitchell, Nolan, Palo Pinto, Scurry, Shackelford, Stephens, Stonewall, Taylor, and Throckmorton counties

PlaceJustice[41] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice2024RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Tech
31 January 195920282034RepublicanTexas Tech
215 January 195520262030RepublicanTexas Tech

Twelfth Court of Appeals

Twelfth Court of Appeals of Texas – Tyler, covering Anderson, Angelina, Cherokee, Gregg, Henderson, Houston, Nacogdoches, Rains, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Smith, Trinity, Upshur, Van Zandt, and Wood counties

PlaceJustice[42] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice21 May 195420262030RepublicanSouth Texas
214 March 197020282046RepublicanRick Perry (R)Baylor
319 July 195720242034RepublicanRick Perry (R)Texas Tech

Thirteenth Court of Appeals

Thirteenth Court of Appeals of Texas – Corpus Christi and Edinburg, covering Aransas, Bee, Calhoun, Cameron, De Witt, Goliad, Gonzales, Hidalgo, Jackson, Kenedy, Kleberg, Lavaca, Live Oak, Matagorda, Nueces, Refugio, San Patricio, Victoria, Wharton, and Willacy counties

PlaceJustice[43] BornJoinedTerm endsMandatory retirementParty affiliationAppointed by Law school
1, Chief Justice25 February 195820242034DemocraticHouston
56 December 196220242040DemocraticHouston
210 December 1964[44] 20242040DemocraticUT
412 September 1963[45] 20242040RepublicanGreg Abbott (R)Texas Southern
615 April 198220262060RepublicanTexas Southern
38 June 195920282034RepublicanTexas Southern
  1. Fourteenth Court of Appeals of Texas – Houston, covering Austin, Brazoria, Chambers, Colorado, Fort Bend, Galveston, Grimes, Harris, Waller, and Washington counties

Opinion output and public access to opinions and orders

Collectively the Texas Courts of Appeals issue close to 10,000 opinions a year (9,909 in FY 2018) which are almost equally divided between civil and criminal cases.[46] The number is high because appeals to these courts are "of right" and each case must be decided with an opinion, even if the disposition is in the form of a voluntary dismissal or an involuntary dismissal for noncompliance with briefing rules or a fatal jurisdictional defect.

Although the COA follow different conventions in the formatting of their opinions, all are issued in standard PDF and are posted on the COA's respective websites, where they can be looked up through the online docket sheet created for each case. The courts' Case Search portal allows searches by appellate case number, but also by party name and attorney name or bar number, and by other case attributes. Most COAs also make other documents filed in a case available online, including briefs, letters, and notices. The issued opinions can also be found on Google Scholar (CaseLaw) and on other repositories of appellate opinions. Google Scholar additionally includes procedural orders in its database, which are linked to the pages featuring the opinions by the hot-linked appellate case number. Whereas the courts issue majority and dissenting/concurring opinions as separate PDF documents, Google Scholar combines them into one page and displays onscreen in a larger font and more user-friendly format, in addition to providing much better search functionality and hotlinks to cited cases if they are available from its database.

Dissents and concurrences

Only about 1% of the issued COA opinions are dissents. Concurrences (separate opinions in which a justice agrees with the disposition, but not with the reasons for it, or only in part) accounted for 1% in 2018, up from 0.5% the previous year.[47] The proportion of dissents and concurrences was only slightly higher in 2019, 1.9% for concurrences (including opinions concurring and dissenting) and 2% for dissents.[48] Similar numbers followed in 2020.

Party affiliation and mixed composition are not the only sources of disagreement that manifest themselves in dissents. Kem Thompson Frost, the Chief Justice of the Fourteenth Court of Appeals, is known as an independent thinker and prolific dissenter. She wrote a total of 21 concurring or dissenting opinions in FY 2018 while her counterpart in the First Court of Appeals, Chief Justice Sherry Radack, wrote none.[49] Both presided over all-Republican courts, although one member on the First Court who had been elected as a Republican, Justice Terry Jennings,[50] switched to the Democrats and also wrote large number of separate opinions (19).

Statewide, there were 175 dissents and concurrences in Fiscal Year 2018, out of a total of 6,540 merits opinions. The total tally was 9,909, which includes per curiam opinions. As seen by the data for the Houston Courts of Appeals, individual justices can have a big impact on their respective court's comparative ranking, and on the statewide total.

By definition, a dissent in the Court of Appeals does not decide the case. Dissents (and concurrences) are nevertheless important because they typically highlight unsettled areas of the law or splits among the Courts of Appeals, and increase the chance that Texas Supreme Court will exercise discretionary review if a petition is filed in a case that drew a dissent in the Court of Appeals.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Boren v. U.S. Nat'l Bank Ass'n, 807 F.3d 99, 105-6 (5th Cir. 2015)(Where, as here, the proper resolution of the case turns on the interpretation of Texas law, we are bound to apply Texas law as interpreted by the state's highest court." Am. Int'l Specialty Lines Ins. Co. v. Rentech Steel LLC, 620 F.3d 558, 564 (5th Cir.2010) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). Because the Texas Supreme Court has not decided whether a lender may abandon its acceleration of a loan by its own unilateral actions and, if so, what actions it must take to effect abandonment, we must make an "Erie guess" as to how the Court would resolve this issue. Id.)
  2. TEX. CONST. Art. V, § 3-c(a) ("The supreme court [has] jurisdiction to answer questions of state law certified from a federal appellate court."); TEX. R. APP. P. 58 (certified questions of law).
  3. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1436575/coa-activitydetail2016.xlsx COA Activity 2016
  4. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1439465/coa-activitydetail2017.xlsx COA Activity 2017
  5. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1442690/coa-activitydetail2018.xlsx COA Activity 2018
  6. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1445082/coa-activitydetail2019-final.xlsx COA Activity 2019
  7. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1450042/coa-activitydetail2020.xlsx COA Activity 2020
  8. Web site: Bill Text: TX HB19 2023-2024 88th Legislature Enrolled .
  9. Web site: 2023-05-25 . Texas Passes Business Court Legislation Creating Statewide Trial Level and Appellate Business Courts – Business Courts Blog . 2024-05-05 . en-US.
  10. Web site: SUPREME COURT APPROVES PRELIMINARY RULES FOR NEW TEXAS BUSINESS COURT AND 15TH COURT OF APPEALS .
  11. Web site: Governor Abbott Appoints Inaugural Members To Fifteenth Court Of Appeals . 2024-06-29 . gov.texas.gov . en.
  12. Web site: McFarland . John . 2024-05-23 . First challenge to new “business courts” legislation filed in Supreme Court . 2024-07-10 . Oil and Gas Lawyer Blog . en-US.
  13. Web site: About the Court . 2007-09-17 . 2010-07-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100725195623/http://www.5thcoa.courts.state.tx.us/AboutCourt.htm . dead .
  14. http://www.1stcoa.courts.state.tx.us/ Welcome to the official site of the First Court of Appeals of Texas!
  15. http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/justices/timeline.html Justices of Texas 1836–1986 – Timeline of the Texas Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals
  16. [Texas Court of Criminal Appeals]
  17. Web site: Profile of Appellate and Trial Judges as of Sep. 1, 2018. Office of Court Administration (Texas). November 21, 2019.
  18. Web site: Profile of Appellate and Trial Judges as of Sep. 1, 2019. Office of Court Administration (Texas). November 21, 2019.
  19. Tex. Govt. Code Ann. §22.201 (Vernon 2005)
  20. Web site: First Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  21. Web site: Editorial: We recommend Countiss, Farris, Thomas and Wilson for courts of appeals . . October 19, 2022.
  22. Web site: Endorsements: Democratic primary for 1st and 14th Court of Appeals (Editorial) . . February 11, 2024.
  23. Web site: For 1st Court of Appeals, Place 8: Richard Hightower . . October 20, 2018.
  24. Web site: Second Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  25. Web site: For Texas Supreme Court: Brian Walker, Randy Sarosdy and Bonnie Lee Goldstein (Editorial) . . February 18, 2024.
  26. Web site: Third Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  27. Web site: Our recommendation in the Democratic Primary for Texas Supreme Court Place 8 . . February 12, 2020.
  28. Web site: Fourth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  29. Web site: Chief Justice for the 4th Court of Appeals: Rebeca Martinez Q&A . . October 12, 2020.
  30. Web site: San Antonio Express-News Judicial Questionnaire 2012 - Patricia O. Alvarez . San Antonio Express-News.
  31. Web site: San Antonio Express-News Judicial Questionnaire 2012 - Luz Elena D. Chapa . San Antonio Express-News.
  32. Web site: Contreras . Guillermo . Challenger wins 4th Court of Appeals seat . . November 8, 2016.
  33. Web site: Sixth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  34. Web site: Seventh Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  35. Web site: Eighth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  36. Web site: 8th Court of Appeals, Place 2 . El Paso Matters . October 21, 2022.
  37. Web site: Ninth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  38. Web site: Tenth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  39. Web site: Witherspoon . Tommy . Waco judge running for chief justice of the intermediate appellate court . . November 9, 2023.
  40. Web site: Rodriguez . Megan . Brazos County Judge Steve Smith makes transition to Waco appellate court . . August 31, 2021.
  41. Web site: Eleventh Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  42. Web site: Twelfth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  43. Web site: Thirteenth Court of Appeals - About the Court . Texas Judicial Branch.
  44. Web site: Nora Longoria running for reelection for 13th Court of Appeals . Progress Times . March 1, 2018.
  45. Web site: Judge Jaime Tijerina seeks the 92nd District Court judge position . Texas Border Business . September 14, 2014.
  46. Web site: Annual Statistical Report for the Texas Judiciary - Fiscal Year 2018. Office of Court Administration [Texas]. 2019-11-28.
  47. Web site: Annual Report for the Texas Judiciary - Fiscal Year 2017. Office of Court Administration [Texas]. 2019-11-28.
  48. https://www.txcourts.gov/media/1445080/coa-opinionsummary2019.xlsx Opinion summary 2019
  49. Web site: Annual Statistical Supplement FY 2018 - Courts of Appeals Activity. Office of Court Administration. December 9, 2019.
  50. Web site: Texas Republican judge who performed same-sex wedding, switched parties reports 'no backlash'. Christian. Carol. Chronicle. Chron com / Houston. 2016-10-13. Houston Chronicle. 2019-12-09.

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