Sida cordifolia explained

Sida cordifolia ('ilima, flannel weed, bala, country mallow or heart-leaf sida) is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It has naturalized throughout the world, and is considered an invasive weed in Africa, Australia, the southern United States, Hawaiian Islands, New Guinea, and French Polynesia.[1] [2] [3] The specific name, cordifolia, refers to the heart-shaped leaf.[4]

Description

Sida cordifolia is an erect perennial that reaches 50to tall, with the entire plant covered with soft white felt-like hair that is responsible for one of its common names, "flannel weed". The stems are yellow-green, hairy, long, and slender. The yellow-green leaves are oblong-ovate, covered with hairs, and 3.5to long by 2.5to wide. The flowers are dark yellow, sometimes with a darker orange center, with a hairy 5-lobed calyx and 5-lobed corolla.

As a weed, it invades cultivated and overgrazed fields, competing with more desired species and contaminating hay.[5]

Medicinal use

Sida cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic medicine (Sanskrit:-BALA).[6]

Known as "malva branca", it is a plant used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, blennorrhea, asthmatic bronchitis and nasal congestion,[7] stomatitis, of asthma and nasal congestion[8] and in many parts of Africa for various ailments, particularly for respiratory problems.[9] It has been investigated as an anti-inflammatory,[10] [11] for preventing cell proliferation,[12] and for encouraging liver re-growth.[13] Because of its ephedrine content, it possesses psychostimulant properties, affecting the central nervous system and also the heart.[14]

Phytochemistry

The following alkaloids were reported from S. cordifolia growing in India:[15] β-phenethylamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, S-(+)-Nb-methyltryptophan methyl ester, hypaphorine, vasicinone, vasicinol, choline, and betaine. No tannin or glycosides have been identified from the plant. The roots and stems contain the alkaloid ephedrine, normally observed in the different varieties of the gymnosperm genus Ephedra. Recent analyses have revealed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine constitute the major alkaloids from the aerial parts of the plant, which also show traces of sitosterol and palmitic, stearic and hexacosanoic acids. Two flavanones—5,7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone and 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone—and two phytosterols—β-sitosterol and stigmasterol—have been isolated from the plant.[16] The analgesic alkaloid (5′-Hydroxymethyl-1′-(1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one) has also been found.[17] Sterculic acid, malvalic acid, and coronaric acid have been isolated from the seed oil, along with other fatty acids.[18]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Invasive and Noxious Weeds. United States Department of Agriculture. 18 July 2010.
  2. Book: William Thomas Parsons. Eric George Cuthbertson. Noxious weeds of Australia. 18 July 2010. March 2001. Csiro Publishing. 978-0-643-06514-7. 511–.
  3. Book: C. W. Agyakwa. I. O. Akobundu. A handbook of West African weeds. 18 July 2010. 1998. IITA. 978-978-131-129-1. 563–.
  4. Web site: Sida cordifolia. 2006-10-25. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 18 July 2010.
  5. Pitt. J. L.. March 1, 2002. Flannel Weed. Agnote. 0157-8243. 2010-07-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20110314034732/https://transact.nt.gov.au/ebiz/dbird/TechPublications.nsf/CFBAB9FBD3A915AD69256EFE004F5FC6/$file/482.pdf?OpenElement. 2011-03-14. dead.
  6. Book: Pole, Sebastian . Ayurvedic Medicine . 2006 . Elsevier Health Sciences . 978-0-443-10090-1 . 2008-11-03 . 137.
  7. Franzotti . EM . Santos . CV . Rodrigues . HM . Mourão . RH . Andrade . MR . Antoniolli . AR . 2000 . Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca) . J. Ethnopharmacol. . 72 . 1–2 . 273–7 . 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1 . 10967481 .
  8. CNS pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L. leaves . Franco . CI . Morais . LC . Quintans-Júnior . LJ . Almeida . RN . Antoniolli . AR . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 98 . 3 . 275–279 . 2005 . 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.008 . 15814259 .
  9. Book: Markus S. Mueller. Ernst Mechler. Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries: Traditional Use - Experience - Facts. 18 July 2010. 2005. Thieme. 978-3-13-138341-9. 138–.
  10. 10967481 . Sep 2000 . Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca). . 72 . 1–2 . 273–7 . 0378-8741 . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00205-1 . Franzotti, EM . Santos, CV . Rodrigues, HM . Mourão, RH . Andrade, MR . Antoniolli, AR.
  11. 10189958 . Feb 1999 . Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida cordifolia . 13 . 1 . 75–7 . 0951-418X . 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199902)13:1<75::AID-PTR387>3.0.CO;2-F . Phytotherapy Research . Kanth, VR . Diwan, PV. free .
  12. 1232859 . 10.1186/1477-3163-4-15 . Sep 2005 . Apoptosis induced by the Tibetan herbal remedy PADMA 28 in the T cell-derived lymphocytic leukaemia cell line CEM-C7H2 . 4 . 15 . 16138918 . Journal of Carcinogenesis . Jenny, M . Schwaiger, W . Bernhard, D . Wrulich, OA . Cosaceanu, D . Fuchs, D . Ueberall, F . free .
  13. 17013511 . 2006 . Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy . 21 . 37–9 . 0102-8650 . Acta Cirurgica Brasileira . 10.1590/S0102-86502006000700009 . Silva, RL . Melo, GB . Melo, VA . Antoniolli, AR . Michellone, PR . Zucoloto, S . Picinato, MA . Franco, CF . Mota, GDE . Castro e Silva . Orlando DE . Suppl 1 . free .
  14. January 2006 . Dopamine-mediated actions of ephedrine in the rat substantia nigra . 1069 . 1 . 96–103 . Brain Research . 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.044 . Adam C. Munhall . Steven W. Johnson . 16386715 . 40626692 .
  15. S. . Ghosal . R. B. P. S. . Chauhan . R. . Mehta . 1975 . Alkaloids of Sidia cordifolia . Phytochemistry . 14 . 3 . 830–832 . 10.1016/0031-9422(75)83057-3 . 1975PChem..14..830G .
  16. Bioactive flavones of Sida cordifolia . Sutradhar . R.K. . Rahman . A.K.M.M. . Ahmad . M.U. . Bachar . S.C. . Phytochemistry Letters . 2008 . 1 . 4 . 179–182 . 10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.004 . 2008PChL....1..179S .
  17. Bioactive alkaloid from Sida cordifolia Linn. with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities . Sutradhar . R.K. . Matior Rahman . A.K.M. . Ahmad . M. . Bachar . S.C. . Saha . A. . Guha . S.K. . Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics . 2006 . 5 . 2 . 175–178 .
  18. Farooqi . J.A. . Ahmad . M. . 1985 . Chemistry & Industry . 14 . 483–484 . Sida cordifolia seed oil a rich source of hydrogen bromide reactive fatty acids .

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