| Apache CouchDB | |
| Logo Size: | 100px |
| Screenshot Size: | 300px |
| Author: | Damien Katz, Jan Lehnardt, Naomi Slater, Christopher Lenz, J. Chris Anderson, Paul Davis, Adam Kocoloski, Jason Davies, Benoît Chesneau, Filipe Manana, Robert Newson |
| Developer: | Apache Software Foundation |
| Programming Language: | Erlang, JavaScript, C, C++ |
| Operating System: | Cross-platform |
| Genre: | Document-oriented database |
| License: | Apache License 2.0 |
Apache CouchDB is an open-source document-oriented NoSQL database, implemented in Erlang.
CouchDB uses multiple formats and protocols to store, transfer, and process its data. It uses JSON to store data, JavaScript as its query language using MapReduce, and HTTP for an API.[1]
CouchDB was first released in 2005 and later became an Apache Software Foundation project in 2008.
Unlike a relational database, a CouchDB database does not store data and relationships in tables. Instead, each database is a collection of independent documents. Each document maintains its own data and self-contained schema. An application may access multiple databases, such as one stored on a user's mobile phone and another on a server. Document metadata contains revision information, making it possible to merge any differences that may have occurred while the databases were disconnected.
CouchDB implements a form of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) so it does not lock the database file during writes. Conflicts are left to the application to resolve. Resolving a conflict generally involves first merging data into one of the documents, then deleting the stale one.[2]
Other features include document-level ACID semantics with eventual consistency, (incremental) MapReduce, and (incremental) replication. One of CouchDB's distinguishing features is multi-master replication, which allows it to scale across machines to build high-performance systems. A built-in Web application called Fauxton (formerly Futon) helps with administration.
Couch is an acronym for cluster of unreliable commodity hardware.[3] The CouchDB project was created in April 2005 by Damien Katz, a former Lotus Notes developer at IBM. He self-funded the project for almost two years and released it as an open-source project under the GNU General Public License.
In February 2008, it became an Apache Incubator project and was offered under the Apache License instead.[4] A few months after, it graduated to a top-level project.[5] This led to the first stable version being released in July 2010.[6]
In early 2012, Katz left the project to focus on Couchbase Server.[7]
Since Katz's departure, the Apache CouchDB project has continued, releasing 1.2 in April 2012 and 1.3 in April 2013. In July 2013, the CouchDB community merged the codebase for BigCouch, Cloudant's clustered version of CouchDB, into the Apache project.[8] The BigCouch clustering framework is included in the current release of Apache CouchDB.[9]
Native clustering is supported at version 2.0.0. And the new Mango Query Server provides a simple JSON-based way to perform CouchDB queries without JavaScript or MapReduce. Also in version 2.0.0 was the introduction of Fauxton, the new built-in web interface, to replace Futon, the old built-in web interface.[10]
CouchDB also offers a built-in administration interface accessible via Web called Fauxton.[12]
Replication and synchronization capabilities of CouchDB make it ideal for using it in mobile devices, where network connection is not guaranteed, and the application must keep on working offline.
CouchDB is well suited for applications with accumulating, occasionally changing data, on which pre-defined queries are to be run and where versioning is important (CRM, CMS systems, by example). Master-master replication is an especially interesting feature, allowing easy multi-site deployments.[13]
Users of CouchDB include:
CouchDB manages a collection of JSON documents. The documents are organised via views. Views are defined with aggregate functions and filters are computed in parallel, much like MapReduce.
Views are generally stored in the database and their indexes are updated continuously. CouchDB supports a view system using external socket servers and a JSON-based protocol.[25] As a consequence, view servers have been developed in a variety of languages (JavaScript is the default, but there are also PHP, Ruby, Python and Erlang).
Applications interact with CouchDB via HTTP. The following demonstrates a few examples using cURL, a command-line utility. These examples assume that CouchDB is running on localhost (127.0.0.1) on port 5984.
| Action | Request | Response | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accessing server information | |||
| Creating a database named wiki | |||
| Attempting to create a second database named wiki | |||
| Retrieve information about the wiki database | |||
| Delete the database wiki | |||
| Create a document, asking CouchDB to supply a document id | |||
| get a list of databases |
CouchDB includes a number of other open source projects as part of its default package.
| Component | Description | License | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erlang | Erlang is a general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system. The sequential subset of Erlang is a functional language with strict evaluation, single assignment, and dynamic typing | Apache 2.0 (Release 18.0 and later) Erlang Public License (Earlier releases) | |
| ICU | International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization and software globalization | Unicode License | |
| jQuery | jQuery is a lightweight cross-browser JavaScript library that emphasizes interaction between JavaScript and HTML | MIT License | |
| OpenSSL | OpenSSL is an open-source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols. The core library (written in the C programming language) implements the basic cryptographic functions and provides various utility functions | Apache 1.0 and the four-clause BSD License | |
| SpiderMonkey | SpiderMonkey is a performant JavaScript engine maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It contains an interpreter, a JIT compiler and a garbage collector | MPL 2.0 |