Cottontail rabbit explained

Cottontail rabbits are in the Sylvilagus genus, which is in the Leporidae family. They are found in the Americas. Most Sylvilagus species have stub tails with white undersides that show when they retreat, giving them their characteristic name. However, this feature is not present in all Sylvilagus, nor is it unique to the genus.

The genus is widely distributed across North America, Central America, and northern and central South America, though most species are confined to some particular regions. Most species live in nests called forms, and all have altricial young. An adult female averages three litters per year, which can occur in any season. Occurrence and litter size depend on several factors, including time of the year, weather, and location. The average litter size is four, but can range from as few as two to as many as eight, most of whom do not go on to survive to adulthood.

Cottontail rabbits show a greater resistance to myxomatosis than European rabbits.[1]

Evolution

Cottontails are one of several species of Sylvilagus. Their closest relative is Brachylagus, the pygmy rabbit. They are more distantly related to the European and other rabbits, and more distantly still to the hares. The cladogram is based on mitochondrial gene analysis.[2] [3]

Lifespan

The lifespan of a cottontail averages about two years, depending on the location. Almost every living carnivorous creature comparable to or larger in size than these lagomorphs is a potential predator, including such diverse creatures as domestic dogs, cats, humans, snakes, coyotes, mountain lions, foxes, and if the cottontail is showing signs of illness, even squirrels. The cottontail's most frequent predators are various birds of prey. Cottontails can also be parasitized by botfly species including Cuterebra fontinella.[4] Newborn cottontails are particularly vulnerable to these attacks. Cottontails use burrows vacated by other animals, and the burrows are used for long enough periods that predators can learn where the cottontails reside and repeatedly return to prey on the lagomorphs. Though cottontails are prolific animals that can have multiple litters in a year, few of the resulting offspring survive to adulthood. Those that do survive grow very quickly and are full grown adults at three months.[5]

Eating mechanics

In contrast to rodents (squirrels, etc.), which generally sit on their hind legs and hold food with their front paws while feeding, cottontail rabbits eat while on all fours. Cottontail rabbits typically only use their nose to move and adjust the position of the food that it places directly in front of its front paws on the ground. The cottontail will turn the food with its nose to find the cleanest part of the vegetation (free of sand and inedible parts) to begin its meal. The only time a cottontail uses its front paws while feeding is when vegetation is above its head on a living plant, at which point the cottontail will lift its paw to bend the branch to bring the food within reach.[6]

Cottontails are rarely found foraging for food on windy days, because the wind interferes with their hearing capabilities. Hearing an incoming predator before they get close enough to attack is their primary defense mechanism.[7]

Species

The subgenera were described in the 19th century based on limited morphological data that have been shown to not be of great use, nor to depict phylogenetic relationships. Molecular studies (limited in scope to the mitochondrial 12S gene) have shown that the currently accepted subgeneric structure, while of some heuristic value, is unlikely to withstand additional scrutiny.[8]

SubgenusImageCommon nameScientific nameDistribution
MicrolagusBrush rabbitSylvilagus bachmaniWest coast of North America, from the Columbia River in Oregon to the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Isolated subspecies, San Jose brush rabbit, on San José Island in the Gulf of California.
SylvilagusDesert cottontailSylvilagus auduboniiWestern United States from eastern Montana to western Texas, California and in Northern and Central Mexico
Mexican cottontailSylvilagus cuniculariusMexico from the state of Sinaloa to the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz
Eastern cottontailSylvilagus floridanuseastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America and northernmost South America
Tres Marias cottontailSylvilagus graysoniTres Marias Islands, Mexico
Mountain cottontailSylvilagus nuttalliiIntermountain west of Canada and the United States
Appalachian cottontail or Allegheny cottontailSylvilagus obscuruseastern United States
Robust cottontailSylvilagus holznerisouthwestern United States and adjacent Mexico
New England cottontailSylvilagus transitionalisNew England, specifically from southern Maine to southern New York
TapetiAndean tapetiSylvilagus andinusVenezuela south to Peru
Bogota tapetiSylvilagus apollinarisColombia
Swamp rabbitSylvilagus aquaticus southern United States
Common tapetiSylvilagus brasiliensis Brazil (Venezuela to Argentina when the many unclassified populations are included)
Ecuadorian tapetiSylvilagus daulensisEcuador
Dice's cottontailSylvilagus dicei Costa Rica and Panama
Fulvous tapetiSylvilagus fulvescensColombia
Central American tapetiSylvilagus gabbiMexico to Panama
Northern tapetiSylvilagus incitatusSan Miguel Island, Panama
Omilteme cottontailSylvilagus insonusGuerrero, Mexico
Nicefor's tapetiSylvilagus niceforiColombia
Marsh rabbitSylvilagus palustrissoutheastern United States
Suriname tapetiSylvilagus parentumwestern Suriname
Colombian tapetiSylvilagus salentusColombia
Santa Marta tapetiSylvilagus sanctaemartaeColombia
Western tapetiSylvilagus surdasterEcuador
Coastal tapetiSylvilagus tapetillusRio de Janeiro, Brazil
Venezuelan lowland rabbitSylvilagus varynaensiswestern Venezuela

Prehistoric species

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Carter, G.R. . Wise, D.J. . 2006. Poxviridae. A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. 2006-06-13.
  2. Ruedas . Luis A. . Marques Silva . Sofia . et al . Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) . Journal of Mammalogy . October 2019 . 100 . 5 . 1599–1630 . 10.1093/jmammal/gyz126. 202855918 . free .
  3. Kraatz . Brian P. . et al . Ecological correlates to cranial morphology in Leporids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) . PeerJ . 2015 . 3 . e844 . 10.7717/peerj.844 . 25802812 . 4369340 . free .
  4. Jennison CA, Rodas LR, Barrett GW . Cuterebra fontinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus and Ochrotomys nuttalli.. Southeastern Naturalist . 5 . 1. 157–168 . 2006. 10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[157:CFPOPL]2.0.CO;2.
  5. Web site: Sylvilagus floridanus . 28 June 2017.
  6. Web site: Small mammals.
  7. Web site: Rabbits and Hares.
  8. Ruedas LA, Silva SM, French JM, ((Platt II RN)), Salazar-Bravo J, Mora JM, Thompson CW . February 9, 2017 . A prolegomenon to the systematics of South American cottontail rabbits (Mammalia, Lagomorpha, Leporidae: Sylvilagus): designation of a neotype for S. brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758), and restoration of S. andinus (Thomas, 1897) and S. tapetillus Thomas, 1913 . Miscellaneous Publications . Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan . Ann Arbor . 205 . i-iv, 1–67 . 0076-8405 . 2027.42/136089 .