Royal Engineers Explained

Royal Engineers should not be confused with Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.

Unit Name:Corps of Royal Engineers
Dates:1716–present
Country: United Kingdom
Size:22 Regiments
Command Structure:Commander Field Army
Garrison:Chatham, Kent
Commander1:The King
Commander1 Label:Colonel-in-Chief
Colonel Of The Regiment:Colonel Richard Hawkins
Colonel Of The Regiment Label:Corps Colonel
Ceremonial Chief:Lieutenant General Sir Christopher Tickell
Ceremonial Chief Label:Chief Royal Engineer
Motto:Latin: Ubique and Latin: Quo Fas et Gloria Ducunt ("Everywhere" and "Where Right And Glory Lead"; in Latin implies "sacred duty")
March:Wings (Quick march)
Identification Symbol Label:Tactical recognition flash

The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the Sappers, is the engineering arm of the British Army. It provides military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces and is headed by the Chief Royal Engineer. The Corps Headquarters and the Royal School of Military Engineering are in Chatham in Kent, England. The corps is divided into several regiments, barracked at various places in the United Kingdom and around the world.

History

The Royal Engineers trace their origins back to the military engineers brought to England by William the Conqueror, specifically Bishop Gundulf of Rochester Cathedral, and claim over 900 years of unbroken service to the crown. Engineers have always served in the armies of the Crown; however, the origins of the modern corps, along with those of the Royal Artillery, lie in the Board of Ordnance established in the 15th century.[1]

In Woolwich in 1716, the Board formed the Royal Regiment of Artillery and established a Corps of Engineers, consisting entirely of commissioned officers. The manual work was done by the Artificer Companies, made up of contracted civilian artisans and labourers. In 1772, a Soldier Artificer Company was established for service in Gibraltar, the first instance of non-commissioned military engineers. In 1787, the Corps of Engineers was granted the Royal prefix, and adopted its current name; in the same year, a Corps of Royal Military Artificers was formed, consisting of non-commissioned officers and privates, to be led by the Royal Engineers. Ten years later, the Gibraltar company (which had remained separate) was absorbed, and in 1812 the unit's name was changed to the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners.[1]

The Corps has no battle honours. In 1832, the regimental motto, Ubique & Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt ("Everywhere" & "Where Right And Glory Lead"; in Latin fas implies "sacred duty") was granted. The motto signified that the Corps had seen action in all the major conflicts of the British Army and almost all of the minor ones as well.[2] [3]

In 1855, the Board of Ordnance was abolished, and authority over the Royal Engineers, Royal Sappers and Miners and Royal Artillery was transferred to the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, thus uniting them with the rest of the Army. The following year, the Royal Engineers and Royal Sappers and Miners became a unified corps as the Corps of Royal Engineers, and their headquarters were moved from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, to Chatham, Kent.[1]

The re-organisation of the British military that began in the mid-Nineteenth Century and stretched over several decades included the reconstitution of the Militia, the raising of the Volunteer Force, and the ever-closer organisation of the part-time forces with the regular army.[4] The old Militia had been an infantry force, other than the occasional employment of Militiamen to man artillery defences and other roles on an emergency basis. This changed in 1861, with the conversion of some units to artillery roles. Militia and Volunteer Engineering companies were also created, beginning with the conversion of the militia of Anglesey and Monmouthshire to engineers in 1877. The Militia and Volunteer Force engineers supported the regular Royal Engineers in a variety of roles, including operating the boats required to tend the submarine mine defences that protected harbours in Britain and its empire. These included a submarine mining militia company that was authorised for Bermuda in 1892, but never raised, and the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers that wore Royal Engineers uniforms and replaced the regular Royal Engineers companies withdrawn from the Bermuda Garrison in 1928.[5] [6] The various part-time reserve forces were amalgamated into the Territorial Force in 1908,[7] which was retitled the Territorial Army after the First World War, and the Army Reserve in 2014.[8]

Units from the Royal Engineers and Royal Artillery were in Australia, even after Federation.[9]

In 1911 the Corps formed its Air Battalion, the first flying unit of the British Armed Forces. The Air Battalion was the forerunner of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force.[10]

The First World War saw a rapid transformation of the Royal Engineers as new technologies became ever more important in the conduct of warfare and engineers undertook an increasing range of roles. In the front line they designed and built fortifications, operated poison gas equipment, repaired guns and heavy equipment, and conducted underground warfare beneath enemy trenches. Support roles included the construction, maintenance and operation of railways, bridges, water supply and inland waterways, as well as telephone, wireless and other communications.[11] As demands on the Corps increased, its manpower was expanded from a total (including reserves) of about 25,000 in August 1914, to 315,000 in 1918.[12]

In 1915, in response to German mining of British trenches under the then static siege conditions of the First World War, the corps formed its own tunnelling companies. Manned by experienced coal miners from across the country, they operated with great success until 1917, when after the fixed positions broke, they built deep dugouts such as the Vampire dugout to protect troops from heavy shelling.[13]

Before the Second World War, Royal Engineers recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 4 inches tall (5 feet 2 inches for the Mounted Branch). They initially enlisted for six years with the colours and a further six years with the reserve or four years and eight years. Unlike most corps and regiments, in which the upper age limit was 25, men could enlist in the Royal Engineers up to 35 years of age. They trained at the Royal Engineers Depot in Chatham or the Royal Engineer Mounted Depot at Aldershot.[14]

During the 1980s, the Royal Engineers formed the vital component of at least three Engineer Brigades: 12 Engineer Brigade (Airfield Damage Repair);[15] 29th Engineer Brigade; and 30th Engineer Brigade.[16] After the Falklands War, 37 (FI) Engineer Regiment was active from August 1982 until 14 March 1985.[17]

Regimental museum

The Royal Engineers Museum is in Gillingham in Kent.[18]

Major projects

British Columbia

See main article: Richard Clement Moody. The Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, which was commanded by Colonel Richard Clement Moody, was responsible for the foundation and settlement of British Columbia as the Colony of British Columbia.[19] [20]

Royal Albert Hall

The Royal Albert Hall was designed by Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers.[21] The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also been exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the Victoria and Albert Museum.[22]

Indian infrastructure

Much of the British colonial era infrastructure of India, of which elements survive today, was created by engineers of the three presidencies' armies and the Royal Engineers. Lieutenant (later General Sir) Arthur Thomas Cotton (1803–99), Madras Engineers, was responsible for the design and construction of the great irrigation works on the river Cauvery, which watered the rice crops of Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts in the late 1820s. In 1838 he designed and built sea defences for Vizagapatam. He masterminded the Godavery Delta project where 720000acres of land were irrigated and 500miles of land to the port of Cocanada was made navigable in the 1840s. Such regard for his lasting legacy was shown when in 1983, the Indian Government erected a statue in his memory at Dowleswaram.[23]

Other irrigation and canal projects included the Ganges Canal, where Colonel Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff (1836–1916) acted as the Chief Engineer and made modifications to the original work. Among other engineers trained in India, Scott-Moncrieff went on to become Under Secretary of State Public Works, Egypt where he restored the Nile barrage and irrigation works of Lower Egypt.[24]

Rideau Canal

The construction of the Rideau Canal was proposed shortly after the War of 1812, when there remained a persistent threat of attack by the United States on the British colony of Upper Canada. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston, Ontario. Westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown (now Ottawa), then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering New York State, a route which would have left British supply ships vulnerable to attack or a blockade of the St. Lawrence. Construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Directed by him, Lieutenant William Denison, determined the strength for construction purposes of old growth timber in the vicinity of Bytown, findings commended by the Institution of Civil Engineers in England.[25]

Dover's Western Heights

The Western Heights of Dover are one of the most impressive fortifications in Britain. They comprise a series of forts, strong points and ditches, designed to protect the United Kingdom from invasion. They were created to augment the existing defences and protect the key port of Dover from both seaward and landward attack. First given earthworks in 1779 against the planned invasion that year, the high ground west of Dover, England, now called Dover Western Heights, was properly fortified in 1804 when Lieutenant-Colonel William Twiss was instructed to modernise the existing defences. This was part of a huge programme of fortification in response to Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom. To assist with the movement of troops between Dover Castle and the town defences Twiss made his case for building the Grand Shaft in the cliff:

"... the new barracks. ... are little more than 300 yards horizontally from the beach. ... and about 180feet above high-water mark, but in order to communicate with them from the centre of town, on horseback the distance is nearly a mile and a half and to walk it about three-quarters of a mile, and all the roads unavoidably pass over ground more than 100feet above the barracks, besides the footpaths are so steep and chalky that a number of accidents will unavoidably happen during the wet weather and more especially after floods. I am therefore induced to recommend the construction of a shaft, with a triple staircase ... the chief objective of which is the convenience and safety of troops ... and may eventually be useful in sending reinforcements to troops or in affording them a secure retreat."[26]
Twiss's plan was approved and building went ahead. The shaft was to be 26feet in diameter, 140feet deep with a 180feet gallery connecting the bottom of the shaft to Snargate Street, and all for under an estimated £4000. The plan entailed building two brick-lined shafts, one inside the other. In the outer would be built a triple staircase, the inner acting as a light well with "windows" cut in its outer wall to illuminate the staircases. Apparently, by March 1805 only 40feet of the connecting gallery was left to dig and it is probable that the project was completed by 1807.[26]

Pentonville Prison

Two Acts of Parliament allowed for the building of Pentonville Prison for the detention of convicts sentenced to imprisonment or awaiting transportation. Construction started on 10 April 1840 and was completed in 1842. The cost was £84,186 12s 2d. Captain (later Major General Sir) Joshua Jebb designed Pentonville Prison, introducing new concepts such as single cells with good heating, ventilation and sanitation.[27]

Boundary Commissions

Although mapping by what became the Ordnance Survey was born out of military necessity it was soon realised that accurate maps could be also used for civil purposes. The lessons learnt from this first boundary commission were put to good use around the world where members of the Corps have determined boundaries on behalf of the British as well as foreign governments; some notable boundary commissions include:[28]

Much of this work continues to this day. The reform of the voting franchise brought about by the Reform Act (1832), demanded that boundary commissions were set up. Lieutenants Dawson and Thomas Drummond (1797–1839), Royal Engineers, were employed to gather the statistical information upon which the Bill was founded, as well as determining the boundaries and districts of boroughs. It was said that the fate of numerous boroughs fell victim to the heliostat and the Drummond light, the instrument that Drummond invented whilst surveying in Ireland.[29]

Abney Level

An Abney level is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. The Abney level is an easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and when used correctly an accurate surveying tool. The Abney level was invented by Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (1843–1920) who was a Royal Engineer, an English astronomer and chemist best known for his pioneering of colour photography and colour vision. Abney invented this instrument under the employment of the Royal School of Military Engineering in Chatham, England, in the 1870s.[30]

H.M. Dockyards

In 1873, Captain Henry Brandreth RE was appointed Director of the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, later the Admiralty Works Department. Following this appointment many Royal Engineer officers superintended engineering works at Royal Navy Dockyards in various parts of the world, including the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, home base for vessels of the North America and West Indies Station.[31]

Chatham DockyardChatham, being the home of the Corps, meant that the Royal Engineers and the Dockyard had a close relationship since Captain Brandreth's appointment. At the Chatham Dockyard, Captain Thomas Mould RE designed the iron roof trusses for the covered slips, 4, 5 and 6. Slip 7 was designed by Colonel Godfrey Greene RE on his move to the Corps from the Bengal Sappers & Miners. In 1886 Major Henry Pilkington RE was appointed Superintendent of Engineering at the Dockyard, moving on to Director of Engineering at the Admiralty in 1890 and Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Loan Works, where he was responsible for the extension of all major Dockyards at home and abroad.[32]

Trades

All members of the Royal Engineers are trained combat engineers and all sappers (privates) and non-commissioned officers also have another trade. These trades include: air conditioning fitter, electrician, general fitter, plant operator mechanic, plumber, bricklayer, plasterer / painter, carpenter & joiner, fabricator, building materials technician, design draughtsman, electrical & mechanical draughtsman, geographic support technician, survey engineer, armoured engineer, driver, engineer IT, engineer logistics specialist, amphibious engineer, bomb disposal specialist, diver or search specialist.[33] They may also undertake the specialist selection and training to qualify as Commandos or Military Parachutists. Women are eligible for all Royal Engineer specialities.[34]

The Royal School of Military Engineering

The Royal School of Military Engineering (RSME) is the British Army's Centre of Excellence for Military Engineering, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and counter terrorist search training. Located on several sites in Chatham, Kent, Camberley in Surrey and Bicester in Oxfordshire the Royal School of Military Engineering offers training facilities for the full range of Royal Engineer skills. The RSME was founded by Major (later General Sir) Charles Pasley, as the Royal Engineer Establishment in 1812.[35] It was renamed the School of Military Engineering in 1868 and granted the "Royal" prefix in 1962.[36]

Corps' Ensign

The Royal Engineers, Ports Section, operated harbours and ports for the army and used mainly specialised vessels such as tugs and dredgers. During the Second World War the Royal Engineers' Blue Ensign was flown from the Mulberry harbours.[42]

Bishop Gundulf, Rochester and King's Engineers

Bishop Gundulf, a monk from the Abbey of Bec in Normandy came to England in 1070 as Archbishop Lanfranc's assistant at Canterbury. His talent for architecture had been spotted by King William I and was put to good use in Rochester, where he was sent as bishop in 1077. Almost immediately the King appointed him to supervise the construction of the White Tower, now part of the Tower of London in 1078. Under William Rufus he also undertook building work on Rochester Castle. Having served three kings of England and earning "the favour of them all", Gundulf is accepted as the first "King's Engineer".[43]

Corps Band

The Band of the Corps of the Royal Engineers is the official military band of the RE. The RE Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1880. It was recognised by Queen Victoria seven years later, with her command that they perform at Buckingham Palace for a banquet on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee. In 1916–1917, the band toured France and Belgium, giving over one hundred and fifty concerts in a journey of 1800 miles. The band continued its tour of Europe following the cessation of hostilities. In 1936, the band performed at the funeral of George V and played the following year for the coronation of George VI in 1937. The band appeared at the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, and has since been called on to play at state occasions, military tattoos and military parades. It has notably performed during the opening ceremonies of the Channel Tunnel and the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge.[44]

The Institution of Royal Engineers

The Institution of Royal Engineers, the professional institution of the Corps of Royal Engineers, was established in 1875 and in 1923 it was granted its Royal Charter by King George V. The Institution is collocated with the Royal Engineers Museum, within the grounds of the Royal School of Military Engineering at Brompton in Chatham, Kent.[45]

Royal Engineers Journal - published tri-annually and contains articles with a military engineering connection. The first Journal was published in August 1870. The idea for the publication was proposed at the Corps Meeting of May 1870 by Major R Harrison and seconded By Captain R Home, who became its first editor (The Journal eventually superseded the Professional Papers, which were started by Lieutenant WT Denison in 1837 and continued to be published until 1918).[46]

The History of the Corps of Royal Engineers is currently in its 12th volume. The first two volumes were written by Major General Whitworth Porter and published in 1889.[47]

The Sapper is published by the Royal Engineers Central Charitable Trust and is a bi-monthly magazine for all ranks.[48]

The Royal Engineers' Association

The present Royal Engineers Association promotes and supports the Corps among members of the Association in the following ways:[49] [46]

Sport

Royal Engineers' Yacht Club

The Royal Engineers' Yacht Club, which dates back to 1812, promotes the skill of watermanship in the Royal Engineers.[50]

They have entered every Fastnet Race since the second in 1926, which they won sailing IIlex.[51]

Royal Engineers Amateur Football Club

See main article: Royal Engineers A.F.C..

The club was founded in 1863, under the leadership of Major Francis Marindin. Sir Frederick Wall, who was the secretary of The Football Association 1895–1934, stated in his memoirs that the "combination game" was first used by the Royal Engineers A.F.C. in the early 1870s.[52] [53] [54] Wall states that the "Sappers moved in unison" and showed the "advantages of combination over the old style of individualism".

FA Cup

The Engineers played in the first-ever FA Cup Final in 1872, losing 1–0 at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872, to regular rivals Wanderers. They also lost the 1874 FA Cup Final, to Oxford University A.F.C.

Their greatest triumph was the 1874–75 FA Cup. In the final against Old Etonians, they drew 1–1 with a goal from Renny-Tailyour and went on to win the replay 2–0 with two further goals from Renny-Tailyour.[55] [56] Their last FA Cup Final appearance came in 1878, again losing to the Wanderers. They last participated in 1882–83 FA Cup, losing 6–2 in the fourth round to Old Carthusians F.C.

The Engineers' Depot Battalion won the FA Amateur Cup in 1908.[57]

On 7 November 2012, the Royal Engineers played against the Wanderers in a remake of the 1872 FA Cup Final at The Oval. Unlike the actual final, the Engineers won, and by a large margin, 7–1 being the final score.[58]

Rugby

The Army were represented in the very first international by two members of the Royal Engineers, both playing for England, Lieutenant Charles Arthur Crompton RE and Lieutenant Charles Sherrard RE.[59]

Related units

Several Corps have been formed from the Royal Engineers.

Engineering equipment

See main article: Royal Engineers bridging and trackway equipment and Modern equipment of the British Army.

Decorations

Victoria Cross

The following Royal Engineers have been awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.[69]

The Sapper VCs

In 1998, HMSO published an account of the 55 British and Commonwealth 'Sappers' who have been awarded the Victoria Cross. The book was written by Colonel GWA Napier, former Royal Engineers officer and a former director of the Royal Engineers Museum. The book defines a 'Sapper' as any "member of a British or Empire military engineer corps, whatever their rank, speciality or national allegiance", and is thus not confined to Royal Engineers.[70]

Memorials

Rivalry

The Royal Engineers have a traditional rivalry with the Royal Artillery (the Gunners).[72]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: A brief history of the Royal Engineers. The Masons Livery Company. 30 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045908/http://www.masonslivery.org/Masons/media/PDFfiles/2-5-2-1-A-BRIEF-HISTORY-OF-THE-CORPS-OF-ROYAL-ENGINEERS-v3.pdf. 5 March 2016 . dead.
  2. British Army Website: Corps of Royal Engineers Badges and Emblems
  3. Anon (1916) Regimental Nicknames and Traditions of the British Army. 5th Ed. London: Gale and Polden Ltd. p. 36
  4. War Office Circular, 12 May 1859, published in The Times, 13 May.
  5. Army Notes. Royal United Services Institution Journal, Volume 73, Issue 490, 1928
  6. Web site: ARMY ESTIMATES, 1928. . 8 March 1928. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).
  7. Tony Mason and Eliza Ried, Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p.39
  8. News: Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'. BBC News. 26 December 2015. 2012-10-14.
  9. Web site: Our history. Australian Army . 6 September 2021.
  10. Web site: The Air Battalion. The RAF Museum. 30 January 2015.
  11. Web site: The Corps of Royal Engineers in the First World War . The Long, Long Trail . 19 August 2020.
  12. Web site: The Corps of Royal Engineers . National Army Museum . 19 August 2020.
  13. Web site: Tunnelling Companies in the Great War. Tunnellers Memorial. 30 January 2015.
  14. [War Office]
  15. Kendall . Brigadier A J V . September 1985 . "If You Know of a Better 'Ole, Go to It": The Development of Airfield Damage Repair" . The Royal Engineers Journal . 99 . 3 . 153–onwards . 2019-01-02.
  16. Isby and Kamps, Armies of NATO's Central Front.
  17. RE Journal, Vol 99, No. 3, p.141
  18. Web site: Royal Engineers Museum. British listed buildings. 30 January 2015.
  19. Book: Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. 453-455, OBITUARY. MAJOR-GENERAL RICHARD CLEMENT MOODY, R.E., 1813-1181.
  20. Web site: The Royal Engineers: Colonel Richard Clement Moody. 3 November 2016. 8 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160808000743/http://www.royalengineers.ca/moody.html. dead.
  21. Lucas, Charles Thomas . 2004 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/49439.
  22. Web site: Royal Albert Hall. 21 May 2013. Famous Wonders. 30 January 2015.
  23. Book: Cotton, Lady. General Sir Arthur Cotton, RE, KCSI: His Life and Work. 1900. Hodder & Stoughton.
  24. Book: The Indian Biographical Dictionary . 1915. Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin Campbell.
  25. Web site: Bye By: The Story of Lieutenant-Colonel John By, R.E. and his fall from grace. Ken. Watson. 30 January 2015.
  26. Book: Ingleton, Roy. Fortress Kent. 115–116. Pen & Sword Military. 2012. 978-1848848887.
  27. Web site: Joshua Jebb on Pentonville Prison, London. Elton Engineering Books. 31 December 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015051/http://www.elton-engineeringbooks.co.uk/highlights/jebb.htm. 9 March 2012.
  28. Book: Fenwick, SC . Boundary Commissions – 1832–1911. Corps History – Part 12: Engineers in a Civic role (1820–1911) . Royal Engineers Museum.
  29. Web site: Demonstrations 19 – Limelight. Leeds University. 31 January 2015. 6 June 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070606200355/http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_19.htm. dead.
  30. Book: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. 12–14. 2014. 978-1-4419-9917-7. 10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_10. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Hearnshaw. John. Abney, William de Wiveleslie.
  31. Web site: Woolwich Dockyard Area. University College London. 31 January 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623011612/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture/research/survey-of-london/woolwich/documents/48.2_Woolwich_Dockyard_Area.pdf. 23 June 2015.
  32. Web site: Chatham Royal Naval Barracks. 31 January 2015.
  33. Web site: The Roles . 12–35. Army life: Your guide to the Royal Engineers. 31 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903033653/http://army.mod.uk/documents/general/Your_Guide_to_the_Royal_Engineers.pdf. 3 September 2014. dead.
  34. Web site: Welcome . Army life: Your guide to the Royal Engineers. Ministry of Defence. 3. 16 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170215073954/http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/Your_Guide_to_the_Royal_Engineers.pdf. 15 February 2017. dead.
  35. http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part6.htm Corps History Part 6
  36. http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part17.htm Corps History Part 17
  37. Web site: Royal School of Military Engineering. Ministry of Defence. 31 January 2015.
  38. Web site: Royal Engineers Units. 15 August 2019. British Army.
  39. Web site: Army Training Centre Pirbright say farewell to 76 Battery Royal Artillery. Royal Artillery Association. 31 January 2015. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040044/http://www.theraa.co.uk/blog/article/army-training-centre-pirbright-say-farewell-to-76-battery-royal-artillery. dead.
  40. Web site: Diving Training Unit (Army). Ministry of Defence. 31 January 2015.
  41. Web site: Band of the Corps of Royal Engineers. Ministry of Defence. 31 January 2015.
  42. Web site: Flag, Blue Ensign: Royal Engineers. Imperial War Museum. 31 January 2015.
  43. Web site: The Towers that Gundulf Built. Kate Shrewsday. 18 February 2014. 31 January 2015.
  44. Web site: ether . The Band of the Corps of the Royal Engineers . Kent County Show . 2014-03-25 . 2020-04-24 . 28 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728224523/https://kentshowground.co.uk/the-band-of-the-corps-of-the-royal-engineers/ . dead .
  45. Web site: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 31 January 2015.
  46. Book: Baker Brown, W . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol IV . 1952 . The Institution of Royal Engineers . Chatham.
  47. Web site: Institution of Royal Engineers (InstRE). Articles. Royal Engineers Museum. 19 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100601075722/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/articles/rem_article_institute.htm. 1 June 2010. dead.
  48. Web site: The Sapper Magazine. 31 January 2015.
  49. Web site: Royal Engineers' Association. 31 January 2015.
  50. Web site: Sapper Sailing . 6 July 2022.
  51. Web site: About . sappersailing.org . 6 July 2022.
  52. Book: Wall, Sir Frederick. 50 Years of Football, 1884–1934. 2005. Soccer Books Limited. 978-1-86223-116-0.
  53. Cox, Richard (2002) The Encyclopaedia of British Football, Routledge, United Kingdom
  54. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Fhistory.htm History of Football
  55. News: The English Association Football Challenge Cup . 1 July 2020 . Montrose, Arbroath and Brechin Review . 19 March 1875 . 4.
  56. Memoirs: Col. H.W. Renny-Tailyour . The Royal Engineers Journal . September 1920 . XXXII . 123–125 . 30 June 2020.
    The late Colonel H. W. Renny-Tailyour. . The Royal Engineers Journal . February 1922 . XXXIV . 103 . 30 June 2020.
  57. Web site: History Section – Welfare and Sports. https://web.archive.org/web/20091021064409/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_welfare.htm . 21 October 2009. dead.
  58. News: First FA Cup final recreated . 8 November 2012 . 8 September 2020 . BBC Sport.
  59. Web site: aru.org.uk. https://web.archive.org/web/20090901234113/http://www.aru.org.uk/aru-history.htm. dead. 1 September 2009. www.aru.org.uk.
  60. Book: Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol II . 1889 . The Institution of Royal Engineers . Chatham.
  61. Web site: Royal Signals Heritage . Ministry of Defence. 31 January 2015.
  62. Web site: Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers . National Army Museum . 19 August 2020.
  63. Web site: Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers -- History . 26th Regiment RA Association . 19 August 2020.
  64. Book: Aves, William A. T.. The Railway Operating Division on the Western Front : the Royal Engineers in France and Belgium 1915-1919. 2009. 978-1900289993 . Donington : Shaun Tyas.
  65. Web site: The Royal Logistic Corps and Forming Corps. The Royal Logistic Corps Museum. 13 May 2013. dead. 14 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130814155505/http://rlcmuseum.co.uk/docs/history.html.
  66. News: I.R.A. Bombing in London. The New York Times. 2 August 1988. Bernard. Weinraub. 6 November 2015.
  67. News: I.R.A. in London: Decade of Violence. The New York Times. 8 February 1991. 6 November 2015.
  68. Web site: Tommy's Mail & the Army Post Office. World War 1 postcards. 31 January 2015. 25 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141225225514/http://www.worldwar1postcards.com/soldiers-mail.php. dead.
  69. Web site: Royal Engineers . 31 January 2015.
  70. Web site: History Section - Sappers VCs . Royal Engineers Museum . 19 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060810230716/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_vc.htm . 10 August 2006 .
  71. Web site: Monument to the Royal Engineers at Arromanches Saint-Combe-de-Fresne France. 30 January 2015.
  72. Web site: Hansard . 4 July 2016 . Royal Regiment of Artillery/Corps of Royal Engineers. 9 April 2020.

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