Coronavirus diseases explained

Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses),[1] [2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19.[3] [4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses,[5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.

Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived .[6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital)[7] [8] [9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968,[10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later.[11]

The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom.[12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats.[13]

List

Coronavirus diseases
Host organismDiseasePathogenYear of DiscoveryDetails
BirdsAvian infectious bronchitisAvian coronavirus (IBV)1920s[14] [15] Discovered in North America.
Pigs, dogs, catsEnteritisTransmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)1946 Infects pigs,[16] cats,[17] and dogs.[18]
HumansCommon coldHuman coronavirus 229E (HCoV229E)1930s [19] Possibly originated from bats.[20]
Mice, ratsEncephalitisMHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (MCoV) named after John Howard Mueller.[21] 1949[22]
HumansCommon coldHuman coronavirus OC43 (HCoVOC43)1967[23] Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans.[24]
PigsEnteritisPorcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)1971[25] Infects pigs.
Caused outbreaks in 1972[26] and 1978,[27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015.[28]
DogsEnteritisCanine coronavirus (CCoV)1971
CatsFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP)Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
CattleEnteritisBovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV)
HumansSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARSCoV or SARSCoV1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSrCoV)2002Discovered in Foshan, China.[29]
Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
Possibly originated from horseshoe bats.[30]
HumansCommon coldHuman coronavirus HKU1 (HCoVHKU1)2004Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[31]
HumansCommon coldHuman coronavirus NL63 (HCoVNL63)2004Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[32]
Possibly originated from tricolored bats.[33]
Chinese bulbulsBulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoVHKU11)2008Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[34] [35]
HumansMiddle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERSCoV)2012Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[36]
Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018.
PigsEnteritisPorcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCovHKU15)2014Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[37]
HumansCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19)Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), a strain of SARSrCoV2019Discovered in Wuhan, China.[38] [39]
Caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both.[40]

See also

Notes and References

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  3. Alfarouk . Khalid O. . AlHoufie . Sari T. S. . Ahmed . Samrein B. M. . Shabana . Mona . Ahmed . Ahmed . Alqahtani . Saad S. . Alqahtani . Ali S. . Alqahtani . Ali M. . Ramadan . AbdelRahman M. . Ahmed . Mohamed E. . Ali . Heyam S. . Bashir . Adil . Devesa . Jesus . Cardone . Rosa A. . Ibrahim . Muntaser E. . Schwartz . Laurent . Reshkin . Stephan J. . Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19 . Journal of Xenobiotics . 2021-05-21 . 11 . 2 . 77–93 . 10.3390/jox11020006 . 34063739. 8163157 . free .
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