Hash is a dish consisting of chopped meat, potatoes, and fried onions. The name is derived from, meaning 'to chop'.[1] It originated as a way to use up leftovers. In the U.S. by the 1860s, a cheap restaurant was called a "hash house" or "hashery."
Canned corned beef hash became especially popular in countries such as Britain and France during and after the Second World War as rationing limited the availability of fresh meat.[2]
Hash may be served for breakfast, lunch, or supper. When served for breakfast in the United States hash may come with eggs, toast, hollandaise sauce, or baked beans.[3] [4] [5] [6]
High-end restaurants offer sophisticated hash dishes on their menus.[7] Modern preparations have been made with unconventional ingredients such as lamb, fish, venison, turkey, chicken, shrimp, or steak.[8]
"Hash" of many forms was part of the American diet since at least the 18th century, as is attested by the availability of numerous recipes and the existence of many "hash houses" named after the dish.[9] [10] In the United States, September 27 is "National Corned Beef Hash Day".[11]
Classic American corned beef hash originated in the New England region of the United States as a way to use up the leftovers from a traditional boiled dinner of beef, cabbage, potatoes, and onions. A red flannel hash is made with the addition of beets. Fish hash, including salt cod hash, has been observed in historical New England cuisine.
Corned beef and cabbage dinners are an Irish-American tradition from the 1800s that are now commonly held across the United States on St. Patrick's Day. Corned beef hash is also commonly served on St. Patrick's Day, as well as around American Thanksgiving and Christmas.[12]
In the Midwest it was common to bind a hash together with a white sauce thickened with flour.
Alternatively, in the southern United States, the term hash may refer to two dishes:
As early as the 14th century, English people were making hache or hachy. According to cookbook author Steven Raichlen, "The English diarist Samuel Pepys waxed grandiloquent about a rabbit hash he savored in 1662".
An 18th century recipe for "excellent hash" was made by preparing a seasoned roux with herbs and onion, cayenne, mace and nutmeg, then adding to it broth or gravy and stirring in mushroom ketchup. In this sauce the cold beef would be simmered over gentle heat. Simpler recipes would omit some of the fancier ingredients like mushroom ketchup and add filling root vegetables like carrots and boiled potatoes.[14]
"Norman hash" was a dish of gravy and onions served over slices of leftover roast beef.[15]
Hash in Denmark, known in Danish as (roughly translated, 'tossed together food'), is a traditional leftover dish usually made with pork, potato, and onion, and served with a fried egg, Worcestershire sauce, pickled red beet slices, and ketchup or Bearnaise sauce. The coarsely-diced ingredients, rather than being mashed into a paste, are readily discernible in their cooked form. A beef variant is known as "Royal hash", and a Southern Jutland regional dish including cream and served over pommes frites as "King Frederik's favorite".
In Sweden, there is a version of hash called [16] ('small-pieces-in-pan') and in Finland, and Norway, . It is similar to the Danish version. The Swedish variety calls specifically for beef instead of other meats and adding cream to the hash. It is named after Sweden's 18th century national poet Carl Michael Bellman.
In Austria and perhaps more specifically Tyrol, there exists a similar dish called, usually consisting of chopped leftover meats (often being pork sausage), potato and onions fried with herbs (typically marjoram and parsley) and then served topped with a fried egg.
In Slovenia, it is called and very often used as a spaghetti sauce. It is made out of minced pork and veal meat, potato sauce, onion, garlic, flour and spices.
In Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American cuisines, there is a similar dish called (Spanish) or (Portuguese). It is made with ground meat (usually beef), tomatoes (tomato sauce may be used as a substitute), vegetables and spices[17] that vary by region (the Portuguese and Brazilian version is generally, very heavy on garlic, in the form of an aioli called, and often also heavy on onion and bell peppers). It is often served with rice (it can be fried in aioli if those who will eat have a strong fondness for garlic), as well as okra, in the form of —okra fried in an aioli, just as the hash itself and the collard greens used in feijoada—in Brazil, there constituting a staple) or used as a filling in dishes such as tacos, tostadas, or as a regular breakfast hash with eggs and tortillas (not in Brazil and Portugal). In Brazil and Portugal, it is used as bolognese sauce for pasta, and also used as a filling for pancake rolls, pastel (Brazilian pastry empanada), empadão and others (not with okra as it is far too perishable to be used in a fill for fast food and its consumption together with wheat flour-based foods often does not fit cultural tastes). The name comes from the West Iberian (Spanish, Leonese and Portuguese) infinitive verb, which means 'to mince' or 'to chop'.
In the Philippines, hash is similar to that of Spanish and American versions. Commonly called, it is known as breakfast fare for it includes corned beef, onions, and potatoes. Another variant, called pork (meaning 'ground') or is similar to, and includes carrots, potatoes, and hard boiled egg in tomato sauce.
In Germany, is made with beef or corned beef minced with onions and boiled potatoes and fried in lard. Beetroot and herring may be added, or served as a side dish.[18]