| Corleck Head | |
| Material: | Limestone |
| Created: | 1st or 2nd century AD |
| Discovered Place: | Corleck Hill, County Cavan, Ireland |
| Discovered Coords: | 53.9725°N -6.9981°W |
| Location: | National Museum of Ireland, Dublin |
| Id: | IA:1998:72[1] |
The Corleck Head is an Irish three-faced stone idol usually dated to the 1st or 2nd century AD. Although its origin cannot be known for certain, its dating to the Early Iron Age is based on similar iconography from northern European Celtic artefacts from that period. Archaeologists agree that it probably represents a Celtic god, and was intended to be placed on top of a larger shrine associated with a Celtic head cult, and may have continued in use for the Lughnasadh, a harvest festival celebrated by the Gaels that survived into the modern period.
The head was found in the townland of Drumeague in County Cavan, Ireland, during the excavation of a large passage tomb dated to . The archaeological evidence indicates that it was used for ceremonial purposes at Corleck Hill, a significant cult centre during the late Iron Age that for millennia became a major site of celebration during the Lughnasadh. As with any stone artefact, its dating and cultural significance are difficult to establish. The three faces may represent an all-knowing, all-seeing god representing the unity of the past, present and future or ancestral mother figures representing strength and fertility. The head was found alongside the Corraghy head, a two-headed sculpture with a ram's head at one side and a human head on the other. Today only the human head survives. The idols are collectively known as the "Corleck Gods". Historians assume that they were hidden during the Early Middle Ages due to their paganism and association with human sacrifice, traditions the early Christian church suppressed.
The Corleck Head came to national attention in 1937 after its prehistoric dating was realised by the historian Thomas J. Barron. When rediscovered it was a local curiosity placed on top of a farm gatepost; today, it is on permanent display at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. It is included in the 2011 Irish Times anthology A History of Ireland in 100 Objects.[2]
The Corleck Head is cut from local limestone,[3] and is a relatively large example of the Irish stone idol type, being high and at its widest point. The faces, which could be male or female are carved in low relief.[4] [5] They are similar but not identical in form and enigmatic, complex expressions. Each face has very basic and simply described features that seem to indicate a slightly different mood.[6]
All three faces have a broad and flat wedge–shaped noses and a thin, narrow, slit mouths. The embossed eyes are wide and round, yet closely-set and seem to stare at the viewer. The faces are all clean-shaven and lack ears, while the head overall is cut off before the neck.[7] One has heavy eyebrows, another has a small hole at the centre of its mouth, a feature of unknown significance found on several contemporary Irish stone heads and examples from England, Wales and Bohemia.[8] [9]
The hole under the sculpture's base suggests it was intended to be placed on top of a pedestal, likely on a tenon (a joint connecting two pieces of material). This indicates that the overall structure may have represented a phallus, a common Iron age fertility symbol,[10] and was intended as part of a larger pre–Christian shrine.[11]
The Corleck head is widely considered the finest of the Celtic stone idols, largely due to its contrasting simplicity of design and complexity of expression. In 1972, the archaeologist and historian Etienn Rynne described it as "unlike all others in its elegance and economy of line", while in 1962 the archaeologist Thomas G. F. Paterson wrote that only the triple-head idol found in Cortynan, County Armagh, shares features drawn from such bare outlines. According to Paterson, the simplicity of the Corleck and Cortynan heads indicates a degree of sophistication of craft absent in the often "vigorous and ... barbaric style" of other contemporary Irish examples.
Corleck Hill once held three Neolithic passage graves, the largest of which was known locally as the "giant's grave". A local man, John O'Reilly, described to Barron how, until at least 1836, the hill contained a stone circle on its peak. The monuments were excavated during the 18th and 19th centuries to make way for farming land.[12] According to O'Reilly, during the excavation of the giant's grave the entrance stones were "drawn away ... [revealing] a cruciform shaped chamber ... the stones from the mound were used to build a dwelling house nearby, known locally as Corleck Ghost House."
The hill's Irish names include Irish: Sliabh na Trí nDée (the "Hill of the Three Gods") and Irish: Sliabh na nDée Dána (the "Highland of the Three Gods of Craftsmanship"). The archaeological evidence indicates that Corleck Hill was a significant Druidic (the priestly caste in ancient Celtic cultures) site of worship during the Iron Age;[13] [14] and was once known as "the pulse of Ireland".[15] Corleck is traditionally associated with the Lughnasadh, an ancient harvest festival celebrating the Celtic god Lugh, believed to have been a warrior, king and master craftsman of the Tuatha Dé Danann — one of the foundational ancient Irish tribes in Irish mythology.[16] [17] Archaeologists think the head was one of a series of objects placed at the site during the festival. According to the historian Jonathan Smyth, it was probably situated on top of a pillar as part of a phallic symbol representing fertility.[18]
Corleck is one of six areas in Ulster where clusters of seemingly related stone idols have been found.[19] Other cult objects from the broader area include the 1st century BC wooden Ralaghan Idol, also brought to attention by Barron[20] and the contemporary stone heads from the nearby townlands of Corravilla (a small spherical head) and Corraghy (a bearded head with an unusually long neck, now also in the NMI).[21] [22]
The Corleck and Corraghy heads are presumed to have been hidden around the same time.
The head was unearthed around 1855 by the local farmer James Longmore while looking for stones to build the farmhouse that became known colloquially as the "Corleck Ghost House".[23] [24] While the exact find spot is unknown,[25] it was probably on Corleck Hill in townland of Drumeague, on the site of a large passage tomb that was then under excavation.[26] [27] The head was uncovered along with the Corraghy Heads; a mostly lost janiform sculpture with a ram's head on one side and a human head with hair and a beard on the other. Archaeologists assumed the Corleck and Corraghy heads once formed elements of a larger shrine and were buried around the same time, perhaps to hide them from early Christians seeking to suppress the memory of older pagan idols.[28]
Longmore sold the lease on the farm to Thomas Hall in 1865. Hall's son, Sam Hall, placed the Corleck head on a gatepost, and also destroyed a large part of the Corraghy sculpture while trying to separate the two heads.[29] The local historian and folklorist Thomas J. Barron was the first to recognise the Corleck Head's age and significance after seeing it in 1934 while a researcher for the Irish Folklore Commission.[30] During his initial research, Barron interviewed Emily Bryce, a relative of the Halls, who remembered childhood visits to the farm and throwing stones at the head, having no idea as to it's age.
Barron contacted the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) in 1937,[31] after which the NMI director Adolf Mahr arranged the Corleck Head's permanent loan to the museum for study. In a lecture that year to the Prehistoric Society (a learned society promoting the study of prehistoric archaeology), Mahr described the head as "certainly the most Gaulish looking sculpture of religious character ever found in Ireland".[29] Mahr secured funding to acquire it for the museum, while study of the head and similar stone idols preoccupied Barron until his death in 1992.[32]
Most surviving iconic—that is representational as opposed to abstract—prehistoric Irish sculptures originate from the northern province of Ulster. The majority consist of human heads carved in the round in low relief and are mostly thought to date to from 300 BC to 100 AD; at the end of the La Tène period.[33] [34] However dating stone sculpture is extremely difficult given that techniques such as radiocarbon dating cannot be used.[35] The Corleck Head is dated to the La Tène period on stylistic similarities to contemporary works whose dating has been established, mainly due to its use of the Celtic ideal of what Ross describes as "sacred triplism".[36] However this view has been challenged, notably by the writer John Billingsley, who noted that there was a revival of stone head carvings in the early modern period.
Although many of the Ulster group of heads are believed to be pre-Christian, a number of others have since been identified as either from the Early Middle Ages or examples of 17th- or 18th-century folk art. Thus modern archaeologists date such objects based on their resemblance to other known examples in the contemporary Northern European context.[37] The Corleck Head's format and details were likely influenced by a wider European tradition, in particular from contemporary Romano-British (between 43 and 410 AD) and Gallo-Roman iconography.[38]
A small number of faces on contemporary Irish and British anthropomorphic examples have similar closely-set eyes, simply-drawn mouths and broad noses,[39] [40] including a three-faced stone bust from Woodlands, County Donegal, and two carved triple-heads from Greetland in West Yorkshire, England.[41] Similar tricephalic and bicephalic idols include the "Lustymore" figure on Boa Island and the head found in Caldragh, County Fermanagh, on the lower part of Lough Erne.[42] [43]
The Corleck Head is one of the earliest known figurative (iconic) stone sculptures found in Ireland, with the exception of the Tandragee Idol from nearby County Armagh, which may also have been produced for a cult site.
Although historical knowledge of the Irish Celts is, according to the archaeologist Eamonn Kelly "sketchy and incomplete", the archaeological evidence suggests a complex and prosperous society that assimilated and adapted external cultural influences.[44] Numerous Iron Age carved stones survive, but only a small number are iconic or decorated, and they are mostly in the La Tène style, which reached Ireland around 300 BC.[45]
The earliest European stone idol heads appeared in the Nordic countries in the late Bronze Age, where they continued to be produced, including in Iceland, until the end of the Viking Age in the 11th century AD. The very early examples resemble contemporary full-length wooden figures, and both types are assumed to have been created for cultic sites. However, early examples are rare; only around eight known prehistoric Nordic stone heads have been identified.[46] The type spread across Northern Europe, with the most numerous examples appearing in both the northeast and southeast of Gaul (notably at Roquepertuse) and across the northern British Isles during the Romano-British period. Most scholars believe that the British and Irish heads were a combination of abstract Celtic art and the monumentalism of Roman sculpture.[47]
The early forms of Celtic religion were introduced to Ireland around 400 BC.[48] From surviving artefacts, it can be assumed that both multi-headed (as with the Corraghy head) or multi-faced idols were a common part of their iconography and represented all-knowing and all-seeing gods, symbolising the unity of the past, present and future.[49] According to the archaeologist Miranda Aldhouse-Green, the Corleck Head may have been used "to gain knowledge of places or events far away in time and space".[50]
Typically, Stone idols were utilised at larger cult or worship sites, of which the known Irish examples are usually near holy wells or sacred groves,. while major centers include Roquepertuse near Marseille, France. The hole at the Corleck Head's base indicates that it was once attached to a larger structure, perhaps a pillar comparable to the now lost wooden structure found in the 1790s in a bog near Aghadowey, County Londonderry, which was capped with a figure with four heads.
Representations of human heads are often found at Insular or Gaulish Celtic artefacts.[51] The archaeologist Ann Ross notes that in several early Insular vernacular accounts, the head was venerated by the Celts, who believed it "the seat of the soul, the centre of the vital essence" and assumed it had divine powers.[52] Classical Roman sources mention instances of Celts retaining the severed heads of their enemies as war trophies, claiming that they practised head-hunting and placed severed heads on stakes near their dwellings. Other accounts indicate that the Celts believed that placing a severed head on a standing stone or pillar would bring it back to life.[53] [54] These and later claims are circumstantially supported by Iron Age burial sites found to contain multiple decapitated bodies or severed skulls.
This has led to much speculation among archaeologists as to the existence of a Celtic head cult centred around, according to Kelly, a practice of "ritual and sacrifice", in which stone or wooden heads played a central idolatry role. While the Roman and Insular accounts resemble others from contemporary Britain and mainland Europe, the Irish vernacular records were mostly set down by Christian monks who would have had, according to the folklorist Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, "theological reasons" to slant the oral traditions in an unfavourable light compared to their own beliefs and rituals. At the same time, the Romans dismissed the Druids as relatively primitive enemies.