Convair F-106 Delta Dart Explained

The Convair F-106 Delta Dart was an all-weather interceptor aircraft designed and produced by the American aircraft manufacturer Convair.

The F-106 was designed in response to the 1954 interceptor program. Envisioned as an imagined "Ultimate Interceptor", it was a development of the F-102 Delta Dagger, and commenced as the F-102B prior to being redesignated by the United States Air Force (USAF). The F-106 was designed without a gun or provision for carrying bombs, instead carrying its AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles within an internal weapons bay, its clean exterior was beneficial to supersonic flight. Major differences from the F-102 included the adoption of the more powerful Pratt & Whitney J75 turbojet engine, heavily redesigned air inlets along with a variable-geometry inlet duct to suit a wide range of supersonic speeds, application of the area rule to the fuselage shaping, and a general increase in size. On 26 December 1956, the first prototype performed its maiden flight. After flight testing demonstrated lesser performance gains than anticipated, the USAF ultimately only ordered 350 of the planned 1,000 F-106s.

Becoming operational in June 1959, the F-106 was the primary all-weather interceptor aircraft of the USAF through much of the Cold War era; it ended up being the final specialist interceptor to be used by the service to date. It was never used in combat nor were any export opportunities secured. During the 1960s, a competitive evaluation between the F-106 and the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II determined the latter to be marginally superior, yet the type continued to be operated for a further two decades due to extensive demand for the F-4 in other roles. Convair proposed various improved models of the F-106, typically focused on the radar, communications, and other avionics, but none of these schemes were pursued. In one high-profile incident over Montana on 2 February 1970, an unmanned F-106 recovered from a flat spin after its pilot had ejected, belly landing relatively intact in a snow-covered cornfield; it was recovered and continued to be flown for numerous years afterwards.

The F-106 was gradually withdrawn from USAF service during the 1980s as the arrival of newer air superiority fighters, particularly the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, had made the role of dedicated interceptors obsolete. Numerous F-106s would be operated for a time by the Air National Guard. Many withdrawn aircraft were promptly converted into target drones and redesignated QF-106 under the Pacer Six program, which were used up in 1998.[1] [2] [3] A handful of F-106s were operated by NASA for experimental purposes, such as the Eclipse Project, through to 1998.

Development

Background

The F-106 was the ultimate development of the USAF's 1954 interceptor program of the early 1950s.[4] The initial winner of this competition had been the F-102 Delta Dagger, but early versions of this aircraft had demonstrated extremely poor performance, being limited to flying at subsonic speeds and relatively low altitudes.[5] During the testing program the F-102 underwent numerous changes to improve its performance, notably the application of the area rule to the fuselage shaping and a change of engine, and the dropping of the advanced MX-1179 fire control system and its replacement with a slightly upgraded version of the MX-1 already in use on subsonic designs. The resulting aircraft became the F-102A, and in spite of being considered barely suitable for its mission, the Air Force sent out a production contract in March 1954, under which the first deliveries were expected during the following year.[6] [7]

By December 1951, the Air Force had already turned its attention to a further improved version, which was initially referred to as the F-102B. The main planned change was the replacement of the F-102A's Pratt & Whitney J57 (which had itself replaced the original J40[8]) with the more powerful Wright J67 (a Bristol Olympus produced under license).[9] By the time this engine would be available, the MX-1179 was expected to be available, and thus it was selected as well. The intended result would be the "ultimate interceptor" that the USAF had originally sought.[10] However, while initial work on the Olympus design appeared to go well, by August 1953 Wright was already a full year behind schedule in development. Continued development did not resolve problems with the engine, and in early 1955 the Air Force approved the switch to the Pratt & Whitney J75.[11]

The J75 was somewhat larger than the J57 in the F-102A, and had greater This demanded changes to the inlets to allow more airflow, and led to the further refinement of using a somewhat shorter variable-geometry inlet duct to allow the intakes to be tuned to best performance across a wide range of supersonic speeds. The fuselage grew slightly longer, and was cleaned up and simplified in many ways. The wing was slightly enlarged in area, and a redesigned vertical tail surface was used. The engine's two-position afterburner exhaust nozzle was also used for idle thrust control, held open to decrease thrust by 40%, resulting in slower taxiing and less brake wear.[12]

Competing efforts and production arrangements

Throughout its early development, the F-102B had to compete for attention and resources with the F-102A; the aviation author Marcelle Knaack observed that there were fewer funds to develop the more capable systems of the F-102B, which would have been useful in more quickly overcoming some of the technical difficulties that arose.[13] The number of F-102As on order grew substantially beyond that which been originally forecast, indicative of the growing importance attached to what had once been intended to be an interim or 'stop-gap' aircraft to fill in until the F-102B could be delivered. During December 1955, a mock-up with the expected layout of the MX-1179, now known as the MA-1, was inspected and approved.[14]

On 18 April 1956, an extended production contract for 17 F-102Bs was issued to Convair, representing substantially fewer aircraft than had been originally anticipated at this stage.[14] On 17 June of that year, the aircraft was officially re-designated as the F-106A.[15] [16] [17] On 18 August 1956, the USAF issued a systems development directive that called for development and production of the F-106 Knaack attributed this policy as being responsible for several later problems in the program.[18] During April 1957, the USAF formally rejected Convair's F-102C proposal (essentially a reengined model of the F-102) to concentrate on the more advanced F-106 program, which it had then anticipated to enter service during the following year.[19]

Flight testing

On 26 December 1956, the first prototype F-106, an aerodynamic test bed, performed its maiden flight from Edwards Air Force Base. On 26 February 1957, the second prototype, which was outfitted with a fuller set of equipment, made its first flight.[20] [18] Early flight testing around the end of 1956 and beginning of 1957 demonstrated somewhat disappointing results, having achieved less of a performance gain over the F-102 than had been anticipated. Specifically, both the acceleration and maximum speed were beneath Convair's own estimates.[21] Furthermore, both the engine and avionics proved to be somewhat unreliable.[22] These combined problems, and the delays associated with them, were nearly responsible for the termination of the program.[20] [23]

However, the service decided to persist with the F-106 program after the Air Defense Command had heavily advocated for it.[24] Based upon the test data submitted, USAF officials had determined that modifications to the inlet duct cowling and charging ejectors were likely to increase both acceleration and speed; modifications would be made following the completion of Category II testing and were evaluated during Category III testing.[21] At this stage, the service enacted several measures to hasten development towards production; in April 1957, it authorized the conditional acceptance of several F-106s being used by Convair for flight testing; it also took several quick decisions to settle outstanding development questions.[25] By mid-1957, funding for 120 F-106As had been allocated.[26] The USAF ultimately opted to order 350 F-106s, substantially fewer than the planned fleet of 1,000 aircraft. Deliveries of the single-seat F-106A and the twin-seat F-106B combat-capable trainer variant commenced to 15 fighter interceptor squadrons in October 1959.[27] [26]

World Speed record

On 15 December 1959, Major Joseph W. Rogers set a world speed record of 1,525.96 mph (2,455.79 km/h) in a Delta Dart at 40,500 ft (12,300 m).[28] [29] [30] That year, Charles E. Myers flew the same model aircraft at 1,544 mph (2,484 km/h).[31]

Design

The F-106 was envisaged as a specialized all-weather missile-armed interceptor to shoot down bombers. It was complemented by other Century Series fighters for other roles such as daylight air superiority or fighter-bombing.[26] To support its role, the F-106 was equipped with the Hughes MA-1 integrated fire-control system, which could be linked to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) network for ground control interception (GCI) missions, allowing the aircraft to be steered by controllers. The MA-1 proved extremely troublesome and was eventually upgraded more than 60 times in service.[32]

Similarly to the F-102, the F-106 was designed without a gun, or provision for carrying bombs, but it carried its missiles in an internal weapons bay for clean supersonic flight. It was armed with four Hughes AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles (either AIM-4G infra-red guided missiles or semi-active radar homing (SARH)-guided (which detected reflected radar signals) AIM-4E/F missiles[33]), along with a single 1.5 kiloton-warhead AIR-2 (MB-2) Genie unguided air-to-air rocket intended to be fired into enemy bomber formations.[34] Like its predecessor, the F-102 Delta Dagger, it could carry a drop tank under each wing.[35] Later fighters such as the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle carried missiles recessed in the fuselage or externally, but stealth aircraft would re-adopt the idea of carrying missiles or bombs internally for reduced radar signature.

The first ejection seat fitted to early F-106s was a variation of the seat used by the F-102 and was called the Weber interim seat. It was a catapult seat which used an explosive charge to propel it clear of the aircraft. This seat was not a zero-zero seat and was inadequate for ejections at supersonic speeds as well as ground level ejections and ejections at speeds below 120kn and 2000feet. The second seat that replaced the Weber interim seat was the Convair/ICESC (Industry Crew Escape System Committee) Supersonic Rotational B-seat, called the supersonic "bobsled", hence the B designation.[36] [37] It was designed with supersonic ejection as the primary criterion since the F-106 was capable of Mach-2 performance. Fighter pilots viewed high speed ejections as the most important. Seat designers viewed an ejection at low altitude and slow speed as the most likely possibility. The ejection sequence with the B-seat was quite complicated and there were some unsuccessful ejections that resulted in pilot fatalities. The third seat, that replaced the Convair B-seat, was the Weber Zero-Zero ROCAT (for Rocket Catapult) seat. Weber Aircraft Corporation designed a "zero-zero" seat to operate at up to 600kn. High-altitude supersonic ejections were rare and ejections at relatively low altitudes and low speeds were more likely. The Weber "zero-zero" seat was satisfactory and was retrofitted to the F-106 after 1965.[38]

Operational history

Early operations of the F-106 were troubled by numerous technical issues. These included generator defects, fuel-flow issues (particularly during cold weather), and combustor-starter malfunctions.[39] During December 1959, all F-106s were temporarily grounded following the accidental jettisoning of the canopy mid-flight on one aircraft. Many, but not all, of these problems were resolved by the start of 1961; this can be partially attributed to two major modification and retrofit program conducted during this timeframe.[40] Following the resolution of initial teething problems – in particular an ejection seat that killed the first 12 pilots to eject from the aircraft[41] – its exceptional performance led to the aircraft becoming relatively popular amongst its pilots.

The F-106 served in the contiguous US, Alaska, and Iceland, as well as for brief periods in Germany and South Korea.[42] The F-106 was the second highest sequentially numbered P/F- aircraft to enter service under the old number sequence (the F-111 was highest), before the system was reset under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system. In service, the F-106's official name, "Delta Dart," was rarely used, and the aircraft was universally known simply as "The Six."[43] The arrival of the F-106 in quantity quickly led to the withdrawal of various older aircraft that were being used in the interceptor role, such as the North American F-86 Sabre and the Northrop F-89 Scorpion.[44]

Although contemplated for use in the Vietnam War, the F-106 never saw combat, nor was it exported to foreign users. After the cancellation of their own Avro Arrow, the Canadian government briefly considered purchasing the F-106C/D.

To standardize aircraft types, the USAF was directed to conduct Operation Highspeed, a flyoff competition between the USAF F-106A and the U.S. Navy F4H-1 (F-4B) Phantom, which was not only as capable as the F-106 as a missile-armed interceptor but could carry as large a bomb load as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bomber.[45] The Phantom was the winner but would first be used to escort and later replace the F-105 fighter-bomber in the late 1960s before replacing older interceptors in Air Defense Command in the 1970s.

The F-106 was progressively updated in service, with improved avionics, a modified wing featuring a noticeable conical camber, an infrared search and track system, streamlined supersonic wing tanks which provided virtually no degradation to overall aircraft performance, better instrumentation and features like an inflight refuelling receptacle and an arrestor hook for landing emergencies.[46] [47]

Air-to-air combat testing suggested "The Six" was a reasonable match for the F-4 Phantom II in a dogfight, with superior high-altitude turn performance and overall maneuverability (aided by the aircraft's lower wing loading). The Phantom had better radar – operated by an additional crewman – and could carry a load of up to four radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow and four infrared AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, while the AIM-4 Falcon missiles carried by the F-106 proved a disappointment for dogfighting over Vietnam.[48] The F-4 had a higher thrust/weight ratio with superior climb, better high speed/low-altitude maneuverability and could be used as a fighter-bomber. Air combat experience over Vietnam showed the need for increased pilot visibility and the utility of a built-in gun, which had been added to the "E" variant of USAF Phantoms.

In 1972, some F-106As were upgraded in Project Six Shooter that involved fitting the F-106 with a new canopy without metal bracing which greatly improved pilot visibility.[49] Also added was an optical gunsight and provision for a M61 Vulcan 20 mm cannon. The M61 Vulcan had 650 rounds of ammunition in the center of the weapons bay, being used in place of the AIR-2 Genie. Many F-106 units opted to fly without the gun, retaining their nuclear payload instead. The F-15A Eagle started replacing the F-106 in 1981, with "The Sixes" typically passed on to Air National Guard units. The F-106 remained in service in various USAF and ANG units until 1988.[1]

Retirement and conversion into drones

Between 1 June 1983 and 1 August 1988 the Delta Darts were incrementally retired and sent to the Military Storage and Disposition Center in Arizona.[50] [51] When the need for a high performance Full Scaled Aerial Target Drone was required, the USAF began withdrawing Delta Darts from storage. Starting in 1986, 194 of the surviving surplus aircraft were converted into target drones and these were designated QF-106As and used for target practice vehicles under the Pacer Six Program by the Aerial Targets Squadron.[52] The last was destroyed in January 1998.[2] [3] The drones were still capable of being flown as manned aircraft, such as for ferrying to a test; during the test they were flown unmanned.[53] The QF-106 replaced the QF-100 Super Sabre drone; the last shoot down of a QF-106 (57-2524) took place at Holloman AFB on 20 February 1997 after which the QF-106 was superseded by the QF-4S and QF-4E Phantom II drone.

NASA research and test aircraft

Six F-106s were retained by NASA for test purposes through 1998. An F-106B two-seat trainer was operated by NASA Langley Research Center between 1979 and 1991.[54] This Delta Dart was used in research programs ranging from testing supersonic engines to improving maneuverability of fighters. Between 1980 and 1986 the aircraft was modified for the purpose of lightning strike research and became known as the Lightning Strike Plane and was struck 714 times without damage.[55] [56] On one hour-long flight at 38000feet in 1984, lightning struck the research aircraft 72 times.[57] One significant modification was the replacement of the composite nose radome by a metallic radome. Although the maximum speed of the F-106 was Mach 2.3, during the lightning experiments it was flown at subsonic speeds into clouds at 300kn from 5000to.[58] The aircraft was equipped with optical sensors which consisted of a video camera and a light detector. Data acquisition was performed with 1980s state of the art digital waveform recorders.

Eclipse project

NASA used six drones in its Eclipse Project which ran from 1997 to 1998.[59] [60] The Dryden Flight Research Center supported project Eclipse which sought to demonstrate the feasibility of a reusable Aerotow-launch vehicle. The objective was to tow, inflight, a modified QF-106 aircraft with a C-141A transport aircraft. The test demonstrated the possibility of towing and launching a space launch vehicle from behind a tow plane.[61] [62]

The Cornfield Bomber

See main article: Cornfield Bomber. On 2 February 1970, an F-106 of the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, piloted by Captain Gary Foust, entered a flat spin over Montana. Foust followed procedures and ejected from the aircraft. The resulting change of balance caused the aircraft to stabilize and later belly land in a snow-covered field, suffering only minor damage. The aircraft, promptly nicknamed "The Cornfield Bomber", was then sent back to base by rail, repaired and returned to service, and is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.[63]

Variants

Operators

United States Air Force[72]
  • Air Defense Command / Aerospace Defense Command / Tactical Air Command
  • 2nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Wurtsmith AFB (1971–1972)
  • 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Minot AFB (1960–1985)
  • 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Duluth AFB (1960–1968)
  • 27th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Loring AFB (1959–1971)
  • 48th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Langley AFB (1960–1982)
  • 49th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Griffiss AFB (1968–1987)
  • 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Richards-Gebaur AFB (1960–1971)
  • 83rd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Loring AFB (1971–1972)
  • 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Hamilton AFB (1968–1973); Castle AFB (1973–1981)
  • 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Duluth AFB (1968–1971); K.I. Sawyer AFB (1971–1985)

    94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Selfridge AFB (1960–1971)

    95th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Andrews AFB (1959–1973)

    318th Fighter Interceptor Squadron – McChord AFB (1960–1983)

    319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Bunker Hill AFB (1960–1963) / Grissom AFB (1971–1972)

    329th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – George AFB (1960–1967)

    437th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Oxnard AFB (1968–1968)

    438th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Kincheloe AFB (1960–1968)

    456th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Castle AFB (1959–1968)

    460th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Oxnard AFB (1968–1974)

    498th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – Geiger Field (1959–1968)

    539th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron – McGuire AFB (1959–1967)

    Air National Guard

    101st Fighter Interceptor Squadron, MA ANG – Otis ANGB (1972–1988)

    119th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, NJ ANG – Atlantic City ANGB (1972–1988)

    159th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, FL ANG – Jacksonville ANGB (1974–1987)

    171st Fighter Interceptor Squadron, MI ANG – Selfridge ANGB (1972–1978)

    186th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, MT ANG – Great Falls ANGB (1972–1987)

    194th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, CA ANG – Fresno ANGB (1974–1984)

    NASA

    Aircraft on display

    F-106A
    F-106B
    NF-106B

    References

    Bibliography

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Winchester 2006, p. 55.
    2. Web site: The "Pacer Six" Program . The 456th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. 1998-2014 www.F106DeltaDart.com . 16 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042328/http://www.456fis.org/PACER_SIX.htm. 26 July 2014.
    3. Web site: Kalei. Kalikiano. A Brief History of the Convair F-106 'Delta Dart' . AuthorsDen.com. AuthorsDen, Inc.. 16 July 2014.
    4. Knaack 1978, p. 159.
    5. Knaack 1978, pp. 166-167.
    6. Knaack 1978, p. 164.
    7. Converse 2012, p. 241.
    8. Knaack 1978, p. 163.
    9. Knaack 1978, p. 207.
    10. Knaack 1978, pp. 207-208.
    11. Web site: History of the 'F-106 Delta Dart' . F-106DeltaDart.com . Convair Aircraft Plant San Diego, CA . 17 June 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140722114037/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/history.htm . 22 July 2014.
    12. Flight Manual F-106A and F-106B T.O. 1F106A-1 page 1-22 "Idle thrust control switch".
    13. Knaack 1978, p. 208.
    14. Knaack 1978, pp. 208-209.
    15. Knaack 1978, p. 162.
    16. Web site: The Convair F-102A . 456FIS.ORG . THE 456th FIGHTER INTERCEPTOR SQUADRON . 17 June 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155915/http://www.456fis.org/F-102A.htm . 14 July 2014.
    17. Web site: CONVAIR F-106A DELTA DART . The Official Web Site of National Museum of the USAF . National Museum of the US Air Force . 17 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110914000635/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4085 . 14 September 2011 .
    18. Knaack 1978, p. 209.
    19. Knaack 1978, pp. 168-169.
    20. Peacock 1986, p. 200.
    21. Knaack 1978, p. 210.
    22. Knaack 1978, p. 211.
    23. Wegg 1990, p. 209.
    24. Knaack 1978, pp. 211-212.
    25. Knaack 1978, pp. 210-211.
    26. Knaack 1978, p. 212.
    27. Green 1964, p. 138.
    28. Drendel 1980, p. 92.
    29. Donald 2003, p. 232.
    30. "U.S. Jet Sets 1,520.9-M.P.H. Speed Record", Oakland Tribune, 16 December 1959, p. 1.
    31. Samuel 2015, p. 407.
    32. Baugher, Joe. "Convair F-106A Delta Dart." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: Convair F-106 Delta Dart, American Military Aircraft, 19 December 1999. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
    33. Yenne 2009, p. 154
    34. Winchester 2006, p. 54.
    35. Taylor 1991, p. 93.
    36. Knaack 1978, p. 214.
    37. Web site: Carey. Christopher T.. Ejectorseats History. ejectorseats.co.uk. AEOLUS AEROSPACE 5960 S. Land Park Drive, Suite 341 Sacramento, CA 95822-3313. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140529225717/http://ejectorseats.co.uk/History.html. 29 May 2014.
    38. Web site: Potvin, PhD. Jean. The Convair F-106 "Delta Dart" Egress System . lanset.com . Lanset America Corp. 10321 Placer Lane, Sacramento, CA. US. 95827. 18 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233921/http://webs.lanset.com/aeolusaero/Articles/Convair_F-106_Egress_System_Developments--JUL07.pdf. 8 August 2014.
    39. Knaack 1978, pp. 212-213.
    40. Knaack 1978, p. 213.
    41. Broughton 2007, p. 17.
    42. Knaack 1978, p. 216.
    43. Web site: F-106 Delta Dart - History of the SIX. F-106DeltaDart.com. Convair Aircraft Plant San Diego, CA. 17 June 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140722114037/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/history.htm. 22 July 2014.
    44. Knaack 1978, pp. 79, 106.
    45. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2320 "F-106 Delta Dart."
    46. Donald 2003, pp. 242, 246.
    47. Knaack 1978, pp. 214-215.
    48. Donald 2003, pp. 259–260.
    49. Donald 2003, p. 250.
    50. Web site: McChord Air Museum Homepage- F-106 Delta Dart (s/n 56-0459) the 318th FIS's "Ultimate Interceptor" and the Fastest Single-Engine Fighter. The McChord Air Museum. The McChord Air Museum Foundation, McChord AFB, WA. 16 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140322022056/http://www.mcchordairmuseum.org/REV%20B%20MAM%20COLLECTION%20F-106%20BORDER.htm. 22 March 2014.
    51. Web site: AMARC/AMARG Boneyard. F-106deltadart.com. 1998-2014 www.F-106deltadart.com. 16 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140726031432/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/photo_gallery/index.php/Boneyard-AMARG. 26 July 2014.
    52. Web site: QF-106 Drone 'Pacer Six Program' 1990–1998 Full-Scale Aerial Target (FSAT). F-106DeltaDart.com. 1998-2014 F-106DeltaDart.com. 17 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140726032643/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/drones.htm. 26 July 2014.
    53. Donald 2003, pp, 270–271.
    54. Web site: Laroche. Pierre. Delannoy. Alain. Blanchet. Patrice. Issac. François. Lightning Hazards to Aircraft and Launchers - Experimental Studies of Lightning Strikes to Aircraft. AerospaceLab-Journal.org. Aerospace Lab Journal Issue 5 December 2012 Experimental Studies of Lightning Strikes to Aircraft Page 3. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140712042126/http://www.aerospacelab-journal.org/sites/www.aerospacelab-journal.org/files/AL05-06_0.pdf. 12 July 2014.
    55. Web site: Saville. Kirk. Lightning Strike Plane Gets Final Assignment Fighter Weathered 714 Lightning Bolts. The Daily Press Media Group, 7505 Warwick Blvd., Newport News, VA 23607 May 18, 1991. 18 July 2014.
    56. Web site: Lightning and the Space Program. tstorm.com. John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 AC 321/867-2468 - FS-1998-08-16-KSC August 1998 Page 2. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035326/http://www.tstorm.com/images/lightning_space_program.pdf. 4 March 2016.
    57. News: Schmitt. Eric. Jet Chases Lightning In Bid To Increase Safety. The New York Times . 29 September 1985 . 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140726123656/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/29/us/jet-chases-lightning-in-bid-to-increase-safety.html. 26 July 2014.
    58. Web site: NASA Lightning Strike Research - NASA Storm Hazards Research Program. F-106DeltaDart.com. 1998-2014 F-106DeltaDart.com. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140726043438/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/nasa_lightning_research.htm. 26 July 2014.
    59. Web site: Archived copy . 2009-12-28 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100112094620/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88791main_Eclipse.pdf . 2010-01-12 .
    60. Web site: NASA Dryden Past Projects: Eclipse Tow Launch Demonstration | NASA . Nasa.gov . 2009-08-31 . 2014-08-07 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808070632/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/pastprojects/Eclipse/index.html . 2014-08-08 .
    61. Web site: Curry. Marty. Eclipse EC97-44159-8: Eclipse program F-106 aircraft in flight Photo Collection. dfrc.nasa.gov. NASA Dryden Flight Research Center August 1997. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214113/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/Eclipse/HTML/EC97-44159-8.html. 23 September 2015.
    62. Web site: Tucker. Tom. The Eclipse Project. NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20546. 18 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100112094620/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88791main_Eclipse.pdf. 12 January 2010.
    63. http://www.f-106deltadart.com/71fis_PilotlessLanding_580787.htm "58-0787 Pilot-less Landing: 'Cornfield Bomber'."
    64. Web site: Factsheets: Convair F-106B . NationalMuseum.af.mil . National Museum of the United States Air Force . 18 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903161355/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2317 . 3 September 2014.
    65. Baugher, Joe. "Convair F-106B Delta Dart." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: Convair F-106 Delta Dart, American Military Aircraft, 18 December 1999. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
    66. Knaack 1978, pp. 217-218.
    67. Baugher, Joe. "Convair F-106C/D Delta Dart." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: Convair F-106 Delta Dart, American Military Aircraft, 18 December 1999. Retrieved: 8 April 2011.
    68. Knaack 1978, p. 217.
    69. Knaack 1978, p. 218.
    70. http://www.airtoaircombat.com/background.asp?bg=228&id=52 "F-106C/D/E/F."
    71. Web site: RASCAL Project . F-106 Delta Dart . 2014-03-04 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073611/http://www.f-106deltadart.com/rascal_project.htm . 2014-01-16 .
    72. Baugher, Joe. "F-106 Squadron Assignments." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: Convair F-106 Delta Dart, American Military Aircraft, 18 December 1999. Retrieved: 12 January 2012.
    73. http://www.selfridgeairmuseum.org/F-106A.htm "F-106 Delta Dart/56-0451."
    74. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=61851 "F-106 Delta Dart/56-0454."
    75. http://www.mcchordairmuseum.org/REV%20B%20MAM%20COLLECTION%20F-106%20BORDER.htm "F-106 Delta Dart/56-0459."
    76. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=55183 "F-106 Delta Dart/56-0460."
    77. http://kishamuseum.org/f106a.php "F-106 Delta Dart/56-0461."
    78. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=15341 "F-106 Delta Dart/57-0230."
    79. http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=5727 "F-106 Delta Dart/58-0774."
    80. http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196408/convair-f-106a-delta-dart.aspx "F-106 Delta Dart/58-0787."
    81. http://www.castleairmuseum.org/convairf106a "F-106 Delta Dart/58-0793."
    82. http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/convair-f-106a-delta-dart "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0003."
    83. http://www.aerospaceca.org/convair-f-106-delta-dart-the-ultimate-interceptor/ "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0010."
    84. http://amcmuseum.org/at-the-museum/aircraft/f-106a-delta-dart/ "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0023."
    85. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=93400 "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0043."
    86. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=389 "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0069."
    87. http://www.pacificcoastairmuseum.org/aircraft/F106DeltaDart.asp "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0086."
    88. http://www.campblanding-museum.org/gallery.html "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0105."
    89. http://www.museumofaviation.org/F106.php "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0123."
    90. http://petemuseum.org/museum-tour-aerial-photos-airpark/ "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0134."
    91. http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the-museum/aircraft-exhibits/military-aircrafts/ "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0137."
    92. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=12228 "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0145."
    93. http://aerialvisuals.ca/LocationDossier.php?Serial=1772 "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0146."
    94. Web site: Convair F-106 Delta Dart. 2022-10-22. Palm Springs Air Museum. en-US. 2022-10-12.
    95. Web site: Convair F-106B Delta Dart. 2017-01-28. Yanks Air Museum. en-US. 2019-12-28.
    96. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=57611 "F-106 Delta Dart/57-2523."
    97. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=70091 "F-106 Delta Dart/57-2533."
    98. http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=14924 "F-106 Delta Dart/59-0158."
    99. http://www.vasc.org/visit/exhibits/aircraft "F-106 Delta Dart/57-2516."

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