Contortae Explained
Contortae as a term has appeared in several senses in botanical taxonomy, most conspicuously as follows:
Order Contortae
Order Contortae is no longer recognised in botanical taxonomy. After a varied history in the nineteenth century, predominant opinion on the Contortae assigned several families to the order in the mid twentieth century, though never with unanimity. They typically included:[1]
By the late twentieth century there were moves to withdraw recognition of the plant order Contortae, and merge it with the order Gentianales or Loganiales (which now is regarded as a synonym of Gentianales). For details of the reassignment of the families to orders, see the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group publication[2]
Other occurrences of the term
Contortae is a section of the genus Oenothera.[3]
Contortae is a section in the family Acanthaceae.[4]
Contortae is a subsection of the genus Pinus.[5]
References
- Book: Subhash Chandra Datta. Systematic Botany. 1988. New Age International. 978-81-224-0013-7. 396–.
- An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of floweringplants: APG IV THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 181, Issue 1, May 2016, Pages 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
- Warren L. Wagner, "Systematics of Oenothera Sections Contortae, Eremia, and Ravenia (Onagraceae)," Systematic Botany 30(2), 332-355, (1 April 2005). https://doi.org/10.1600/0363644054223558
- ROBERT W. SCOTLAND. Pollen morphology of Contortae (Acanthaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 111, Issue 4, April 1993, Pages 471–504, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb01916.x
- Nicholas C.Wheeler, Raymond P.Guries, David M.O'Malley. Biosystematics of the genus Pinus, subsection contortae. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(83)90033-9
