Constitutional Tribunal (Poland) Explained

Court Name:Constitutional Tribunal
Native Name:Trybunał Konstytucyjny
Established:
  • – constitutional amendment establishing the Tribunal
  • 1986 – beginning of the activity
Location:Warsaw, Poland
Language:Polish
Type:Prime minister's nomination with Sejm confirmation.
President and Vice President appointed by the President of Poland.
Authority:Constitution of the Republic of Poland
Terms:9 years, one term only
Positions:15
Chiefjudgetitle:President
Termstart:21 December 2016
Chiefjudgetitle2:Vice President
Chiefjudgename2:dr hab. Mariusz Muszyński
Termstart2:5 July 2017

The Constitutional Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Konstytucyjny) is the constitutional court of the Republic of Poland, a judicial body established to resolve disputes on the constitutionality of the activities of state institutions; its main task is to supervise the compliance of statutory law with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

Its creation was a request of the Solidarity movement following its 1981 National Congress that took place a few weeks before the introduction of martial law. The Tribunal was established on 26 March 1982 and judges took office on 1 January 1986.

The tribunal's powers increased in 1989 with the transition to the capitalist Third Polish Republic and in 1997 with the establishment of a new Constitution. The Constitution mandates that its 15 members are elected by the Sejm, the lower house, for 9 years. It is the subject of an appointment crisis since 2015.

It should not be confused with the Supreme Court of Poland.

Powers

The Constitutional Tribunal adjudicates on the compliance with the Constitution of legislation and international agreements (also their ratification), on disputes over the powers of central constitutional bodies, and on compliance with the Constitution of the aims and activities of political parties. It also rules on constitutional complaints.

Composition

The Constitutional Tribunal is made up of 15 judges chosen by the Sejm RP (the lower house of parliament) for single nine-year terms. The Constitutional Tribunal constitutes one of the formal guarantees of a state grounded on the rule of law.

History

1982–1989: People's Republic of Poland

The Constitutional Tribunal was established by the amendment of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland on 26 March 1982.[1] Due to the brevity of the introduced article 33a, it was decided that a law must be brought forth that would outline the proceedings of the Constitutional Tribunal.[2] This became an intricate process with 15 drafts developed, and the final act was ratified by the Sejm on 29 April 1985 which allowed for the formal commencement of the Tribunal's judicial proceedings on 1 January 1986. But the courts competence and judicial capacity were limited at this time, as all rulings on the constitutionality of bills could be dismissed by a 2/3 majority vote in the Sejm. This in effect would place the rulings in an indefinite moratorium as these votes rarely occurred.[3]

On 24 January 1986 the first motion, reference U 1/86, was brought before the Constitutional Tribunal on behalf of the Presidium of the Provincial National Council in Wrocław. The claimants sought to contend two paragraphs of the Ordinance of the Council of Ministers in regard to the sale of state property and the procedures and costs related to it as unconstitutional. In opposition to the government's stance, the court ruled in a 3-member panel on 28 May 1986 that the introduced paragraphs were unconstitutional. The Council of Ministers called for a reevaluation of the case, but on 5 November 1986 the Constitutional Tribunal upheld its ruling.

1989–2014: Third Polish Republic

In 1989 the Constitutional Tribunal's powers expanded as it secured the right to universally decide on the binding interpretation of laws. Many changes came with the enactment of the 1997 Constitution; the number of judges increased from 12 to 15, terms of office were elongated by 1 year for a total of 9 years, and the Tribunal lost its competence to decide the interpretation of legal statutes (in the form of abstract provisions).

2015–2016: Polish Constitutional Court crisis

See main article: 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis.

In 2015, the governing Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) party lost both the presidential election and the parliament (Sejm) majority to the Law and Justice party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS), which won an unprecedented absolute majority of seats.

Before the new president of Poland, Andrzej Duda, assumed office on 6 August 2015, and the new (eighth) Sejm was seated on 12 November 2015, the PO majority attempted to nominate enough judges so that the judicial branch would not quickly fall under the control of PiS.

In 2015, 5 of the 15 seats were due to be replaced. Three terms were due to end during the Sejm's recess (after the 25 October election but before the eighth Sejm was seated on 12 November). Two others were due for early December.

PO attempted to nominate all five seats due to be vacant in the year 2015 in advance. In June 2015, they enacted a provision in which it sought to transfer such power to the Sejm.[4] Then on 8 October 2015, two weeks before the election, the Sejm elected these 5 judges. The new President Duda refused to let any of them take their oaths of office. After PiS won the elections and a majority of seats, they nominated a different set of five judges who were immediately sworn in.

This ignited a fierce partisan struggle, as the remaining judges in the Tribunal, most of which had been nominated by PO majorities, ruled out 3 of the 5 PiS nominees, validating instead 3 PO nominees, with the 3 PiS judges sworn in not allowed to hear cases.

As a result, a law was immediately passed by the PiS majority to force the inclusion of its nominees, sparking protests and foreign statements of either hostility or support. As this was not enough, a total of 6 "remedial bills" devised by PiS were enacted in the 2015-2016 period. A two-thirds majority was instated, diluting partisan influence. Finally, the term of resisting President Rzepliński ended and on 21 December 2016, President Andrzej Duda appointed junior member Julia Przyłębska as President of the Constitutional Tribunal.

Since the reform and takeover of the Constitutional Tribunal by the Law and Justice, the independence and sovereignty of the institution has been questioned. It was called a "puppet court" by Polish opposition judges' associations, some foreign judicial organisations and constitutionalist counterparts.[5] [6] [7] [8] In February 2020, former Constitutional Tribunal judges, including former presidents of the tribunal Andrzej Rzepliński,,, and Andrzej Zoll, stated,

PiS having been reelected to the Sejm in 2019, and the PiS-affiliated Andrzej Duda being reelected as president in 2020, they were able to fill the Court's 15 seats completely by 2021.

On 4 March 2024, following a non-PiS government being elected in October 2023 and formally sworn in on 13 December 2023, a package of measures was announced with the aim of reforming the Tribunal. The measures included a prospective Sejm resolution calling on illegitimately appointed judges to resign voluntarily and branding Julia Przyłębska as not being authorised to be the Tribunal's chief justice (Przyłębska having been sworn in by Duda in December 2016 without the required resolution being issued by the general assembly of Tribunal judges, and being believed by a number of legal experts to have sat completely illegitimately since December 2022), prospective legislation to alter selection procedures (requiring candidates to take part in an open public hearing and to receive the approval of three fifths of MPs) and eligibility (anyone who has been an active politician within the last four years, including even being a member of a political party, would not be eligible to sit on the Tribunal; any politician who did get selected would not be able to rule on cases relating to legislation that they had been involved with within the last ten years), and prospective constitutional changes to allow for the implementation of the measures.[9]

Landmark decisions

Case K 1/20

See also: 2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland.

The Tribunal received a referral by 119 MPs on whether or not abortions of pregnancies unrelated to rape or not threatening the mother's life, which they call "eugenic", are constitutional. The signatories argued that the provision violates Constitutional protections of human dignity (Article 30), the right to life (Article 39) or the prohibition against discrimination (Article 32).

On 22 October 2020, an 11–2 ruling[10] declared that abortion in Poland due to foetal abnormality was violating the Constitutional protection of human dignity. This effectively made abortions on that basis unobtainable for women in Poland. The provision had been used for 1074 of the 1110 legal abortions in 2019. The ruling triggered the October 2020 Polish protests, which forced the government to delay the ruling's publication in the Dziennik Ustaw until 27 January 2021.[11]

Case K 3/21

In July 2021, Prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki asked the Tribunal for a constitutional review of three provisions of Treaty on European Union. Following a series of hearings of prominent officeholders, the Tribunal ruled on 7 October 2021[12] in a 12–2 decision that:

  1. Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union (establishing an "ever closer union"), insofar as it is interpreted by the European Court of Justice in a "new step" (nowy etap) which
    • enlarges the EU institutions' competence beyond the limits that Poland accepted via its treaties,
    • opposes the primacy of the Constitution of Poland in both validity and application,
    • opposes the sovereignty of the Polish state,

is unconstitutional;

  1. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union (that establishes the ECJ), insofar as it gives ordinary courts the right to disregard the Constitution, and to adjudicate on the basis of provisions repealed by the Sejm or deemed unconstitutional by the TK, is unconstitutional;
  2. Article 19 and Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (values) are unconstitutional insofar as they empower ordinary courts to question the constitutionality of judicial appointments by the President.

Consequently, all branches of power in Poland argue that Poland's membership in the European Union does not entail that institutions external to the state have the supreme legal authority.

This was widely interpreted as a challenge of the primacy of European Union law, which emerged in Costa v. ENEL (1964), with some talking of a judicial "Polexit".[13] European primacy, however, had never been fully enshrined by previous Polish rulings, only insofar as it doesn't infringe on Poland's sovereignty (see K 18/04).

This landmark decision marks the culmination of the escalade over judicial nominations and reforms between Brussels and Warsaw that began in late 2015, when Law and Justice came to power, starting with the 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis.[13] Many politicians in Brussels called upon the European Commission to freeze payments to Poland. The Commission President said she was deeply concerned, and ordered to act swiftly.[13] The recently-implemented Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation could be used.

Presidents and vice presidents

Presidents

No.Start and end dateFull nameSejmTerm as a JusticeTerm length
Presidents
1.1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989prof. Alfons KlafkowskiIX (PRL)1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
2.1 December 1989 – 19 November 1993[14] prof. Mieczysław TyczkaX (PRL)1 December 1989 – 17 June 1994 (resigned)
3.19 November 1993[15] – 1 December 1997prof. Andrzej ZollX (PRL)1 December 1989 – 1 December 1997
–1 December 1997 – 6 January 1998vacant
4.6 January 1998 – 5 November 2006prof. Marek SafjanIII5 November 1997 – 5 November 2006
5.6 November 2006 – 25 June 2008Jerzy StępieńIII25 June 1999 – 25 June 2008
6.26 June 2008 – 2 December 2010dr Bohdan ZdziennickiIV2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010
7.3 December 2010 – 19 December 2016prof. Andrzej RzeplińskiVI19 December 2007 – 19 December 2016
–20 December 2016 Julia Przyłębska VIII9 December 2015
8.21 December 2016 -

Vice Presidents

No.Start and end dateFull nameSejmTerm as a JusticeTerm length
Vice Presidents
1.1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993prof. Leonard ŁukaszukIX (PRL)1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993
2.1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001prof. Janusz TrzcińskiII1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001
3.2 December 2001 – 1 December 2006prof. Andrzej MączyńskiIII1 December 1997 – 1 December 2006
4.2 December 2006 – 2 March 2010Janusz Niemcewicz[16] III2 March 2001 – 2 March 2010
5.3 March 2010 – 2 December 2010dr hab. Marek MazurkiewiczIV2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010
6.3 December 2010 – 26 June 2017prof. Stanisław BiernatVI26 June 2008 – 26 June 2017
–27 June – 4 July 2017vacated
7.5 July 2017 – 5 July 2023VIII2 December 2015
–6 July 2023vacated

Justices

Current

No.Full name SejmVotesStart dateTerm lengthComment
62.VIII272--Position usurped by PiS nominee
63.Piotr Pszczółkowski[17] 2333 December 2015
64.Julia Przyłębska[18] 2349 December 2015
65.22728 April 2016[19]
66.dr hab. Michał Warciński[20] 23120 December 2016
68.22728 June 2017[21]
69.dr hab. Krzysztof Ślebzak268--Position usurped by PiS nominee
70.dr hab. Roman Hauser274--Position usurped by PiS nominee
71.2288 April 2019[22]
72.IX2305 December 2019[23]
73.2305 December 2019
74.2335 December 2019
75.2397 January 2020[24]
76.2349 April 2020[25]
77.Bogdan Święczkowski23316 February 2022[26]

In the summer and autumn 2015, a change of power occurred with Civic Platform (PO) losing both the Sejm and the Presidency to Law and Justice (PiS). These two branches appoint and swear new judges, respectively.

In 2015, the term of five judges was set to expire, three of which between Sejm election day and the new legislature's session, and two the month after. PO tried to appoint them in advance (they were: Roman Hauser, Krzysztof Ślebzak, Andrzej Jakubecki, Bronisław Sitek and Andrzej Sokala) but their oath was denied by the new PiS President, Andrzej Duda. As a result, they never sat. The new PiS majority nominated three other judges on 2 December 2015 (Henryk Cioch, Lech Morawski, Mariusz Muszyński) and two others the next week (Piotr Pszczółkowski, Julia Przyłębska), who were immediately sworn in. Cioch and Morawski later died while in office, and were replaced by Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak.

Of the appointments made before the election, the Constitutional Tribunal itself invalidated the last two and accepted the first three. As a consequence, of the appointments made after the election, the Tribunal accepted the last two (Piotr Pszczółkowski and Julia Przyłębska) and invalidated the first three (Henryk Cioch, Lech Morawski and Mariusz Muszyński). However, the ruling was disputed by the new government, who then went on to change the statutes regulating the Court, in order to have its nominees sit. See 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis.

Multiple cases were sent to the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice, challenging the Tribunal's legal status. In Xero Flor v Poland, the ECHR ruled on 7 May 2021 that a Polish company did not have the right to a fair trial because Muszyński's election was unlawful.[27] The Constitutional Tribunal is expected to judge on 3 August 2021 whether it will comply to the ruling or not; this is interpreted as a decision on whether the European or Polish courts are sovereign.[28] In a 14 July 2021 ruling, the Tribunal rejected the constitutionality of any attempt by the ECHR to suspend the Polish tribunals, as such competence has never been transferred by any treaty.[29]

Length of tenure

This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current justice's tenure on the Court:

Former

No.Full nameSejmTerm as a JusticeTerm length
1.prof. Henryk de FiumelIX (PRL)1 December 1985 – 17 June 1986 (died in office)
2.prof. Kazimierz Buchała1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
3.prof. Natalia Gajl1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
4.dr Adam Józefowicz1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
5.dr Andrzej Kabat1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
6.prof. Alfons Klafkowski1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
7.prof. Stanisław Pawela1 December 1985 – 1 December 1989
8.dr Czesław Bakalarski1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993
9.prof. Kazimierz Działocha1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993
10.prof. Henryk Groszyk1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993
11.prof. Leonard Łukaszuk1 December 1985 – 1 December 1993
12.Remigiusz Orzechowski1 December 1985 – 13 August 1993 (died in office)
13.Maria Łabor-Soroka[30] -25 November 1986 – 30 November 1993
14.Antoni FilcekX (PRL)1 December 1989 – 31 October 1992 (resigned)
15.prof. Mieczysław Tyczka1 December 1989 – 17 June 1994 (resigned)
16.prof. Janina Zakrzewska1 December 1989 – 27 May 1995 (died in office)
17.prof. Tomasz Dybowski1 December 1989 – 1 December 1997
18.prof. Wojciech Łączkowski1 December 1989 – 1 December 1997
19.prof. Andrzej Zoll1 December 1989 – 1 December 1997
20.Ferdynand Rymarz-I19 February 1993 – 19 February 2001[31]
21.dr hab. Błażej WierzbowskiII1 December 1993 – 30 November 1998[32] (resigned)
22.prof. Wojciech Sokolewicz1 December 1993 – 31 May 1999 (resigned)
23.prof. Zdzisław Czeszejko-Sochacki1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001
24.prof. Lech Garlicki1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001
25.Stefan Jan Jaworski1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001
26.prof. Janusz Trzciński1 December 1993 – 1 December 2001
27.prof. Krzysztof Kolasiński-27 May 1994 – 27 May 2002[33]
28.Jadwiga Skórzewska-Łosiak21 July 1995 – 21 July 2003[34]
29.prof. Teresa Dębowska-RomanowskaIII5 November 1997 – 5 November 2006[35]
30.prof. Marek Safjan5 November 1997 – 5 November 2006
31.prof. Marian Zdyb5 November 1997 – 5 November 2006
32.Wiesław Johann1 December 1997 – 1 December 2006[36]
33.prof. Biruta Lewaszkiewicz-Petrykowska1 December 1997 – 1 December 2006
34.prof. Andrzej Mączyński1 December 1997 – 1 December 2006
35.dr hab. Jerzy Ciemniewski18 December 1998 – 18 December 2007[37]
36.Jerzy Stępień25 June 1999 – 25 June 2008[38]
37.Janusz Niemcewicz2 March 2001 – 2 March 2010[39]
38.prof. Marian GrzybowskiIV2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010[40]
39.dr hab. Marek Mazurkiewicz2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010
40.dr hab. Mirosław Wyrzykowski2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010
41.dr Bohdan Zdziennicki2 December 2001 – 2 December 2010
42.prof. Ewa Łętowska28 May 2002 – 28 May 2011[41]
43.prof. Adam Jamróz22 July 2003 – 22 July 2012[42]
44.dr hab. Maria Gintowt-JankowiczV6 November 2006 – 6 November 2015[43]
45.Wojciech Hermeliński6 November 2006 – 6 November 2015
46.Marek Kotlinowski6 November 2006 – 6 November 2015
47.dr hab. Zbigniew Cieślak2 December 2006 – 2 December 2015[44]
48.dr hab. Teresa Liszcz[45] 8 December 2006 – 8 December 2015[46]
49.Lidia Bagińska[47] 8 December 2006 – 12 March 2007[48] (resigned)
50.prof. Mirosław Granat[49] 27 April 2007 – 27 April 2016[50]
51.prof. Andrzej Rzepliński[51] VI19 December 2007 – 19 December 2016[52]
52.prof. Stanisław Biernat26 June 2008 – 26 June 2017[53]
53.prof. Sławomira Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz[54] 6 May 2010 – 6 May 2019[55]
54.Stanisław Rymar[56] 3 December 2010 – 3 December 2019[57]
55.prof. Piotr Tuleja3 December 2010 – 3 December 2019
56.prof. Marek Zubik3 December 2010 – 3 December 2019
57.prof. Małgorzata Pyziak-Szafnicka[58] 5 January 2011 – 5 January 2020[59]
58.prof. Andrzej Wróbel29 May 2011 – 24 January 2017[60] (resigned)
59.23 July 2012 – 23 July 2021[61]
prof. Roman HauserVII7 November 2015[62]

prof. Krzysztof Ślebzak7 November 2015[63]

prof. Andrzej Jakubecki7 November 2015[64]

prof. Bronisław Sitek(3 December 2015)[65]

prof. Andrzej Sokala(9 December 2015)[66]

60.prof. Henryk Cioch[67] VIII2 December 2015[68] – 20 December 2017 (died in office)
61.prof. Lech Morawski2 December 2015 – 12 July 2017 (died in office)
67.dr hab. Grzegorz Jędrejek27 February 2017 – 19 January 2020[69] (died in office)
No.Full nameSejmTerm as a JusticeTerm length

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19820110083 Dz.U. z 1982 r. nr 11, poz. 83
  2. Book: Alberski . Robert . Trybunał Konstytucyjny w polskich systemach politycznych . 2010 . Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego . Wrocław . 978-83-229-3146-2.
  3. Book: Skrzydło . Wiesław . Grabowska . Sabina . Grabowski (red.). Radosław . Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz encyklopedyczny . 2009 . Wolters Kluwer Polska . Warsaw . 978-83-7601-686-3.
  4. Kryszkiewicz . Małgorzata . Osiecki . Grzegorz . Twarda linia Prawa i Sprawiedliwości . Dziennik Gazeta Prawna . 2016.
  5. News: Prezes polskiego TK o słowach prezesa niemieckiego TK: jestem zażenowana. 13 May 2020. Onet.pl. https://archive.today/20200513200828/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/julia-przylebska-komentuje-slowa-prezesa-niemieckiego-trybunalu-konstytucyjnego/tbz68q8. live. 13 May 2020. 13 May 2020.
  6. News: Poland's Constitutional Crisis: Facts and interpretations. prof. Marcin Matczak. https://archive.today/20200513201304/https://www.fljs.org/sites/www.fljs.org/files/publications/Poland's%20Constitutional%20Crisis%20-%20Facts%20and%20interpretations_0.pdf. live. 13 May 2020. 13 May 2020.
  7. News: Captured Constitutional Tribunal rules on the Supreme Court: Implementation of CJEU judgment inconsistent with EU law . Dominika Sitnicka . 22 April 2020 . Rule of Law . https://archive.today/20200513201746/https://ruleoflaw.pl/captured-constitutional-tribunal-rules-on-the-supreme-court-implementation-of-cjeu-judgment-inconsistent-with-eu-law/ . live . 13 May 2020 . 13 May 2020 .
  8. News: From Constitutional to Political Justice: The Tragic Trajectories of the Polish Constitutional Court. Tomasz Tadeusz Koncewicz. 13 March 2020. Reconnect EU. https://archive.today/20200513202110/https://reconnect-europe.eu/blog/koncewicz-polish-constitutional-court/. live. 13 May 2020. 13 May 2020.
  9. Web site: Tilles . Daniel . Polish government unveils planned overhaul of "defective" constitutional court . Notes from Poland . 6 March 2024 . 4 March 2024.
  10. News: Planowanie rodziny, ochrona płodu ludzkiego i warunki dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży. 22 October 2020. 27 October 2020. 10 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210225303/https://trybunal.gov.pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/11300-planowanie-rodziny-ochrona-plodu-ludzkiego-i-warunki-dopuszczalnosci-przerywania-ciazy. live. Trybunał Konstytucyjny.
  11. Web site: Poland: The Constitutional Court Repeals Eugenic Abortion. ECLJ. 2020-10-23.
  12. Web site: Ocena zgodności z Konstytucją RP wybranych przepisów Traktatu o Unii Europejskiej. 12 October 2021. 7 October 2021. Trybunał Konstytucyjny.
  13. News: Polexit? Fury in Brussels after Warsaw court rules Polish Constitution overrides EU law. Euronews. 12 October 2021. 8 October 2021.
  14. W związku ze złożoną rezygnacją, Uchwałą Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 26 maja 1993 r. w sprawie odwołania Prezesa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego (M.P. Nr 28, poz. 290) odwołany ze stanowiska z chwilą wyboru nowego Prezesa TK.
  15. W związku z rezygnacją poprzednika w trakcje kadencji, Uchwałą Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 19 listopada 1993 r. w sprawie wyboru Prezesa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego (M.P. Nr 62, poz. 558) powołany na stanowisko Prezesa TK.
  16. Nominated by Freedom Union
  17. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 56
  18. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 56
  19. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 369
  20. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1046
  21. Web site: Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Wydarzenia / Prezydent odebrał ślubowanie od sędziego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. prezydent.pl. www.prezydent.pl. 2017-06-28. 1 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701130141/http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,650,prezydent-odebral-slubowanie-od-sedziego-trybunalu-konstytucyjnego.html. dead.
  22. Web site: Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Nominacje / Prezydent przyjął ślubowanie od nowego sędziego TK. www.prezydent.pl. 2019-05-09. 9 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190509091253/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,118,prezydent-slubowanie-sedzia-trybunal-konstytucyjny.html. dead.
  23. Web site: Ślubowanie nowych sędziów TK. prezydent.pl. 2019-12-05. 2019-12-06. 6 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191206105845/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,145,slubowanie-nowych-sedziow-tk-.html. dead.
  24. Web site: Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Nominacje / Ślubowanie sędziego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. www.prezydent.pl. 2020-01-07. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018193348/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,150,slubowanie-sedziego-trybunalu-konstytucyjnego.html. dead.
  25. Web site: Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Nominacje / Ślubowanie sędziego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. www.prezydent.pl. 2020-04-09. 29 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200929224915/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,162,slubowanie-sedziego-trybunalu-konsttucyjbnego.html. dead.
  26. Web site: Ślubowanie sędziego TK . 2022-02-16 . 2022-02-16 . Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej . pl . 16 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220216170955/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/slubowanie-sedziego-tk,48820 . dead .
  27. News: Trybunał w Strasburgu: TK z dublerem nie jest sądem zgodnym z prawem. 7 May 2021. wyborcza.pl.
  28. Web site: Poland's Constitution Under Siege. Judy Dempsey. 4 May 2021. 29 May 2021. Carnegie Europe.
  29. Web site: Obowiązek państwa członkowskiego UE polegający na wykonywaniu środków tymczasowych odnoszących się do kształtu ustroju i funkcjonowania konstytucyjnych organów władzy sądowniczej tego państwa. 14 July 2021. 19 July 2021. tribunal.gov.pl . Polish.
  30. Wybrana w miejsce Henryka de Fiumel.
  31. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 755
  32. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 89-A
  33. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 393
  34. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1143
  35. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 11; posiedzenie 1, głosowanie nr 1
  36. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 12; posiedzenie 3, głosowanie nr 2
  37. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 765; posiedzenie 39, głosowanie nr 8
  38. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1159; posiedzenie 52, głosowanie nr 10
  39. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 2565; posiedzenie nr 102, głosowanie nr 230
  40. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 31; posiedzenie 4, głosowanie nr 3
  41. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 435; posiedzenie 22, głosowanie nr 196
  42. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1709; posiedzenie 52, głosowanie nr 70
  43. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1025
  44. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1083
  45. Złożyła ślubowanie i podjęła obowiązki sędziego 29 grudnia 2006.
  46. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1157
  47. Złożyła ślubowanie i podjęła obowiązki sędziego 6 marca 2007.
  48. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1157
  49. Złożył ślubowanie i podjął obowiązki sędziego 8 maja 2007.
  50. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 1637
  51. Złożył ślubowanie i podjął obowiązki sędziego 14 stycznia 2008.
  52. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 26
  53. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 554
  54. Złożyła ślubowanie i podjęła obowiązki sędziego 17 maja 2010.
  55. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 2918
  56. http://wyborcza.pl/1,91446,8723757,Tuleja__Rymar_i_Zubik_sedziami_TK.html Gazeta Wyborcza
  57. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3573
  58. Złożyła ślubowanie i podjęła obowiązki sędziego 11 stycznia 2011.
  59. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3676
  60. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 4144
  61. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 507
  62. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3954
  63. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3955
  64. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3956
  65. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3957
  66. Przebieg procesu legislacyjnego – druk nr 3958
  67. Złożył ślubowanie 3 grudnia 2015, dopuszczony – orzekania 20 grudnia 2016.
  68. http://trybunal.gov.pl/o-trybunale/sedziowie-trybunalu/ Kadencje sędziów – zestawienie
  69. Web site: Prof. Jędrejek nowym sędzią TK. Prezydent przyjął ślubowanie. 27 February 2017. 2017-02-27.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.