Heraclius Constantine Explained

Heraclius Constantine
Succession:Byzantine emperor
Reign:11 February – 25 May 641
Full Name:Heraclius Constantinus
Regnal Name:Latin: [[Imperator]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] [[Flavia gens|Flavius]] [[Heraclius the Elder|Heraclius]] novus [[Constantine the Great|Constantinus]] [[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[Autokrator|Αὐτοκράτωρ]] καῖσαρ Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος αὐγουστος
Predecessor:Heraclius
Successor:Heraclonas
Spouse:Gregoria
Issue:Constans II
Theodosius
Manyanh
Dynasty:Heraclian
Father:Heraclius
Mother:Eudokia
Birth Date:3 May 612[1]
Death Date:25 May 641 (aged 29)
Death Place:Chalcedon, Bithynia
(now Kadıköy, Istanbul)
Religion:Chalcedonian Christianity
Regent:Heraclonas
Emperor of the Romans

Heraclius Constantine (Latin: Heraclius novus Constantinus; Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος|Hērákleios néos Kōnstantĩnos; 3 May 612 – 25 May 641), often enumerated as Constantine III, was one of the shortest reigning Byzantine emperors, ruling for three months in 641. He was the eldest son of Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia.

Reign

Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father on 22 January 613 and shortly after was betrothed to his cousin, Gregoria, a daughter of his father's first cousin, Nicetas. As the couple were second cousins, the marriage was technically incestuous, but this consideration must have been outweighed by the advantages of the match to the family as a whole. Furthermore, its illegality paled into insignificance beside Heraclius' marriage to his niece Martina the same year. In comparison, Constantine's marriage was far less scandalous than that of his father. Constantine assumed an honorary consulship on 1 January 632, and at the same ceremony his brother Heraclonas was raised to the rank of caesar.[2]

Constantine became senior emperor when his father died on 11 February 641. He reigned together with his younger half-brother Heraclonas, the son of Martina. His supporters feared action against him on the part of Martina and Heraclonas, and the treasurer Philagrius advised him to write to the army, informing them that he was dying and asking for their assistance in protecting the rights of his children. He also sent a vast sum of money, more than two million solidi (gold coins), to Valentinus, an adjutant of Philagrius, to distribute to the soldiers to persuade them to secure the succession for his sons after his death. He died of tuberculosis after only three months, on 25 May, leaving Heraclonas sole emperor. A rumor that Martina had him poisoned led first to the imposition of Constans II as co-emperor and then to the deposition, mutilation, and banishment of Martina and her sons.

Family

In 629 or 630, Constantine married Gregoria, the daughter of Niketas. They had two sons, and perhaps a daughter:

Regnal name

The Romans themselves did not use regnal numbers, which are instead applied to the emperors by modern historians. There is particular confusion surrounding the name 'Constantine III' as it has been also applied to the earlier Western emperor Constantine (407–411), who started as a usurper but was later recognized by Honorius (395–423). Charles le Beau (1701–1778), who established the convention of numbering eleven Constantines, uses the numeral only for the Eastern emperor.[5] [6] Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) also explicitly refers to the Western emperor as a usurper and gives the numeral to the Eastern one.[7] [8] Justin Sabatier (1792–1869) and Félicien de Saulcy (1807–1880) notably enumerate Heraclius Constantine as "Heraclius II", a numeral often used for his brother Heraclonas, but refer to the next Constantine as Constantine IV, thus indirectly counting the Western emperor.[9] [10] This numbering has been followed by a few authors.[11] [12] Warwick Wroth (1858–1911) uses no numeral for Heraclius Constantine and uses "Constantine III" as an alternative name for Constans II.[13] The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (1980) uses the numeral solely for the Eastern emperor, while the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991) uses it solely for the Western one. Philip Grierson (1910–2006) applies the numeral to both emperors, but treats "Constantine III" more like an alternate name for Heraclius Constantine, who is not given a numeral in the index.[14] [15] The Roman Imperial Coinage, which ends with the fall of the West, uses the numeral for the Western emperor, which has now become standard.[16] Strangely enough, both Constantines had a son called Constans. Neither the RIC, PLRE nor Grierson give the Western one a numeral, yet he's still often called "Constans II".

See also

Literature

Notes and References

  1. Chronicon Paschale, Olympiad 348 (trad. Micahel & Mary Whitby, 1989).
  2. [Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]
  3. http://www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/persons/per03118.htm "Manyanh Princess of Byzantium"
  4. Book: Crawford, Peter . Justinian II: The Roman Emperor Who Lost His Nose and His Throne and Regained Both . Pen and Sword . 13 October 2021 . 9781526755339 . 33 .
  5. Book: Lebeau, Charles . https://books.google.com/books?id=MLY4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA248 . Histoire du bas-empire: en commençant a Constantin le Grand: Tome Sixieme . 1762 . Chez Desaint & Saillant . 248–393 . fr . Books XXVIII Part III – XXIX, Part XII.
  6. Book: Beau, Charles Le . https://books.google.com/books?id=VIUPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA471 . Histoire du bas-empire: en commençant a Constantin le Grand: Tome Douzième . 1768 . Chez Desaint & Saillant . 471–483 . fr . Book LIX.
  7. Book: Gibbon, Edward . https://books.google.com/books?id=iCc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA174J . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . 1781 . III . 174, 262ff . Chapters XXX, Part IV – XXXII, Part VI.
  8. Book: Edward Gibbon . https://books.google.com/books?id=y7cWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA8 . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . W. Strahan and T. Cadell . 1788 . V . Chapter XLVIII, I.
  9. Book: Sabatier, Justin . Description générale des monnaies byzantines frappées sous les empereurs d'Orient depuis Arcadius jusqu'à la prise de Constantinople par Mahomet II . 1862 . Rollin et Feuardent . 1 . 4-5, 288ff . fr.
  10. Book: Saulcy, Félicien de . Essai de classification des suites monétaires byzantines . 1836 . S. Lamort, imprimeur . 74, 104, 481-488 . fr.
  11. Book: Bussell, Frederick William . The Roman Empire: Essays on the constitutional history from the accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.). 1910 . Longmans, Green, and Co. . New York . xii, 268.
  12. Book: Smith. William. List of Kings. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 3. 1849. https://books.google.com/books?id=rIsS4YOW5J8C&pg=PA1405.
  13. Book: Warwick, Wroth . Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum . 1908 . Longman . 978-5-87507-093-8 . v, 184, 255.
  14. Book: Grierson, Philip . Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection . 1966 . Dumbarton Oaks . 978-0-88402-024-0 . 385.
  15. Book: Grierson, Philip . Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius . 1992 . Dumbarton Oaks . 978-0-88402-193-3 . 214–218.
  16. Book: Kent, John . Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume X . 2018 . Spink Books . 978-1-912667-37-6 . 143, 23 . 1984.

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