Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 Explained

Making appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes.
Othershorttitles:	Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
Fullname:	"An Act to amend the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 to include severe forms of trafficking in persons within the definition of transnational organized crime for purposes of the rewards program of the Department of State, and for other purposes"
Nickname:	Omnibus spending bill, Omnibus 2018
Enacted By:	115th
Leghisturl:	https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1625
Introducedin:	House of Representatives
Introducedbill:	"TARGET Act (Targeted Rewards for the Global Eradication of Human Trafficking)"
Introducedby:	Edward R. Royce (R-CA)
Introduceddate:	March 20, 2017
Committees:	House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Passedbody1:	House of Representatives
Passeddate1:	May 22, 2017
Passedvote1:	Voice Vote
Passedbody2:	Senate
Passeddate2:	February 28, 2018
Passedvote2:	Unanimous Consent
Agreedbody3:	House of Representatives
Agreeddate3:	March 22, 2018
Agreedvote3:	256-167
Agreedbody4:	Senate
Agreeddate4:	March 23, 2018
Agreedvote4:	65-32
Signedpresident:	Donald Trump
Signeddate:	March 23, 2018

The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 is a United States omnibus spending bill for the United States federal government for fiscal year 2018 enacted by the 115th United States Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on March 23, 2018.

Legislative history

On the evening of March 21, 2018, the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018^[1] was released. The text was posted to the web site of the United States House Committee on Rules at 10:00p.m.^[2] H.R. 1625, formerly the TARGET act, was used as a legislative vehicle for the appropriations bill.^[3] At 10:15p.m., the committee's Chairman Pete Sessions (R-Texas) said he did not have a printout of the bill to consider.^[2] The Committee voted 8–3 to allow one hour of debate on the full bill and to disallow all points of order against the motion to add the more than 2,000 pages to the bill.^[2] The rule was filed at 1:20a.m.^[2] The one hour of debate began at 9:15a.m.^[2] Afterwards, James McGovern (D-Massachusetts) advocated to amend the bill further in order to be able to add text to adjust the status of unauthorized immigrants who entered the U.S. as children.^[2] The House voted 233–186 to disallow adding any text to the bill other than the more than 2,000 pages proposed the night before.^[2]

Approximately 17 hours after the 2,232-page bill was released, the House of Representatives passed the bill 256–167 on March 22.^[4] That morning, Office of Management and Budget Director Mick Mulvaney said, "Is the president going to sign the bill? Yes. Why? Because it funds his priorities."^[5] The Senate passed the bill 65–32 after midnight on March 23.^[6]

The morning of March 23, President Donald Trump said he might veto the bill because it would not fully fund a planned wall along the Mexico–United States border and would not address the individuals who entered the United States as children and are present in the United States without legal status.^[7] President Trump signed the bill later in the day.^[8]

Provisions

General appropriations

• The bill funds the federal government through September 30, 2018.^[9]
• The bill includes large increases to both defense and non-defense spending, following the budget-cap increases that had been included in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 .^[4]
• The bill bans federal funds going to ACORN, an organization that dissolved in 2010, along with "any of its affiliates, subsidiaries, allied organizations, or successors."^[3]
• Federal funding cannot be used to move employees from the National Finance Center, which provides payroll and human-resources services to federal agencies.

Arts and humanities

• The bill increases the budget of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities by $3 million.^[9]

Commerce

• The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration budget is increased by $234 million, including $20 million for disaster assistance to fisheries and $65 million for the salmon recovery program along the Pacific coast.
• The Food and Drug Administration must act against foods that are labeled as milk, cheese, or yogurt but are not made from a product of a dairy animal.^[10]

Congress

• Reports prepared by the Congressional Research Service must be made easily available to the public.^[11]

Department of Agriculture

• Agricultural businesses are exempted from reporting emissions from manure under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.
• The bill prevents the closure of the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, an agricultural experiment station that increases efficiency in sheep production and improve the sustainability of rangeland ecosystems.^[12]
• The bill delays the implementation of regulations requiring trucks that carry livestock to install electronic devices to monitor time spent driving.^[13]
• The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act is extended to September 30, 2018.^[13] The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act created a registration service fee system for applications for specific pesticide registration, amended registration, and associated actions.^[14]
• The foreign catfish inspection program received a $5.5 million increase. Equivalence determinations must be completed within 180 days for each country that wants to continue exporting catfish to the United States. Imports of catfish are prohibited until a final rule of equivalence is issued if the deadline is not met.^[15]

Department of Defense

• The bill increased the budget of the Department of Defense by $61 billion. Military employees will receive an increase in pay of 2.4 percent.^[16]
• The bill added funding for approximately 17,000 more active duty troops and 10,000 more reserve troops in 2018.^[17]
• The bill included $34.4 billion for defense health and family programs, $359 million for cancer research, $125 million for research of traumatic brain injury and mental health, and $287 million for prevention of sexual assault and responses to sexual assault.^[17]
• The Department of Defense is now prohibited from spending more than 25 percent of its budget during the last two months of the fiscal year. Previously, the Department of Defense was limited to 20 percent.^[17]
• The Department of Defense is now allowed to reallocate to $20 million of its budget without notifying Congress. Previously, the threshold was $15 million.^[17]
• The United States Army Corps of Engineers' budget was increased by $789 million.^[18]

Department of Energy

• The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy received an increase of $47 million. The Trump Administration had wanted to eliminate it.^[18]
• The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy received an increase of $200 million. The Trump Administration had proposed to eliminate it.^[18]
• The Office of Science received an increase of $863 million.^[18]

Department of Health and Human Services

• The Child Care Development Block Grant, which provide child-care services for low-income family members who work, receive employment training, attend school, or whose children receive or need to receive protective services, was increased by $2.3 billion.^{[19] [20]}
• Head Start, which provides comprehensive early-childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent-involvement services to low-income children and their families, received an increase of $610 million.^[19]

Department of the Interior

• The National Park Service received an increase of $138 million, intended to help its maintenance backlog.
• The Bureau of Land Management's budget was increased by $79 million. Of that increase, $50 million is for improving the maintenance backlog on federal lands.^[18]
• The Land and Water Conservation Fund's budget was increased by $25 million.^[18]
• The Fish and Wildlife Service received an increase of $75 million. Of that increase, $53 million is for addressing its maintenance backlog at federal wildlife refuges and federal fish hatcheries.^[18]

Department of the Treasury

• The Internal Revenue Service was allocated $196 million to improve customer service, modernize its systems, and implement the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.^[21]
• The Internal Revenue Service is prohibited from spending federal funds "to target citizens of the United States for exercising any right guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States" or "to target groups for regulatory scrutiny based on their ideological beliefs."^[21]
• The Internal Revenue Service may not spend federal funds "to issue, revise, or finalize any regulation, revenue ruling, or other guidance not limited to a particular taxpayer relating to the standard which is used to determine whether an organization is operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare for purposes of section 501(c)(4)."^[21]

Domestic aid

• The bill authorizes $74 billion for the adult Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
• The bill adds $15 million of funding for the Denali Commission, which helps remote villages in Alaska affected by erosion and the impact of climate change. The Trump Administration had previously recommended eliminating the Denali Commission.^[22]
• The National Flood Insurance Program was extended through July 31, 2018.^[23]

Education

• The United States Department of Education will forgive $350-million worth of student debts of borrowers under the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program.^[24]
• The bill increased the maximum award for Pell Grants by $175.^[25]
• The bill adds $60 million to TRIO, eight programs that help low-income individuals, first-generation college students, and individuals with disabilities to attend middle school, high school, college, and graduate school.^[25]
• The bill adds $10 million to GEAR UP, a program that helps middle schools and high schools in areas with high rates of poverty and provides college scholarships to students with low incomes.^[25]
• The bill gives $5 million of funding for the National Park Service's HBCU Historic Preservation Program.^[25]
• The bill added $10 million of funding for the HBCU Capital Financing Program, which finances improvements to the infrastructure of historically black colleges and universities and improves their infrastructure.^[25]

Elections

• States are given $380 million to improve their voting systems.^[21]

Employment

• The bill adds $2.7 million of funding for the Department of Labor to fund clinics to treat coalworker's pneumoconiosis and counseling services for coal miners with disabilities.^[26]
• Appalachian Regional Commission's budget is increased by $3 million, a third of which funds job retraining in counties hurt most by the decline of the coal industry.^[26] The Trump Administration previously proposed eliminating the Appalachian Regional Commission.^{[26] [15]}
• The bill exempts Major League Baseball teams from paying minimum wage to minor-league players under contract.^[27]
• Employers are prohibited from keeping tips received by their employees.^[27]

Environment

• The bill gives $300 million for cleaning of the Great Lakes, particularly to prevent invasive Asian carp from reaching the Great Lakes by building new barriers and improving existing barriers.^[27]
• The White Clouds Wilderness in Idaho is named after former Governor Cecil D. Andrus, who died in 2017.^[28]

Foreign aid

• The Palestinian Authority is ineligible from receiving federal funds unless the Palestinian Authority stops providing stipends to Palestinians imprisoned in Israel for attacking Israel or people in Israel.^[27]
• According to Jamphel Shonu of the Tibetan Government in Exile, "The massive bill includes $8 million for Tibetans inside Tibet and $6 million for Tibetan community in India and Nepal. The Congress also approved an additional and a new line of funding of $3 million to strengthen the capacity of Tibetan institutions and governance in exile."^[29]

Homeland security

• The bill includes $1.6 billion for Mexico–United States border wall, less than the $25 billion sought by the Trump administration.^[21] The funding is largely restricted to upgrading existing fencing and planning and design.^{[21] [30]}

Housing

• The bill increased the federal Low-Income Housing Tax Credit by 12.5 percent in order to offset the reduction in its value from the reduction of corporate tax rates by ("Tax Cuts and Jobs Act").^[31]

Infrastructure

• Broadband internet will be extended to certain counties in central Appalachia by way of $10 million of funding.^[26]

Law enforcement

• The bill includes the CLOUD Act which amends the Stored Communications Act of 1986 to allow United States authorities to use warrants and subpoenas to require United States-based service providers to provide requested data stored on computer servers regardless of whether the servers are located within the United States or elsewhere. The bill also instructs the executive branch of the federal government to end mutual legal-assistance treaties with foreign governments.^[32]

Science and medical research

• The bill provided the largest increase in research funding in a decade, contrary to the significant cuts requested by the Trump administration.^{[33] [34]} The budget of the National Institutes of Health was increased by $3 billion.
• The bill includes funding for the National Institutes of Health's research into opioids, the Centers for Disease Control's programs for overdose prevention and monitoring, improving access to treatment for people in rural areas who are addicted to opioids, and the development of a protocol to notify medical facilities about patients' previous opioid use.^{[26] [21]}

Taxes

• A provision mistakenly included in ("Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017") that would favor farmer-owned cooperatives over agricultural businesses was removed.

Transportation

• Funding was included for the Gateway Program, a rail infrastructure program in the Northeast Corridor that had been a matter of dispute, but the funding was included as part of existing programs rather than as an explicit item.
• The Federal Highway Administration was forced to restore its interim approval of Clearview as an alternative to its 70-year-old custom typeface for guide signs on highways. The FHWA had rescinded its approval of Clearview in 2016.^[35]

Veterans

• Military personnel with an other-than-honorable discharge are required to have a mental health screening before departure.^[36]
• The United States Department of Veterans Affairs will offer mental health support to all veterans with at least 100 days of service in active duty, experienced sexual assault while serving, experienced trauma while serving, or operated an unmanned aerial vehicle.^[36]
• The United States Department of Veterans Affairs will allow veterans with other-than-honorable discharges to access its emergency rooms for urgent mental health care.^[36]
• Veterans with other-than-honorable discharges may appeal for discharge upgrades.^[36]
• Veterans are eligible to receive care at private-sector medical offices if deemed appropriate by a medical provider.^[36]
• The United States Department of Veterans Affairs must provide information on eligibility for benefits to affected veterans within six months of the bill's passage. Veterans must be able to call a phone number for more information. Usage of care must be tracked and reported to Congress.^[36]

Visas and immigration

• The bill authorizes an additional 60,000 H-2B visas to be issued each year.^[37] H-2B visas allow foreign workers to work in the United States on a one-time, seasonal, peakload, or intermittent basis.^[38]
• The bill extends the EB-5 program, which allows a foreign individual to immigrate and receive a green card if the person invests at least $1 million in a business in the United States that will employ at least 10 people.^{[39] [40]}
• The EB-4 program is extended, which allows certain religious workers to immigrate and live permanently in the United States.^{[39] [41] [42]}
• The bill extends the Conrad 30 Waiver Program, which allows certain foreign physicians in family medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, internal medicine, or psychiatry to remain in the United States to work in an area with a shortage of physicians, rather than be required to leave the country at the end of their medical residency training.^{[39] [43]}
• The E-Verify program is extended for three years. E-Verify is a website by the Department of Homeland Security that allows businesses to verify the employment eligibility of their employees.^{[39] [44]}

Weapons

• The bill strengthens requirements for reporting information to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System.^[45]
• Legislation was included to allow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to spend funds on gun-violence research, which was previously considered to be banned by the 1996 Dickey Amendment.
• The bill funds over $2 billion of grants to be awarded by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services to train school employees and law-enforcement officers to identify signs of potential violence.^[46]

Proposed provisions not included in the final bill

• An extension of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program was not included.^[21]
• The bill did not prohibit federal funding for Planned Parenthood's programs.^{[47] [48]}
• The bill did not reinstate the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's cost sharing reductions subsidy, which would have reduced health insurance premiums by 40 percent. The bill also did not deregulate the health insurance industry.^[21]
• The bill did not fund the hiring of hundreds of new Border Patrol agents and immigration-enforcement agents.^[46]
• The bill did not increase the minimum age to purchase a firearm from 18 to 21.^[49]
• The bill did not ban the sale of bump stocks.^[49]
• The bill did not require a three-day waiting period before a person can purchase a firearm.^[49]
• The bill did not have penalties to cities that do not enforce federal immigration laws.^[45]
• The bill did not allow an individual with a permit to carry a concealed weapon to transport their guns across state lines.^[45]
• The bill did not eliminate federal funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.^{[9] [21]}
• The bill did not allow 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations to endorse or oppose candidates for elective federal, state, or local public office.^[46]
• There were no provisions to make it more difficult for the president to terminate Special Counsel Robert Mueller or the Special Counsel investigation.^[49]
• The Economic Development Administration of the Department of Commerce continues to have funding, despite the Trump administration's proposal to eliminate it altogether. The Economic Development Administration gives money to rural communities to create jobs, retain existing jobs, and help businesses grow.^[26]
• NASA's Independent Verification and Validation Facility funding was restored, despite the Trump administration's attempts to eliminate it. The Independent Verification and Validation Facility increases cost-effectiveness and safety for NASA's mission-critical software.^[26]
• The bill did not allow logging in the Tongass National Forest.^[22]
• The bill did not prohibit mining in the National Forest System's land in the Emigrant Crevice area of the Custer Gallatin National Forest, north of Yellowstone National Park.^[50]
• The Clean Water Rule was not repealed.^[12]
• The bill does not budget any funding to develop and build a nuclear waste depository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada.^{[18] [51]}

External links

• Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
• Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 as enacted (PDF/details) in the US Statutes at Large

Notes and References

1. "Rules Committee Print 115–66: Text of the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1625 (Showing the text of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018)". U.S. House of Representatives. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
2. Wolfensberger, Don (April 2, 2018). "House majority rules spark minority fights". The Hill.
3. "H.R.1625 – 115th Congress". U.S. Congress. March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
4. Werner, Erica; DeBonis, Mike (March 22, 2018). "House approves jam-packed $1.3 trillion spending bill". The Washington Post. . Retrieved March 23, 2018.
5. Schor, Elana; Everett, Burgess; Bade, Rachael; Nussbaum, Matthew (March 23, 2018). "Trump talked out of shoving government into a shutdown". Politico.
6. Carney, Jordan (March 23, 2018). "Senate approves $1.3 trillion spending bill, sending to Trump". The Hill.
7. Wagner, John; DeBonis, Mike (March 23, 2018). "After earlier veto threat, Trump signs $1.3 trillion spending bill". The Washington Post. Portland Press-Herald.
8. Sommerfeldt, Chris (March 23, 2018). "President Trump reluctantly signs $1.3 trillion spending bill hours after threatening veto". New York Daily News.
9. Johnson, Ted (March 23, 2018). "Arts Funding Gets a Boost in Omnibus Spending Bill". Variety.
10. "Omnibus bill language a victory for milk labeling standards". National Milk Producers Federation. Wisconsin State Farmer. March 27, 2018.
11. Mullin, Joe (April 2, 2018). "Congress Will Finally Make Its Research Reports Public". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
12. Dumas, Carol Ryan (March 26, 2018). "Omnibus bill includes manure reporting exemption". Capital Press.
13. Dreiling, Larry (March 31, 2018). "Omnibus bill includes 199A fix, ELD delay and more". High Plains/Midwest Ag Journal (Dodge City, Kansas).
14. "About Pesticide Registration Fees under PRIA". United States Environmental Protection Agency. November 8, 2017.
15. Myers, Debbie Burt (March 28, 2018). "Omnibus appropriations bill delivers for Neshoba General ". The Neshoba Democrat (Neshoba County, Mississippi).
16. Zanona, Melanie (March 23, 2018). "Winners and losers from the $1.3T omnibus". The Hill.
17. Maucione, Scott (March 22, 2018). "DoD gets nearly $655 billion and some flexibility on funding in omnibus bill". Federal News Radio.
18. Cahlink, George; Koss, Geof; Lunney, Kellie (March 22, 2018). "Omnibus rejects big EPA cuts, hikes Energy and Interior funds". E&E News. Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC.
19. "Hellmann, Jessie (March 21, 2018). "Spending bill would double child care funding for low-income families". The Hill.
20. "Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF)". U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
21. Erb, Kelly Phillips (March 24, 2018). "What's Included (And What's Not) In The $1.3 Trillion Omnibus Bill". Forbes.
22. Martinson, Erin (March 23, 2018). "The big federal spending bill: What's in it for Alaska (and what isn't)". Anchorage Daily News.
23. Broach, Drew (March 28, 2018). "What New Orleans gets in the $1.3 trillion omnibus spending bill". The Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana).
24. Uria, Daniel (March 28, 2018). "New spending bill includes $350M second chance for student loans". UPI News.
25. White, Herbert L. (March 23, 2018). "Omnibus adds spending for historically black colleges: Budget includes infrastructure and financial aid". The Charlotte Post.
26. Patterson, Brittany (March 23, 2018). "4 Ways the Omnibus Spending Bill Affects Coal Country". West Virginia Public Broadcasting.
27. "Highlights from the omnibus spending bill ". Raycom News Network. Tucson News Now. March 24, 2018.
28. Barker, Rocky (March 23, 2018). "Andrus spent his life protecting this iconic Idaho wilderness; now it will carry his name". Idaho Statesman.
29. News: US Congress Approves Increased Funding for Tibetans in Tibet and Exile. Shonu. Jamphel. 23 March 2018. Central Tibetan Administration. 2018-04-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20180323125455/http://tibet.net/2018/03/us-congress-approves-increased-funding-for-tibetans-in-tibet-and-exile/. 23 March 2018. en-US. The massive bill includes $8 million for Tibetans inside Tibet and $6 Million for Tibetan community in India and Nepal. The Congress also approved an additional and a new line of funding of $3 million to strengthen the capacity of Tibetan institutions and governance in exile. In addition to the total $17 million listed here, there are also other Tibetan programs from the US government..
30. Debonis, Mike; O'Keefe, Ed; Werner, Erica. (March 23, 2018). "Here's what Congress is stuffing into its $1.3 trillion spending bill". The Washington Post Retrieved March 23, 2018. .
31. Khouri, Andrew (March 23, 2018). "Boost to affordable housing is part of new $1.3-trillion federal budget ". The Los Angeles Times. Post-Bulletin (Rochester, Minnesota).
32. Krazit, Tom (March 23, 2018). "President Trump signs omnibus spending bill, putting the CLOUD Act on the books in big shift for cloud data". Geek Wire.
33. "U.S. spending deal contains largest research spending increase in a decade". Science Insider. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
34. Hourihan, Matt; Parkes, David (March 22, 2018). "Omnibus Would Provide Largest Research Increase in Nearly a Decade". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
35. Web site: Knopp. Martin C.. March 28, 2018. Information: MUTCD – Interim Approval for Use of Clearview Font for Positive Contrast Legends on Guide Signs (IA-5)—Reinstatement [HOTO-1]]. Federal Highway Administration. April 15, 2018.
36. Shane III, Leo (March 22, 2018). "Budget omnibus includes new mental health care for other-than-honorable vets". Military Times.
37. Campoy, Anna (March 23, 2018). "The new US spending bill funds a tiny bit of border wall—but creates up to 60,000 new visas". Quartz.
38. "H-2B Certification for Temporary Non-Agricultural Work". Employment & Training Administration. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
39. Maples, Robert Y. (March 23, 2018). "Omnibus Appropriation Legislation with EB-5 Extension Becomes Law". Greenberg Traurig, LLP. The National Law Review. March 23, 2018.
40. Nixon, Ron (May 9, 2017). "Program That Lets Foreigners Write a Check, and Get a Visa, Draws Scrutiny". The New York Times.
41. "Employment-Based Immigration: Fourth Preference EB-4". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. December 1, 2017.
42. "Special Immigrant Religious Workers". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. February 9, 2018.
43. "Conrad 30 Waiver Program". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. May 5, 2014.
44. Web site: dead . What is E-Verify? . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125181109/https://www.uscis.gov/e-verify/what-e-verify . January 25, 2018 . United States Citizenship and Immigration Services . July 20, 2017.
45. McPherson, Lindsey (March 23, 2018). "How House Members Voted on the Omnibus Versus the Budget Deal: More Democrats, including Pelosi, switch to 'yes' on omnibus from 'no' on budget deal". Roll Call.
46. Schallhorn, Kaitlyn (March 23, 2018). "What's in Congress' spending bill? 5 things to know about the omnibus package". Fox News.
47. Rousselle, Christine (March 23, 2018). "US House Passes Spending Bill That Continues Funding of Planned Parenthood". National Catholic Register.
48. Bradner, Eric (March 22, 2018). "Trump's veto threat on spending bill gives ammo to conservative candidates in GOP primaries". CNN.
49. Frieg, Gregory (March 22, 2018). "What's not in the omnibus is what matters most". CNN.
50. Kidston, Martin (March 23, 2018). "Sen. Schumer weighs in on Yellowstone protection amid Montana delegation's disagreement". Missoula Current.
51. Web site: What is the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018?. IST. April 4, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230625034420/https://www.istonline.com/2018/04/consolidated-appropriations-act-2018/ . Jun 25, 2023 .