Zygnematales Explained

The Zygnematales (Greek, Modern (1453-);: ζυγός (zygós) and νῆμα (nḗma) (nom.), νήματος (nḗmatos) (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales,^[1] are an order of green algae,^[2] comprising several thousand different species in two families. The larger family Zygnemataceae, with well-known genera such as Zygnema and Spirogyra, includes members that grow as unbranched filaments, which grow longer through normal cell division. This group includes the desmids. Most members of both families live in freshwater, and form an important component of the algal scum that grows on or near plants and rocks.

Systematically they fall within the division Charophyta/Streptophyta, in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged.^[3]

Sexual reproduction in Zygnematales takes place through a process called conjugation.^[4] Here filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across, or sometimes both cells crawl into the tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new filaments. As in plants, only the female passes chloroplasts on to the offspring.^[5]

Other conjugating algae are the Mesotaeniaceae, sister of the Zygnematales, and Spirotaenia, a basal green algae. Additionally, the Desmidiales appear to have emerged deep within the Zygnematales, and are also conjugating.^[6]

Notes and References

1. Book: Curtis CC. A Text-book of General Botany. 1897. 114–118. June 2, 2024. Order 3. Conjugatales.
2. Turmel M, Otis C, Lemieux C . The complete chloroplast DNA sequences of the charophycean green algae Staurastrum and Zygnema reveal that the chloroplast genome underwent extensive changes during the evolution of the Zygnematales . BMC Biol. . 3. 22 . 2005 . 16236178 . 1277820 . 10.1186/1741-7007-3-22 . free .
3. Web site: Ancestors of land plants revealed | (E) Science News.
4. Kapraun DF . Nuclear DNA Content Estimates in Green Algal Lineages: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta . Ann. Bot. . 99 . 4 . 677–701 . April 2007 . 17272304 . 10.1093/aob/mcl294 . 2802934.
5. Permann C, Píchrtová M, Šoljaková T, Herburger K, Jouneau PH, Uwizeye C, Falconet D, Marechai E, Holzinge A. 3D-reconstructions of zygospores in Zygnema vaginatum (Charophyta) reveal details of cell wall formation, suggesting adaptations to extreme habitats. Physiologia Plantarum. 37616005. 10.1111/ppl.13988. August 23, 2023. Pfeifer L. e13988. 175. 4. free.
6. Lemieux. Claude. Otis. Christian. Turmel. Monique. 2016. Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae. Frontiers in Plant Science. en. 7. 697. 10.3389/fpls.2016.00697. 27252715. 1664-462X. 4877394. free.