Extremal length explained

In the mathematical theory of conformal and quasiconformal mappings, the extremal length of a collection of curves

\Gamma is a measure of the size of \Gamma that is invariant under conformal mappings. More specifically, suppose that D is an open set in the complex plane and \Gamma is a collectionof paths in D and f:D\to D' is a conformal mapping. Then the extremal length of \Gamma is equal to the extremal length of the image of \Gamma under f . One also works with the conformal modulus of \Gamma , the reciprocal of the extremal length. The fact that extremal length and conformal modulus are conformal invariants of \Gamma makes them useful tools in the study of conformal and quasi-conformal mappings. One also works with extremal length in dimensions greater than two and certain other metric spaces, but the following deals primarily with the two dimensional setting.

Definition of extremal length

To define extremal length, we need to first introduce several related quantities.Let

D be an open set in the complex plane. Suppose that \Gamma is acollection of rectifiable curves in D . If \rho:D\to [ 0 , inf ty] is Borel-measurable, then for any rectifiable curve \gamma we letL _{\rho(\gamma):=\int} _{\gamma} \rho|dz|

denote the

\rho –length of \gamma , where |dz| denotes theEuclidean element of length. (It is possible that L _{\rho(\gamma)=infty} .)What does this really mean? If \gamma:I\to D is parameterized in some interval I ,then \int _{\gamma} \rho|dz| is the integral of the Borel-measurable function\rho(\gamma(t)) with respect to the Borel measure on I for which the measure of every subinterval J\subset I is the length of therestriction of \gamma to J . In other words, it is theLebesgue-Stieltjes integral \int _{I} \rho(\gamma(t))d{ length }_\gamma(t), where{ length }_\gamma(t) is the length of the restriction of \gamma to \{s\in I:s\le t\} .Also setL _{\rho(\Gamma):=inf} _{\gamma\in\Gamma} L _{\rho(\gamma).}

The area of

\rho is defined asA(\rho): = \int _{D} \rho ^{2dxdy,} and the extremal length of \Gamma isEL(\Gamma): = \sup _{\rho} (L ^{2} _{\rho(\Gamma)})/(A(\rho)) ,

where the supremum is over all Borel-measureable

\rho:D\to[ 0 , inf ty] with 0 <A(\rho)< inf ty . If \Gamma contains some non-rectifiable curves and\Gamma _{0} denotes the set of rectifiable curves in \Gamma , thenEL(\Gamma) is defined to be EL(\Gamma _{0)} .

The term (conformal) modulus of

\Gamma refers to 1 /EL(\Gamma) .

The extremal distance in

D between two sets in \overline D is the extremal length of the collection of curves in D with one endpoint in one set and the other endpoint in the other set.

Examples

In this section the extremal length is calculated in several examples. The first three of these examples are actually useful in applications of extremal length.

Extremal distance in rectangle

Fix some positive numbers

w,h> 0 , and let R be the rectangle R = ( 0 ,w) x ( 0 ,h) . Let \Gamma be the set of all finite length curves \gamma:( 0 , 1 )\to R that cross the rectangle left to right, in the sense that \lim _{t\to} \gamma(t) is on the left edge \{ 0 \} x [ 0 ,h] of the rectangle, and \lim _{t\to} \gamma(t) is on the right edge \{w\} x [ 0 ,h] .(The limits necessarily exist, because we are assuming that \gamma has finite length.) We will now prove that in this caseEL(\Gamma) = w/h

First, we may take

\rho =1 on R . This \rho gives A(\rho) = wh and L _{\rho(\Gamma)=w} . The definition of EL(\Gamma) as a supremum then gives EL(\Gamma)\ge w/h .

The opposite inequality is not quite so easy. Consider an arbitrary Borel-measurable

\rho:R\to[ 0 , inf ty] such that\ell: = L _{\rho(\Gamma)>0} .For y\in( 0 ,h) , let \gamma _{y(t)=iy+wt} (where we are identifying \R ^{2} with the complex plane).Then \gamma _{y\in\Gamma} , and hence \ell\le L _{\rho(\gamma} _{y)} .The latter inequality may be written as\ell\le \int ^{1} _{0} \rho(iy + wt)wdt . Integrating this inequality over y\in( 0 ,h) impliesh\ell\le \int ^{1 \rho(iy + wt)wdtdy} _{0} .Now a change of variable x = wt and an application of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality giveh\ell \le \int ^{w\rho(x + iy)dxdy} _{0} \le l (\int _{R} \rho ^{1 / 2} _{Rdxdy r )} = l (whA(\rho) r ) ^{1/2} . This gives \ell ^{2/A(\rho)\le} w/h .Therefore, EL(\Gamma)\le w/h , as required.

As the proof shows, the extremal length of

\Gamma is the same as the extremal length of the much smaller collection of curves \{\gamma _{y:y\in(0,h)\}} .

It should be pointed out that the extremal length of the family of curves

\Gamma' that connect the bottom edge of R to the top edge of R satisfies EL(\Gamma') = h/w , by the same argument. Therefore, EL(\Gamma)EL(\Gamma') =1 .It is natural to refer to this as a duality property of extremal length, and a similar duality property occurs in the context of the next subsection. Observe that obtaining a lower bound on EL(\Gamma) is generally easier than obtaining an upper bound, since the lower bound involves choosing a reasonably good \rho and estimating L ^{2 /A(\rho)} _{\rho(\Gamma)} , while the upper bound involves proving a statement about all possible \rho . For this reason, duality is often useful when it can be established: when we know that EL(\Gamma)EL(\Gamma') =1 , a lower bound on EL(\Gamma') translates to an upper bound on EL(\Gamma) .

Extremal distance in annulus

Let

r _{1} and r _{2} be two radii satisfying 0 <r _{1<r} _{2<infty} . Let A be the annulus A: = \{z\in C:r _{1<|z|<r} _{2\}} and let C _{1} and C _{2} be the two boundary components of A : C _{1:=\{z:|z|=r} _{1\}} and C _{2:=\{z:|z|=r} _{2\}} . Consider the extremal distance in A between C _{1} and C _{2} ; which is the extremal length of the collection \Gamma of curves \gamma\subset A connecting C _{1} and C _{2} .

To obtain a lower bound on

EL(\Gamma) , we take \rho(z) =1 /|z| . Then for \gamma\in\Gamma oriented from C _{1} to C _{2} \int _{\gamma} |z| ^{-1} ds \ge \int _{\gamma} |z| ^{-1} d|z| = \int _{\gamma} d log |z| =log (r _{2/r} _{1).} On the other hand,A(\rho) = \int _{A} |z| ^{-2} dxdy = \int ^{2 \pi} _{0} \int ^{r _{2}} _{r _{1}} r ^{-2} rdrd\theta = 2 \pi log (r _{2/r} _{1).} We conclude that EL(\Gamma)\ge (log (r _{2/r} _{1)})/(2 \pi) .

We now see that this inequality is really an equality by employing an argument similar to the one given above for the rectangle. Consider an arbitrary Borel-measurable

\rho such that \ell: = L _{\rho(\Gamma)>0} . For \theta\in[ 0 , 2 \pi) let \gamma _{\theta:(r} _{1,r} _{2)\to} A denote the curve \gamma ^{i\theta} _{\theta(r) = e} r . Then\ell\le\int _{\gamma _{\theta}} \rhods = \int ^{r _{2}} _{r _{1}} \rho(e ^{i\theta} r)dr. We integrate over \theta and apply the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, to obtain:2 \pi\ell \le \int _{A} \rhodrd\theta \le l (\int _{A} \rho ^{2rdrd\theta} r ) ^{1/2} l (\int ^{2 \pi} _{0} \int ^{r _{2}} _{r _{1}} (1)/(rdrd\theta r )) ^{1/2} . Squaring gives4 \pi ^{2\ell} ^{2\le} A(\rho) ⋅ 2 \pi log (r _{2/r} _{1).} This implies the upper bound EL(\Gamma)\le ( 2 \pi) ^{-1} log (r _{2/r} _{1)} .When combined with the lower bound, this yields the exact value of the extremal length:EL(\Gamma) = (log (r _{2/r} _{1)})/(2 \pi) .

Extremal length around an annulus

Let

r _{1,r} _{2,C} _{1,C} _{2,\Gamma} and A be as above, but now let \Gamma ^{*} be the collection of all curves that wind once around the annulus, separating C _{1} from C _{2} . Using the above methods, it is not hard to show thatEL(\Gamma ^{*) = (2 \pi)/(log (r _{2/r} _{1)})} = EL(\Gamma) ^{-1} . This illustrates another instance of extremal length duality.

Extremal length of topologically essential paths in projective plane

In the above examples, the extremal

\rho which maximized the ratio L ^{2 /A(\rho)} _{\rho(\Gamma)} and gave the extremal length corresponded to a flat metric. In other words, when the Euclidean Riemannian metric of the corresponding planar domain is scaled by \rho , the resulting metric is flat. In the case of the rectangle, this was just the original metric, but for the annulus, the extremal metric identified is the metric of a cylinder. We now discuss an example where an extremal metric is not flat. The projective plane with the spherical metric is obtained by identifying antipodal points on the unit sphere in \R ^{3} with its Riemannian spherical metric. In other words, this is the quotient of the sphere by the map x\mapsto - x . Let \Gamma denote the set of closed curves in this projective plane that are not null-homotopic. (Each curve in \Gamma is obtained by projecting a curve on the sphere from a point to its antipode.) Then the spherical metric is extremal for this curve family.^[1] (The definition of extremal length readily extends to Riemannian surfaces.) Thus, the extremal length is \pi ^{2/(2\pi)=\pi/2} .

Extremal length of paths containing a point

If

\Gamma is any collection of paths all of which have positive diameter and containing a point z _{0} , then EL(\Gamma) =inf ty . This follows, for example, by taking \rho(z): = \begin{cases}( - |z - z _{0|log} |z - z ^{-1} _{0 |)} & |z - z _{0|<1/2,\\ 0} & |z - z _{0|\ge} 1 / 2 ,\end{cases} which satisfies A(\rho)< inf ty and L _{\rho(\gamma)=infty} for every rectifiable \gamma\in\Gamma .

Elementary properties of extremal length

The extremal length satisfies a few simple monotonicity properties. First, it is clear that if

\Gamma _{1\subset\Gamma} _{2} , then EL(\Gamma _{1)\ge} EL(\Gamma _{2)} .Moreover, the same conclusion holds if every curve \gamma _{1\in\Gamma} _{1} contains a curve \gamma _{2\in} \Gamma _{2} as a subcurve (that is, \gamma _{2} is the restriction of \gamma _{1} to a subinterval of its domain). Another sometimes useful inequality isEL(\Gamma _{1\cup\Gamma} _{2)\ge} l (EL(\Gamma ^{-1} _{1 )} + EL(\Gamma ^{-1} _{2 )} r ) ^{-1} . This is clear if EL(\Gamma _{1)=0} or if EL(\Gamma _{2)=0} , in which case the right hand side is interpreted as 0 . So suppose that this is not the case and with no loss of generality assume that the curves in \Gamma _{1\cup\Gamma} _{2} are all rectifiable. Let \rho _{1,\rho} _{2} satisfy L _{\rho _{j}} (\Gamma _{j)\ge} 1 for j =1 , 2 . Set \rho =max \{\rho _{1,\rho} _{2\}} . Then L _{\rho(\Gamma} _{1\cup\Gamma} _{2)\ge} 1 and A(\rho) = \int\rho ^{2 )dxdy = A(\rho} _{1 ) + A(\rho} _{2)} , which proves the inequality.

Conformal invariance of extremal length

Let

f:D\to D ^{*} be a conformal homeomorphism(a bijective holomorphic map) between planar domains. Suppose that\Gamma is a collection of curves in D ,and let \Gamma ^{*:=\{f\circ} \gamma:\gamma\in\Gamma\} denote theimage curves under f . Then EL(\Gamma) = EL(\Gamma ^{*)} .This conformal invariance statement is the primary reason why the concept ofextremal length is useful.

Here is a proof of conformal invariance. Let

\Gamma _{0} denote the set of curves \gamma\in\Gamma such that f\circ \gamma is rectifiable, and let\Gamma ^{* = \{f\circ\gamma:\gamma\in\Gamma} _{0 \}} , which is the set of rectifiablecurves in \Gamma ^{*} . Suppose that \rho ^{*:D} ^{*\to[0,infty]} is Borel-measurable. Define\rho(z) = |f'(z)|\rho ^{*l(f(z)r).} A change of variables w = f(z) givesA(\rho) = \int _{D} \rho(z) ^{2dzd\bar} z = \int _{D} \rho ^{*(f(z))} ^{2|f'(z)|} ^{2dzd\bar} z = \int _{D ^{*}} \rho ^{*(w)} ^{2dwd\bar} w = A(\rho ^{*).} Now suppose that \gamma\in \Gamma _{0} is rectifiable, and set \gamma ^{*:=f\circ\gamma} . Formally, we may use a change of variables again:L _{\rho(\gamma)=\int} _{\gamma} \rho ^{*l(f(z)r)|f'(z)||dz|} = \int _{\gamma ^{*}} \rho(w)|dw| = L _{\rho ^{*}} (\gamma ^{*).} To justify this formal calculation, suppose that \gamma is defined in some interval I , let\ell(t) denote the length of the restriction of \gamma to I\cap( -inf ty,t] ,and let \ell ^{*(t)} be similarly defined with \gamma ^{*} in place of \gamma . Then it is easy to see that d\ell ^{*(t)=|f'(\gamma(t))|d\ell(t)} , and this implies L _{\rho(\gamma)=L} ^{\rho ^{*}} (\gamma ^{*)} , as required. The above equalities give,EL(\Gamma _{0)\ge} EL(\Gamma ^{*) = EL(\Gamma} _{0} ^{*).} If we knew that each curve in \Gamma and \Gamma ^{*} was rectifiable, this wouldprove EL(\Gamma) = EL(\Gamma ^{*)} since we may also apply the above with f replaced by its inverseand \Gamma interchanged with \Gamma ^{*} . It remains to handle the non-rectifiable curves.

Now let

\hat\Gamma denote the set of rectifiable curves \gamma\in\Gamma such that f\circ\gamma isnon-rectifiable. We claim that EL(\hat\Gamma) =inf ty .Indeed, take \rho(z) = |f'(z)|h(|f(z)|) , where h(r) = l (r log (r +2 ) r ) ^{-1} .Then a change of variable as above givesA(\rho) = \int _{D ^{*}} h(|w|) ^{2dwd\bar} w \le \int ^{2 \pi} _{0} \int ^{inf ty} _{0} (r log (r +2 )) ^{-2} rdrd\theta< inf ty. For \gamma\in\hat\Gamma and r\in( 0 , inf ty) such that f\circ \gamma is contained in \{z:|z|<r\} , we have L _{\rho(\gamma)\geinf\{h(s):s\in[0,r]\}length(f\circ\gamma)=infty} .On the other hand, suppose that \gamma\in\hat\Gamma is such that f\circ\gamma is unbounded.Set H(t): = \int ^{t} _{0} h(s)ds . ThenL _{\rho(\gamma)} is at least the length of the curve t\mapsto H(|f\circ \gamma(t)|) (from an interval in \R to \R ). Since \lim _{t\toinfty} H(t) =inf ty ,it follows that L _{\rho(\gamma)=infty} .Thus, indeed, EL(\hat\Gamma) =inf ty .

Using the results of the previous section, we have

EL(\Gamma) = EL(\Gamma _{0\cup\hat\Gamma)\ge} EL(\Gamma _{0)} .We have already seen that EL(\Gamma _{0)\ge} EL(\Gamma ^{*)} . Thus, EL(\Gamma)\ge EL(\Gamma ^{*)} .The reverse inequality holds by symmetry, and conformal invariance is therefore established.

Some applications of extremal length

By the calculation of the extremal distance in an annulus and the conformalinvariance it follows that the annulus

\{z:r<|z|<R\} (where 0 \le r<R\le inf ty )is not conformally homeomorphic to the annulus \{w:r ^{*<|w|<R} ^{*\}} if (Rr\ne)/((R ^{*})/(r ^{*})) .

Extremal length in higher dimensions

The notion of extremal length adapts to the study of various problems in dimensions 3 and higher, especially in relation to quasiconformal mappings.

Discrete extremal length

Suppose that

G = (V,E) is some graph and \Gamma is a collection of paths in G . There are two variants of extremal length in this setting. To define the edge extremal length, originally introduced by R. J. Duffin,^[2] consider a function \rho:E\to[ 0 , inf ty) . The \rho -length of a path is defined as the sum of \rho(e) over all edges in the path, counted with multiplicity. The "area" A(\rho) is defined as \sum _{e\in} \rho(e) ^{2} . The extremal length of \Gamma is then defined as before. If G is interpreted as a resistor network, where each edge has unit resistance, then the effective resistance between two sets of vertices is precisely the edge extremal length of the collection of paths with one endpoint in one set and the other endpoint in the other set. Thus, discrete extremal length is useful for estimates in discrete potential theory.

Another notion of discrete extremal length that is appropriate in other contexts is vertex extremal length, where

\rho:V\to[ 0 , inf ty) , the area is A(\rho): = \sum _{v\in} \rho(v) ^{2} , and the length of a path is the sum of \rho(v) over the vertices visited by the path, with multiplicity.

Notes and References

1. Ahlfors (1973)
2. Duffin 1962