List of modern conflicts in the Middle East explained

Bodyclass:geography
Above:Middle East
Label1:Countries (2018)
Data1:Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, North Cyprus*, Oman, Palestine*, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria (DFNS), Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Note:
  • Not a UN member

This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The "Middle East" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and Egypt and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east,[1] and from Turkey and Iran in the north, to Yemen and Oman in the south.

List of conflicts

DateConflictLocationdata-sort-type="number" Casualties
align=center 1902–1932Unification of Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Hejaz
Kuwait
Nejd
Transjordan
Mandatory Iraq
Nejd and Hejaz		align=right data-sort-value="8000" 8,000–9,000
align=center 1909–1910Zaraniq rebellionalign=right data-sort-value="830" 830+
align=center 1914–1918Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
Persia
Egypt Nejd and Hasa
Jabal Shammar
Kuwait
Lahej
Armenia
Azerbaijan		align=right data-sort-value="2825000" Ottoman Empire deaths including civilians:
2,825,000[2] [3] [4] –5,000,000[5]
Allied killed, wounded, captured or missing:
1,000,000–1,500,000
Persians died by famine or disease, excluding influenza:
2,000,000[6] [7] [8]
align=center 1918–1922Simko Shikak revolt[9] Persiaalign=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000–5,500
align=center 1919Egyptian Revolution of 1919[10] Egyptalign=right data-sort-value="3000" 3,000
align=center 1919–1923
Greece
Armenia
align=right data-sort-value="170500" 882,100–2,075,600+
align=center 1919–2003 Mandatory Iraq
Kingdom of Iraq
Iraq
Kingdom of Kurdistan		align=right data-sort-value="139000" 139,000–320,000 killed
align=center 1920Franco-Syrian War Arab Kingdom of Syria
OETA		align=right data-sort-value="5000" 5,000
align=center 1920Iraqi revolt against the British[11] [12] Mandatory Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="2050" 2,050–9,000
1921–1948Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine7,813
align=center 1923Adwan Rebellion Transjordanalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100
1925–1927Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War)[13] Greater Lebanon
State of Syria
Jabal Druze
Alawite State		8,000–12,000
align=center 1925Sheikh Said rebellion Turkeyalign=right data-sort-value="15000" 15,000–250,500
align=center 1930Ararat rebellion[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Turkey Republic of Araratalign=right data-sort-value="4500" 4,500–47,000
align=center 1933Simele massacre[19] align=right data-sort-value="3000" 3,000
align=center 1934Saudi-Yemeni War[20] Saudi Arabia
align=right data-sort-value="2100" 2,100
align=center 1935Imam Reza shrine rebellion[21] align=right data-sort-value="151" 151
align=center 1935–19361935–1936 Iraqi Shia revoltsalign=right data-sort-value="500" 500
align=center 19351935 Yazidi revoltalign=right data-sort-value="200" 200
align=center 19361936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
align=center 1937Dersim rebellion[22] Turkeyalign=right data-sort-value="40000" 40,000–70,000
align=center 1939–1945Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
Iran
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
align=right data-sort-value="16000" ≈16,000
align=center 1946Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
align=center 1946Egyptian Student Riots[23] [24] Egyptalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100–300
align=center 1946Iran crisis of 1946[25]

Azerbaijan People's Government		align=right data-sort-value="2000" 2,000
align=center 1948–Arab–Israeli conflict Egypt
All-Palestine Government
Egypt



Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
align=right data-sort-value="73000" 73,000–84,000
align=center 1948Alwaziri coup Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemenalign=right data-sort-value="4000" 4,000–5,000
align=center 1948Al-Wathbah uprisingalign=right data-sort-value="300" 300–400
align=center 1949March 1949 Syrian coup d'étatalign=right unknown
align=center 1952Egyptian revolution of 1952 Egyptalign=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000
align=center 19531953 Iranian coup d'état[26] align=right data-sort-value="300" 300–800
align=center 1954–1960Jebel Akhdar War Muscat and Omanalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100–523
align=center 1955–1959Cyprus Emergency[27] Cyprusalign=right data-sort-value="400" 400–600
align=center 1956Suez Crisis
align=center 1956–1960Yemeni–Adenese clan violencealign=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000
align=center 19581958 Lebanon Crisis Lebanonalign=right data-sort-value="1300" 1,300–4,000
align=center 19581958 Iraqi Revolutionalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100
align=center 19591959 Mosul uprising Iraqi Republicalign=right data-sort-value="2000" 2,000–4,000
align=center 1962–1970North Yemen Civil War[28]
Saudi Arabia
Egypt		align=right data-sort-value="100000" 100,000–200,000
align=center 1962–1975Dhofar Rebellion Omanalign=right data-sort-value="10000" 10,000
align=center 19631963 Riots in Iranalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100
align=center 1963February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup[29] Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000
align=center 19638th of March Syrian Revolution[30]
align=right data-sort-value="820" 820
align=center 1963–1967Aden Emergency[31]
align=right data-sort-value="2096" 2,096
align=center 1963November 1963 Iraqi coup Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="250" 250
align=center 19641964 Hama riot[32] [33] align=right data-sort-value="70" 70–100
align=center 19661966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syriaalign=right data-sort-value="400" 400
align=center 19661966 Arif Abd ar-Razzaq second coup[34] Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="80" 80–100
align=center 1970–1971Black September Jordanalign=right data-sort-value="2000" 2,000–25,000
align=center 1972Yemenite War of 1972align=right data-sort-value="100" 100+
align=center 1974Turkish invasion of Cyprus[35] Cyprusalign=right data-sort-value="1500" 1,500–5,000
align=center 1974Shatt al-Arab clashes[36] align=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000
align=center 1975–1990Lebanese Civil War[37] Lebanonalign=right data-sort-value="150000" 150,000
align=center 1976–1980Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)[38] [39] [40] Turkeyalign=right data-sort-value="5000" 5,000–5,388
align=center 1978–1982NDF Rebellionalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100+
align=center 1978–Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)[41] Turkey

Iraq		align=right data-sort-value="30000" 30,000–100,000
align=center 1979Yemenite War of 1979align=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000+
align=center 1979Iranian Revolution[42] [43] align=right data-sort-value="3164" 3,164–60,000
align=center 1979–1980align=right data-sort-value="10171" 10,171
align=center 1979–1983Saudi Eastern Province unrest[44] Saudi Arabiaalign=right data-sort-value="182" 182–219
align=center 1979Grand Mosque seizure[45] Saudi Arabiaalign=right data-sort-value="307" 307
align=center 1979–1982Islamist uprising in Syriaalign=right data-sort-value="40000" 40,000+
align=center 19801980 Turkish coup d'état[46] [47] Turkeyalign=right data-sort-value="127" 127–550
align=center 19801980 Sadr uprising Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="1000" 1,000–30,000
align=center 1980–1988Iran–Iraq War[48]
Iraq
Kuwait		align=right data-sort-value="1000000" 1,000,000–1,250,000
align=center 1986South Yemen Civil War[49] align=right data-sort-value="5000" 5,000–12,000
align=center 19861986 Egyptian Conscription Riot[50] Egyptalign=right data-sort-value="107" 107
align=center 19861986 Damascus bombings[51] align=right data-sort-value="204" 204
align=center 1987Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre)[52] Saudi Arabiaalign=right data-sort-value="402" 402
align=center 1987–1988ANO Executions Lebanon
align=right data-sort-value="170" 170
align=center 1989–1996KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)align=right data-sort-value="168" 168–503
align=center 1990–1991Gulf War Iraq
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia		align=right data-sort-value="40000" 40,000–57,000
align=center 19911991 Iraqi uprisings[53] [54] Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="50000" 50,000–100,000
align=center 19941994 civil war in Yemen Yemenalign=right data-sort-value="7000" 7,000–10,000
align=center 1995–Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiaalign=right data-sort-value="300" 300
align=center 1998Operation Desert Fox (Iraqi no-fly zones) Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="2000" 2,000
align=center 19991999 Shia uprising in Iraq[55] Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="100" 100–200
align=center 2003–2011Iraq War[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] Ba'athist Iraq
Iraq		align=right data-sort-value="109032" 109,032–650,726
See also: Casualties of the Iraq War
align=center 2004Qamishli massacre (2004)[62] [63] align=right data-sort-value="30" 30–100
2004–2014Shia insurgency in Yemen[64] [65] [66] Saudi Arabia
Yemen		align=right data-sort-value="8500" 8,500–25,000
align=center 2004–Iran–PJAK conflict[67] align=right data-sort-value="588" 588–747
align=center 2006–Fatah–Hamas conflict[68] [69]
Gaza Strip		align=right data-sort-value="600" 600+
align=center 2006
Israel		align=right data-sort-value="1600" ≈1600
align=center 2006–
Israel		align=right data-sort-value="2000" ≈2000
align=center 2007Nahr al-Bared fighting Lebanonalign=right data-sort-value="480" 480
align=center 20082008 Lebanon conflict Lebanonalign=right data-sort-value="105" 105
align=center 2009–2015South Yemen Insurgency[70] Yemenalign=right data-sort-value="2100" 2,100+
align=center 2010–2015Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown[71] [72] Yemenalign=right data-sort-value="3000" 3,000+
align=center 20112011 Bahraini uprising Bahrain
Saudi Arabia		align=right data-sort-value="100" 100+
align=center 2011–Shia insurgency in Bahrainalign=right data-sort-value"22" 22+
align=center 2011–2014Egyptian crisis (2011–14) Egyptalign=right data-sort-value="7000" 7,000+
align=center 2011–Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) Yemenalign=right data-sort-value="9000" 9,000+
align=center 2011–Syrian civil waralign=right data-sort-value="250000"503,064–613,407 +
align=center 2011–2017Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon Lebanonalign=right data-sort-value="800" ≈800
align=center 2011–Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Saudi Arabia
align=right data-sort-value="0"
align=center 2013–2017War in Iraq (2013–2017)align=right data-sort-value="73361" 155,500–165,500+
align=center 2015–Yemeni Civil War Yemen
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates		align=right data-sort-value="50000"377,000+
align=center 2016–Western Iran clashesalign=right data-sort-value="74" 74–156
align=center 15–16 July 20162016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Turkeyalign=right data-sort-value="270" 270–350
align=center 20172017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="685" +305
align=center 2017–Iraqi insurgency (2017–present) Iraqalign=right data-sort-value="5000" 4,000+
align=center 2023–Israel–Hamas war Israel

Gaza Strip		align=right data-sort-value="9911" 34,000+
align=center 2023–Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Israel
Lebanon		align=right data-sort-value="9911" 400+
align=center 2023–Red Sea crisis Yemen
Israel
Red Sea
Gulf of Aden		align=right data-sort-value="9911" 40+
align=center 2024–2024 Iran–Israel conflict
Israel
Jordan

Iraq
Yemen
Lebanon		align=right data-sort-value="9911" 20+

Casualties breakdown

[a].Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)

Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.

Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.

Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.

Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.

Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.

Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.

First Nejd–Hejaz War, 1918–1919 – 8,392+ killed

Kuwait–Najd War (1921) – 200[73] –800 killed.

1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq – 700 killed.

Conquest of Ha'il – unknown.

Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922–1924 – 500[74] -1,500 killed.

Second Nejd–Hejaz War (1924–1925) – 450 killed.

Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) – 2,000 killed.

[p].Middle Eastern theatre of World War I (combined casualty figure 2,825,000–5,000,000) of:

[b].Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 882,100–2,075,600+):

Greco-Turkish War – 70,000–400,000 casualties

Franco-Turkish War – 40,000 casualties.

Turkish–Armenian War – 60,000–432,500 casualties.[75]

Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence - more than 27,082+ casualties

Turkish-Georgian War (Red Army invasion of Georgia)- 20,000 casualties.

665,000-1,156,000 Greek, Armenian, Turkish etc. civilian massacred during the war.[76] [c].Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800–320,100) of:

Mahmud Barzanji revolts – unknown.

Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) – unknown.

1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) – unknown.

First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970) – 75,000–105,000 killed.[77]

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.[78]
600,000 displaced[79] [80]

PUK insurgency (1976–1978) – 800 killed.

Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) – 50,000–198,000 killed.

1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah – 700–2,000 killed.

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) – 3,000[81] –5,000 killed.

2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq – several hundred killed (≈300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga soldiers killed.

[d].Middle Eastern theatre of World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338–14,898+) of:

Anglo-Iraqi War – at least 560 killed.[82] [83]

Farhud 175–780 killed.

Syria–Lebanon Campaign 10,404–12,964 killed.

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100 – 1,062 killed.

Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.[84]

Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – unknown.

[e].Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):

Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis – 421 killed.[85]

Republic of Mahabad crisis – ≈1,000 killed.

Civil interregnum – 500 killed.[86]

[f].Arab–Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 76,338–87,338+):

Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) – 14,400 casualties.

Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency and Retribution operations (1950s) – 3,456 casualties

Suez War (1956) – 3,203 killed.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1965–present) – 24,000 killed

Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon – 2,600–20,000 killed

Operation Litani

1982 Lebanon War

First Palestinian Intifada – 2,000 killed

Al-Aqsa Intifada – 7,000 killed

Gaza–Israel conflict – 3,500+ killed

Six-Day War (1967) – 13,976 killed.

War of Attrition (1967–1970) – 6,403 killed.

Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.[87]

[g].North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000–200,000 casualties):

1962 Coup d'état

Ramadan offensive

Haradh offensive

1965 Royalist offensive

Siege of Sana'a (1967)

[h].Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132–43,970+ mortal casualties):

Bus massacre – 27 killed.

Hundred Days' War – 160 killed.

Karantina massacre – 1,000–1,500 killed.

Damour massacre – 684 killed.

Battle of the Hotels – 700 killed.

Black Saturday (Lebanon) – 200–600 killed.

Tel al-Zaatar massacre – 1,778–3,278 killed.

1982 Lebanon War – 28,280 killed.

Sabra and Shatila massacre – 762–3,500 killed.

War of the Camps (1986–1987) – 3,781 killed.

Mountain War – 1,600 killed.

War of Liberation (1989–1990) – unknown.

October 13 massacre – 500–700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.

[i].Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (combined fatalities count 12,000):

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran – 10,171+ killed and executed.[88] [89]

1979 Khuzestan uprising – 112+ killed.

1979 Khorasan uprising – unknown.

1979 Azeri uprising – unknown.

1979 Baluchistan uprising – 50 killed.

Iran hostage crisis – 9 killed.

1979–1980 Tehran clashes – unknown.

[j].Iran–Iraq War (combined death count 645,000–823,000+):

Iraqi invasion 1980

Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981–1982

Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 – 17,000 killed

Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 – 50,000 mortal casualties

Operation Ramadan 1982 – 80,000 killed

Kurdish Rebellion 1983–1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000–198,000 killed

Operation Before the Dawn 1983 – 6,000+ killed

Operation Dawn 3 – 162,000 killed

Operation Dawn 5 1984 – 50,000 killed

Operation Dawn 6 1984 – unknown

Operation Khaibar 1984 – 49,000 killed

Tanker War 1984

Operation Badr (1985) – 30,000–32,000

War of the Cities 1985–1987

Operation Dawn-8 1986 – unknown

Operation Karbala-4 1986 – 15,000 killed

Operation Karbala-5 – 85,000 killed

Operation Nasr 4 – unknown

Operation Karbala-10 – unknown

Operation Mersad 1987 – 4,900 killed

1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000[90] – 30,000 executed

[k].Iraq War 2003–2011 (combined casualty figure of 192,361–226,056+):

2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq – 35,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (2003–06) – 15,000 killed

Civil war in Iraq 2006–2008 – 30,000–40,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) – 5,000–10,000 killed

Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq – ≈1,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) – 54,000+ killed

War in Iraq (2013–2017) – 53,361–72,056 killed

[l].Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine (combined casualties 7,813)

1921 Jaffa riots – 95 killed

1929 Palestine riots – 251 killed.[91] [92]

1933 Palestine riots – 20 killed.[93]

Arab Revolt in Palestine – 5,000 killed.[94]

Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47) – 338 British[95] and around 100 Palestinian Jews killed.

1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine – 2,009 killed by 1 April 1948.[96]

[m].Egyptian Crisis (combined casualties 5,000+)

Egyptian Revolution of 2011 – 846 killed

Sinai insurgency – 2,800+ killed

[n].Syrian civil war (combined casualties 503,064–613,407)

[o].Iran–Israel proxy conflict (combined casualties ≈2,000)

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Albert Hourani et al., The Modern Middle East: A Reader. 1993: p. 2.
  2. Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219.
  3. Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. .
  4. Poteri narodonaseleniia v : spravochnik. Moscow. . Pages 61, 65, 73, 77 and 78
  5. James L. Gelvin, The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Publisher: Cambridge University Press Page 77
  6. Book: Katouzian. Homa. 2013. Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. 9781780742731 . 1934.
  7. Book: Rubin. Barry. 2015. The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. 9781317455783 . 508.

    "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."

  8. Book: Ward. Steven R.. 2014. Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. 9781626160651 . 123.

    "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the variousarmies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million."

  9. Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p. 100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"
  10. https://books.google.com/books?id=ODfRbCkr9TAC&q=killed&pg=PR10
  11. News: Jonathan Glancey. Our last occupation. The Guardian. 19 April 2003. 1 February 2011. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20130822154419/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/19/iraq.arts. 22 August 2013. live. "The rebellion was thwarted, with nearly 9,000 Iraqis killed."
  12. "... the British mentioned a proportion of 1 to 3, that is 2,050 killed and 6,150 wounded, while an Arab version speaks of 4,000 killed and 4,800 wounded."
  13. Web site: Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls. Users.erols.com. July 2005. 1 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20101227013646/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm. 27 December 2010. live.
  14. Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, … Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
  15. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, p. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) …
  16. Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4", Taraf, 23 October 2008, Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  17. M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997,, p. 105.
  18. "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, 3 October 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
  19. "The purpose of this chapter is not to debate the extent of Assyrian civilian deaths at Summayl; the Assyrians claim 3000, while the British cite the figure as no greater than 300." https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA405080.pdf
  20. Rongxing Guo. Cross border resource management, theory and practice. Ed. S.V.Krupa. Elsevier, 2005: p.115.
  21. Web site: [{{Google books |id=8eUTLaaVOOQC |page=140 |plainurl=yes}} Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces ]. Steven R. . Ward . Georgetown University Press . 2009 . 7 August 2014.
  22. David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, 2002,, p. 209.
  23. Ikhwanweb. Ikhwanweb
  24. Ahmed Abdalla, The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt 1923–1973. 2008: pp. 64–77 (1946: The Climax)
  25. Web site: CSP – Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946–2008 . Systemicpeace.org . 12 June 2013 . 14 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140121015442/http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist.htm . 21 January 2014.
  26. . 300 killed
  27. Web site: Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls . Users.erols.com . 1 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110220160145/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat7.htm . 20 February 2011 . live.
  28. Web site: Yemen's War on Terror . Jonathan . Schanzer . 2004 . 2012-10-15 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320134414/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/WINEP_YemensWarOnTerror.pdf . 20 March 2012 . "Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives."
  29. Political Science, University of Central Arkansas. Iraq (1932–present). http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/iraq-1932-present/
  30. Derek Hopwood. Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society. Unwin Himan ltd., 1988: p.45.
  31. J.E.Peterson, British Counter-Insurgency Campaigns and Iraq. August 2009: p.12.
  32. Book: Seale, Patrick . Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East . University of California Press . 1989 . 93 . 0-520-06667-7.
  33. Book: Paul, James A. . Human Rights in Syria . Middle East Watch Organization . 1990 . 10 . etal.
  34. Files of Major General Khalil Jassim, Jordan 2017, Ghaith Khalil,اوراق اللواء خليل جاسم الدباغ, د.م. غيث الدباغ, دار دجلة للطباعة والنشر, الاردن
  35. John J. Mearsheimer (Aug. 1990 Atlantic Monthly). "1,500 to 5,000 killed"
  36. Web site: CSP – Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946–2013 . 20 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180908224510/http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist/warlist.htm . 8 September 2018 . live.
  37. Web site: Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls . Necrometrics.com . 7 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170910100407/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm . 10 September 2017 . live.
  38. Gil, Ata. La Turquie à marche forcée, Le Monde diplomatique, February 1981.
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