List of early Germanic peoples explained

The list of early Germanic peoples is a register of ancient Germanic cultures, tribal groups, and other alliances of Germanic tribes and civilisations in ancient times. This information comes from various ancient historical documents, beginning in the 2nd century BC and extending into late antiquity. By the Early Middle Ages, early forms of kingship had begun to have a historical impact across Europe, with the exception of Northern Europe, where influences from the Vendel Period (from AD 550 to 800) and the subsequent Viking Age (until AD 1050) can be seen in the Germanic context.

The associations and locations of the numerous peoples and groups in ancient sources are often subject to heavy uncertainty and speculation, and classifications of ethnicity regarding a common culture or a temporary alliance of heterogeneous groups are disputed. It is uncertain whether certain groups are Germanic in the broader linguistic sense or whether they consisted of speakers of a Germanic language.

The names listed below are not terms for ethnic groups in any modern sense but the names of groups that were perceived in ancient and late antiquity as Germanic. It is essentially an inventory of peoples, groups, alliances and associations stretching from the Barbaricum region east of the Rhine to the north of the Danube (also known as Germania), especially those that arrived during the Migration Period.

In alphabetical order

The present list is largely based on the list of Germanic tribal names and its spelling variants contained in the first register of the Reallexikons der Germanischen Altertumskunde.^[1]

The first column contains the English name and its variants, if one is common, otherwise the traditional ancient name. The second column contains ancient names of Latin and Greek authors, the latter both in transcription and in Greek. The third column gives a brief description followed by a location.

The fifth column gives important sources of tradition for the group in question. The few main ancient sources for names and location of Germanic tribes are not linked. These are:

• Julius Caesar

Commentarii de Bello Gallico

• Jordanes

De origine actibusque Getarum, short Getica

• Ptolemy

Geography

• Tacitus

Germania

Name	Ancient name	Description	Location	Sources
A
			Hålogaland, the northernmost Norwegian Petty Kingdom. Between the Namdalen valley in Nord-Trøndelag and the Lyngen fjord in Troms.	Jordanes
	Adrabaikampoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ´Αδραβαικαμποι)		North of the Danube, south of Bohemia	Ptolemy
Aduatuci, Atuatuci	Aduatici, Atouatikoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀτουατικοί)	Left bank of the Rhine in the squad of the Belgian tribes against Caesar		Julius Caesar
Aelvaeones, Elouaiones, Elvaiones, Aelvaeones, Ailouaiones, Alouiones, Ailouones	Alouiones (Αλουίωνες), Helouaiones ('Ελουαίωνες)		Presumably at the middle Oder, today's Silesia	Tacitus, Ptolemy
Aglies
Agradingun		Saxon tribe
				Jordanes
Alemanni, Alamanni	Alamanni	From various Elbe Germanic tribes, among them probably Suebian tribes, armies and followers from the 3rd century on population group, which emerged from provincial Roman soil (Agri decumates)
Ambrones, Obrones, Ymbre	Ambrones	Participation of tribal groups in the calvacade of the Cimbri and the Teutons at the end of the 2nd century BC	North Sea Coast
Ampsivarii, Ampsivari, Amsivarii, Amsivari	Ansibarii, Ansivaroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀνσιβαριοί)	Southern neighbours of the Frisii		Tacitus
Anartes, Anarti, Anartii, Anartoi	Anarti	Possibly Germanic tribe in the border area between the Teutons and the Dacians	Hungary or Romania	Julius Caesar
				Jordanes
Angles, Anglians	Anglii, Angeiloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Άγγειλοι), Angiloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Άγγιλοι)	North Germanic people counted among the Ingaevones by Tacitus		Tacitus
Anglevarii, Angleverii, Anglevaries, Angleveries
		A collection of people from the Angles and Saxons, as well as the Jutes and Franks, who originated on British soil	Southeastern England
Angrivarii, Angrevarii, Angrivari, Angrevari, Angarii, Angerii, Angrii, Angari, Angeri, Angri, Aggeri, Angriouarroi, Aggerimenses, Angerienses	Angrivarii, Angriouarioi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αγγριουάριοι)
Armalausi, Armilausi			Possibly in the Upper Palatinate	Tabula Peutingeriana
Avarpi, Auarpoi, Avarni
Aviones, Auiones, Chaibones	Aviones
B
Baemi, Baimoi
Baiuvarii, Bavarii, Baioarii, Baiovarii	Bavarii
Banochaemae, Bainochaimai
Bardes, Bards, Bardi		Possibly group of the Lombards, which didn't migrate south
Bastarnae, Bastarni, Basternae	Bastarnae	Fights with the Romans in the 3rd century BC, presumably Germanic tribe predominates		Polybius
Batavi, Batavii, Batavians	Batavi
Bateinoi, Batini	Batini
Betasii, Baetasi	Baetasii
Brisgavi, Brisigavi	Brisgavi, Brisigavi	Alemannic tribe in the 5th century
Bructeri, Boructuarii, Boruactii, Borchtii	Bructeri, Boructuarii, Broukteroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Βρούκτεροι)
	Bucinobantes	Alemannic tribe in the 4th century		Ammianus Marcellinus
	Burgundiones
	Buri
C
	Caemani, Paemani
Caeroesi, Caerosi	Caerosi, Caeroesi, Ceroesi, Cerosi	Left Rhine Celto-Germanic tribe	In the 1st century BC in the Eifel-Ardennes area	Julius Caesar
Cananefates, Canninefates, Caninefates, Canenefatae	Cannenefates, Canninefates, Cannenafates, Cannefates		Around Voorburg in South Holland
Caracates. Caeracates		Possibly an old Northern German Celtic tribe of the Cimbri or a Vindelician tribe. Location unknown.
Carpi, Carpiani	Carpi, Carpiani	Southeastern European people, classification as Germanic is controversial
				Ptolemy
	Chaideinoi
	Chaituoroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαιτούωροι)
Chaibones, Aviones, Auiones
	Chali
	Chamavi, Chamauoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαμαυοί)		In the 1st century on the Lower Rhine	Tacitus
Charini, Charinni, Harii	Charini, Harii
Chatti, Catti, Cattai, Cathi, Cathai, Chattai, Chatthi, Chatthai	Chatti, Catti, Cathi, Chattai (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χάτται), Chattoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χάττοι)
Chattuarii, Chasuarii, Hasuarii, Attuarii	Atthuarii, Attuarii, Chattouarioi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαττουάριοι)
Chatvores, Catvori?		Name is Greek or Latin in origin and means "bristle eater"		Ptolemy
	Chauboi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαῦβοι)
	Chauki, Chauchi, Cauci, Kauchoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Καῦχοι), Kaukoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Καῦκοι)	Tribe counted Ingaevones by Tacitus
	Cherusci, Cherouskoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χεροῦσκοι), Chairouskoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαιρουσκοί)	Tribe of Arminius, in the 1st century, opponents of the Romans
Cilternsaetan, Ciltate/Ciltanati?		Possibly a tribe of Etruscan origin or a tribe named after the Roman Plebeian family Cilnii.
	Combri, Cymbri, Cimbri, Kimbroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Κίμβροι)	Along with the Teutons and Ambrones after 120 BC incidence in Gaul and Italy	Originally probably Himmerland, Jutland. Most consider this tribe a confederation of Northern German Celtic tribes before their defeat against the Romans. If Celtic most likely a Q-Celtic speaking people.
	Kloilios (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Κλοίλιος), Claodikus
	Condrusi	Celtic-Germanic mixed culture	In the 1st century BC in the left bank of the Middle Rhine region	Julius Caesar
	Korkontoi
			From the middle of the 3rd century on the Crimean peninsula
Cugerni, Cuberni, Guberni	Cugerni, Cuberni		In the 1st century in the left bank of the Lower Rhine (Kreis Kleve)
D
	Dandutoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δανδοῦτοι)
	Dani, Danoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δανοι)			Procopius, Jordanes
	Daukiones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δαυκίωνες)
	Diduni
	Dornware
	Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δοῦνοι
	Dulgubnii, Dulgitubini, Dulcubuni			Tacitus
E
East Herules, Ostherules
	Eburones	Probably Celtic tribe, counted as Germanic people by Caesar
		Archaeologically defined group of Germanic tribes (including the Semnones, Hermunduri, Quadi, Marcomanni and Lombards)	From the Elbe estuary on both sides of the river to Bohemia and Moravia
	Ailouaiones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αἰλουαίωνες), Alouiones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αλουίωνες), Helouaiones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: 'Ελουαίωνες), Ailouones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Αἰλούονες), Helouones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: 'Ελουωνες)
	Eudusii, Eudoses, Eduses, Edures, Eudures
F
	Favonae, Phauonai (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φαυόναι)
	Feppingas
	Finnaithae
	Phrisioi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φρίσιοι), Phiraisoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φιραῖσοι)
	Virsedi
Fosi, Fosii	Fosi	Small neighbouring tribe of the Cherusci, who perished with them
		Large tribal union, which integrated numerous Germanic tribes in late antiquity	Right of the Rhine to the mouth of the Rhine estuary, from the 4th century onwards to Roman territory left of the Rhine
	Frisiavones, Frisaebones		Rhine delta	Pliny the Elder, Natural History 4,101; CIL 6, 3260 et al.
Frisii, Frisians	Frisii	North Sea Germanic tribe, counted as the Ingaevones by Tacitus		Tacitus
			East of the Oder	Ptolemy
G
	Gambrivi		Probably near the Weser	Strabo, Tacitus
	Gautigoth			Jordanes
		North Germanic people, often identified with the Goths	Southern Sweden	Ptolemy
	Gepidi, Gebidi, Gipedae	From the middle of the 5th century, empire-building on the middle Danube, possibly related to the Goths		Jordanes, Procopius
Gewisse, Gewissæ		Saxon ethnic group in Britain	At the end of the 5th century on the Upper Thames in England
Goths, Gotones, Gutones	Gutones	Split up during the Migration Period into the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, each with their own imperial formations on Roman soil	At the turn of the day, north of the Vistula knee	Jordanes
	Granii
Greuthungi, Greuthungs, Greutungi, Greutungs	Greothingi, Grutungi, Grauthungi, Greutungi			Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes
Gutes, Gotlanders
H
Hadubardes, Heaðobeardan
	Hallin
	Harii			Tacitus
Harudes, Charudes, Harothes	Harudes, Charudes (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Χαροῦδες), Arudes	In the 1st century BC, allies of the Ariovistus against Caesar		Julius Caesar, Ptolemy
Hasdingi, Asdingi, Haddingjar
Heinir, Heiðnir
	Hellusii
Helveconae, Helvaeonae, Helvecones, Helvaeones, Helouaiones	Helvecones			Tacitus
Herminones, Erminones, Hermiones, Irminones	Herminones			Tacitus, Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela
Hermunduri, Ermunduri, Hermanduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli	Ermunduri, Hermunduri	Elbe Germanic tribe
Herules, Erules, Heruli, Eruli	Eruli, Erouloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ερουλοι)	Participants in the parades of the Goths
	Hilleviones
Holstens, Holcetae
	Holtsati
				Widsith
I
Incriones, Inkriones	Inkriones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ιγκριονες)			Ptolemy
Ingaevones, Ingvaeones, Ingwaeones, Inguaeones, Inguiones, Ingwines, Guiones	Ingvaeones, Ingaevones, Ingvaenoes, Inguaeones	Large group of Germanic tribes located on the North Sea coast by Tacitus		Tacitus, Pliny the Elder
Inguaii, Ingwaii
	Intouergoi, Intouergoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ιντουεργοι)			Ptolemy
Irminones, Herminones, Hermiones
Istvaeones, Istaevones, Istriaones, Istriones, Sthraones	Istvaenoes, Istaevones	Large group of Germanic tribes located on the Rhine by Tacitus		Tacitus
J
Jutes, Eudoses, Eutes, Euthiones	Eurii, Eutii, Eucii, Euthiones
	Iouthungi, Iuthungi	Probably an Alemannic tribe
K
Kampoi, Campi, Campes	Kampoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Κάμποι)	Group of unclear designation north of the Danube and south of Bohemia in the 2nd century		Ptolemy
Kvenir, Kvanes
L
Landoudioi, Landi	Landi, Landoudioi			Strabo, Ptolemy
Lemovii, Lemonii	Lemovii
Lentienses, Linzgau	Lentienses	Alemannic tribe	Mid-3rd century between the Danube in the north, Iller in the east and Lake Constance in the south	Ammianus Marcellinus
	Gothi minores		South bank of the lower Danube	Jordanes
Lombards, Longobards, Langobards, Winili, Winnili, Winnilers	Langobardi, Langobardoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Λαγγοβάρδοι)	Part of the Suebi, from the middle of the 6th century founding of the empire in Italy (Kingdom of the Lombards)
Lugii, Lygii	Lugii, Lúgioi
M
Maiates, Maiati
	Manimi			Tacitus
	Marcomanni
Marsi, Marsigni	Marsi, Marsoí (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Μαρσοί), Marsigni
	Marouingoi			Ptolemy
	Mattiaci, Mattiakoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ματτιακοί)	Probably a part of the Chatti, Romanised from the 1st century
Menapii, Manapi	Menapii			Julius Caesar
				Jordanes
Moselle Franks, Mosellians		Subset of the Franks, separated from the Ripuarian Franks in the 5th century
	Mougilones
		East Frisian part of the Frisii, who settled around 700 in Nordfriesland	Nordfriesland, Tönnern, Rungholdt	Widsith
N
Nahanarvali, Naharvali	Nahanarvali, Naharvali			Tacitus
Narisci, Naristi, Varisti, Varasci, Varisci	Naristi, Varisti, Varistae			Tacitus
	Suebi Nicrenses
	Nemetai (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Νεμῆται)			Julius Caesar
	Nervii	Celtic tribe. According to Strabo they were originally Germanic and according to Tacitus they claimed Germanic descent.^[2] ^[3]		Julius Caesar, Tacitus
Nuithones, Nuitones
O
	Ostrogothi, Ostrogoti, Ostrogotae, Ostrogothae, Austrogothi	Part of the Goths, first in Pannonia, then empire-building in Italy		Jordanes
P
Paemani, Permani	Paemani, Caemani	Left Rhine Celto-Germanic people		Julius Caesar
	Parmaikampoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Παρμαικαμπο)		North of the Danube in Bavaria	Ptolemy
				Tacitus
		Constructed tribe as Germanic "natives" of Westphalia and Eastphalia
	Pharadinoi		Mecklenburg
Q
	Quadi			Tacitus
Quirounoi?	Possibly a mistaken transliteration of the Greek name Ούίρουνοι = Oúírounoi; O and not Q, mistaken O for a Q? Initial Greek Ou = W; Viruni in Latin; possibly a variant of Varini? Ουαρίνοι – Ouarínoi = Warínoi
R
	Raetobarii	Alemannic tribe
Ragnaricii, Ranii
Reudigni, Reudinges, Reudinges, Reudingi, Holstens
Ripuarian Franks, Ripuarians, Ripuarii, Rhinefranks, Rhine Franks
	Rosomoni
Rugii, Rygir, Rugians	Rugii	Moved in the Migration Period with the Goths to the south
S
	Sabalingioi
Salian Franks, Salians	Salii		Originally from the Lower Rhine to the Salland on the IJssel, then in North Brabant and later in the Tournai area
	Saxones		From the 1st century in northwest Germany and the east of the Netherlands
		Related to the Bastarnae according to Titus Livy	Šar Mountains to Singidunum in the Balkans	Titus Livy
	Sedusii	Ally of the Ariovistus, classified by Caesar as Germanic		Julius Caesar
	Segni
	Semnones (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Σεμνόνες)	Part of the Suebi, their tribe, according to Tacitus		Tacitus
	Sibinoer
			Western Pomerania
Silingi, Silings	Silingae
	Sigulones
Sitones, Sithones				Tacitus
	Sturii
	Sturmera
Suarines, Suardones	Suarines, Suarmes, Smarines
Suebi, Suevi, Suavi, Suevians, Swabians	Suebi, Suewi, Sueboi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Σύηβοι)	Important Germanic tribal group, to which according to Tacitus the Semnones, Marcomanni, Hermunduri, Quadi and Lombards belonged	In the northeast of Germania on the Baltic Sea up to the German Central Uplands	Tacitus
Sugambri, Sigambri, Sugambi, Sigambri	Sugambri, Sygambri, Sugambroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Σύγαμβροι), Sugumbri, Sucambri, Sycambres, Sugameri	7 BC defeated by Tiberius and settled on the left of the Rhine
Suiones, Suones, Sueones, Suehans, Sweones, Swiones, Sviones	Suiones	Northern European sea people described by Tacitus	Possibly Scandinavia
Sunuci, Sinuci, Sunici	Sunuci
Swedes, Svear	Svea	North Germanic tribe
T
	Taifali, Taifalae, Theifali	Probably a Germanic tribe in the group of the Visigoths
Tencteri, Tenchteri, Tenctheri	Tencteri, Toncteri, Tenkteroi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Τέγκτηροι)	Northern neighbours of the Usipetes, opponents of Caesar	In the 1st century BC on the Lower Rhine
Thervingi, Tervingi, Teruingi	Tervingi
	Thilir, Þilir, teler, telar	The Migration Period and the Viking Age	The region now known as Upper Telemark in modern Norway
	Teutoni, Teutones	Together with the Cimbri and the Ambrones after the 120 BC invasion of Gaul and Italy	Originally Thy, Jutland, south of the Cimbri
	Thiadmariski
Thuringii, Thuringians, Turingi, Toringi	Thueringi, Tueringi, Thuringin, Turingi	In the 3rd or 4th century from the Angles, Warini and other originating tribal groups
Texandri, Texuandri, Taxandri, Toxandrians			Between the rivers Meuse and Scheldt in the Belgian-Dutch border region^[4]
Treveri, Treviri	Treverii, Treviri, Treveri	Celtic tribe that claimed Germanic descent.^[5]		Julius Caesar, Tacitus
Triboci, Tribocci	Triboces, Triboci, Tribocci, Tribochi, Tribocchoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Τριβόκχοι)			Julius Caesar, Ptolemy
Tubantes, Tubanti	Tubanti, Tubantes, Toubantoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Τούβαντοι)		End of the migration period in the eastern Netherlands in the Twente region	Tacitus
Tulingi		Possibly Celto-Germanic tribe		Julius Caesar
Tungri, Tungrians, Tungrii, Tongri	Tungri, Tongri	Opponents of Caesar in the 1st century BC		Julius Caesar, Tacitus
Turcilingi, Torcilingi, Thorcilingi	Turcilingae
Turones, Turoni	Turoni	Possibly Celto-Germanic tribe, south and later southeast of the Chatti (see Thuringii above)		Ptolemy
Twihanti, Twihantes, Tuihanti, Tuihantes	Tuihanti
U
	Ubii	Originally right of the Rhine Germanics, subjected to Caesar and from the early imperial period on the left bank of the Rhine and Romanised
		Incursions around 256 into the Roman Empire	Lower Danube	Zosimus
Usipetes, Usipii	Usipetes, Usipii, Ousipetai (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ουσιπέται), Ousipioi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ουσίπιοι)	In the 1st century BC, opponents of Caesar	On the right bank of the Lower Rhine
V
	Vandali, Vanduli, Vandaloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Οὐανδαλοί), Wandeloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Βανδῆλοι), Wandiloi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Βανδίλοι)	Originally in the northeastern Germania, during the Migration Period in Spain and North Africa, plunder of Rome 455
	Vangiones	Affiliation to Celts or Germanic peoples uncertain	Area around Worms, Germany (Civitas Vangionum)
		Similar to the Vikings' and Normans' name for the northern European Germanic people, who came on their journeys into contact with Slavic peoples (there also as Rus') and over the Volga and the Black Sea to Byzantium
	Vidivarii	According to Jordanes, a mixed people		Jordanes
			Mecklenburg
	Wisburgi		Between the Upper Oder and the Vistula^[7]
Visigoths, Thervingi	Visigothi, Wisigothae, Tervingi	Part of the Goths, plunder of Rome 410, Visigothic Kingdom in southwestern Gaul and Spain		Jordanes
			South of Caritner
Vistula Veneti, Baltic Veneti, Veneti	Venedi, Venetae, Venedae	Possibly Germanic people in eastern Germania
W
Warini, Varini	Varini, Varinae, Ouarinoi (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ουαρίνοι)	Smaller, according to Tacitus, unwarlike tribe		Tacitus
West Herules, Westherules		Independent group of the Herules on the Black Sea, which looks like Roman auxiliary troops and in the 5th century like pirates in appearance
Winnilers, Winnili, Winili
X
Y
Z

Ancestors

• Proto-Indo-Europeans (Proto-Indo-European speakers)
  • Proto-Germanics (Proto-Germanic speakers)

Possible ethnolinguistic kinship

East Germanic peoples (Vandilians)

• Avarpi
• Burgundians / Burgundiones / Burgundes / Burgodiones (Frugundiones? may have been a variant of Burgundiones with the "B" as an "F" Furgundiones > Frugundiones) (Urugundes? may have been a variant of Burgundes without the initial "B" (B)urugundes > Urugundes, i.e. the Burgundians) (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Burgundian Kingdom) (Burgundians or part of them may have dwelt in Bornholm island for a time – old name of the island was Borgundarholm) (they were assimilated by the Gallo-Roman majority, however their ethnonym was the origin for the name of the region Burgundy – Bourgogne): Nibelungs (Old German) / Niflung (Old Norse), clan that was the Burgundian royal house known as Gibichungs (Old German) or Gjúkings (Old Norse)
• Goths / Gothones / Gutones / Gautae / Geats
  • Gepids
  • Goths / Hreidgoths
    • Gothi Minores
    • Greuthungi (direct ancestors or an older name of the Ostrogoths)
      • Ostrogoths / Hreiðgoths (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Pannonia, northern Illyria and Italia) (they were assimilated by the Italo-Roman majority)
        • Crimean Goths (existed as a people until 16th and 17th centuries in southern Crimea Peninsula or Taurida Peninsula) (they were later assimilated by Crimea Germans, Black Sea Germans, Crimean Greeks and Crimean Tatars)
    • Thervingi (direct ancestors or an older name of the Visigoths)
      • Visigoths (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Visigothic Kingdom in Southern Gaul and Hispania) (they were assimilated by the Hispano-Roman majority)
• Herules, East Germanic (East Germanic Herules)
  • East Herules
  • West Herules
• Lemovii (=Turcilingi?) (also probably identical with Widsith's Glommas, Glomma or Glomman was the singular form)
• Lugians (Longiones?) (=Vandals?)
  • Buri (Lugi Buri) (part of the Buri accompanied the Suebi in their invasion of Hispania, the Iberian Peninsula, and established themselves in a mountainous area of modern northern Portugal in the 5th century. They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem, in the area known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri) – Bouros = Buri – Buros in the masculine accusative Latin declension)
  • Diduni (Lugi Diduni) / Dunii / Duni (Δοῦνοι – Doūnoi was the Greek variant of the Latin name)
  • Harii
  • Helisii / Elysii / Helusii / Hellusii
  • Manimi / Omani? / Omanii? (Lugi Omani?) (the Omani may have been the same as the Manimi)
  • Marsigni
  • Vandals / Vandilii (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they migrated towards West allied with a Sarmatian Iranian people, the Alans, and founded the Vandalic Kingdom first in the Southern and Western regions of Hispania, Iberian Peninsula, the Hasdingi Vandals, settled in Gallaecia, the Silingi vandals settled in Baetica, roughly today's Andalusia; sometime after many left Hispania, and migrated to North Africa) (they were assimilated by the Hispano-Roman majority in Hispania, however their ethnonym was the origin for the name of the region Andalusia – (V)andalusia and for the Arabic name of Hispania and the Iberian Peninsula – Al-Andalus) (they were assimilated by the Berber majority and African-Romans in North Africa, including the Moors, in the narrow sense, the descendants of the Mauri)
    • Asdingi / Astingi / Hasdingi (Haddingjar?)
    • Helvecones / Helveconae / Aelvaeones / Elouaiones (possibly the Ilwan and Eolas^[8] of Widsith; Eolas was the nominative plural and Eolum the dative plural)
    • Lacringes / Lacringi
    • Nahanarvali
    • Silingi (same as the Nahanarvali?) (at one point they lived in Silesia, and the name of this region could be derived from their ethnonym as well as, although indirectly, Andalusia – (V)andal-usia, where Silingi Vandals initially settled in Hispania)
    • Victohali / Victuali / Victabali
• Rugi / Rugii / / Ulmerugi / Variant Latin name for the Rugians: Rugiclei? / Greek names and variants for the Rugians: Rougíklioi / Routiklioi
• Sciri
  • • Angisciri Sulones (may have been the same as the Silingi)
• Turcilingi / Torcolingi (may have been ancestors of part of the Thuringians)
• Vidivarii
• Visburgi / Visburgii

North Germanic peoples (Norsemen)

• East North Germanic (East Scandinavians)
  • Ahelmil
  • Aviones / Chaibones / Eowan (more probably they lived in Öland island, southeastern Sweden, and not in Jutland Peninsula)
  • Bergio
  • Brondingas / Brondingar (Brondings) (East North Germanic tribe that lived in the island of Brännö, west of Gothenburg in the Kattegatt)
  • Danes (Germanic tribe): Scyldingas (Skjöldungar) clan
  • Dauciones
  • Eunixi
  • Evagreotingis / Evagres
  • Favonae
  • Fervir (in Fyæræ)
  • Finnaithae (old name for Finnveden, the name derives from an old Germanic word for hunters – finn, they were not necessarily Finnic or Saami) (they lived in Finnveden, Western Småland)
  • Firaesi / Phiraisoi
  • Gevlegas / Gevlegar (Gefflegas / Gevlegs) (East North Germanic tribe that dwelt in today's Gävleborg County)
  • Goths, Scandinavian (Scandinavian Goths)
    • Geats / Gautigoths, Scandinavian (Scandinavian Gautigoths) / Gautae
    • Ostrogothae, Scandinavian (Scandinavian Ostrogoths): Wulfings / Ylfings clan
    • Gutes / Gotlanders / Vagoths / Valagoths
  • Hallin / Hilleviones? (possibly they lived in Halland and were the same as the tribe called Hallin by Jordanes)
  • Hälsingas / Hälsingar (Hälsings) (East North Germanic tribe that lived in Hälsingland)
  • Herules, Scandinavian (Scandinavian Herules / Erules)
  • Hocings (tribe or clan of Hnæf, son of Hoc Healfdene – Hoc, the Half Dane, mentioned by Widsith, may have been the same chieftain known as Haki by the Norsemen, mentioned in the Ynglinga Saga)
  • Levoni / Levonii
  • Liothida
  • Mixi
  • Njars
  • Otingis
  • Sitones
  • Suðrmenn (in Södermanland)
  • Suiones / Sviones / Suehans / Suetidi / Suetides (ancient Swedes) (Svíar): Wægmunding clan; Ynglings / Scylfings clan (Scylfingas / Skilfingar)
    • Västermännen (in Västmanland) (Svionic tribe that lived to the west of Uppland) (not to be confused with the Vestmenn – Old Norse word for the Gaels of Ireland and Britain)
  • Virdar (in Småland)
  • Theustes
  • Vinili / Winnili / Vinoviloth (Scandinavian Lombards or Longobards or Langobards): Hundingas / Hundings clan?
  • Normans – they were formed by the merger and assimilation of a North Germanic minority (that mainly came from Denmark – East North Germanics, but also Norway, and Iceland – West North Germanics) and Frankish (West Germanic) minority with a Gallo-Roman majority, ethnogenesis of the native people inhabiting Normandy, in France
    • Anglo-Normans
• West North Germanic (West Scandinavians)
  • Adogit / Halogit / Háleygir (they lived in Hålogaland) (northernmost Germanic tribe)
  • Aprochi
  • Arothi ("Arochi")
  • Augandii / Augandzi (Egðir) / Augandxii (in Agder, southern Norway)
  • Chaedini / Chaedenoi (possibly in Hedemark / Hedmark)
  • Doelir (possibly a tribe that lived inland, in the valleys of Dalen, Telemark, Tokke, Telemark, many of the counties were based on older tribal lands or territories)
  • Filir / Fjalir
  • Firdir (tribe that lived in today's Sogn og Fjordane county, Firdafylke was one of two historic counties, many of the counties were based on older tribal lands or territories)
  • Granni / Grenir
  • Haðar
  • Háleygir
  • Heinir / Heiðnir (Chaideinoi / Haednas) (in Hedmark, Norway)
  • Horðar (in Hordaland, known before as Hordafylke, many of the counties were based on older tribal lands or territories) (not originating from the Charudes/Harudes in Jutland)
  • Hringar (name means "rings", from hring – "ring")
  • Lidingar / Lidingas
  • Jamtr / Jamtar
  • Ragnaricii / Aeragnaricii
  • Rani / Ranii / Renir
  • Raumarici / Raumariciae / Raumar (Heatho-Reams of Widsith) (they lived in today's Romerike)
  • Rugi, Scandinavian (Scandinavian Rugi) / Rygir (Holmrygir of Widsith)
  • Taetel
  • Throwenas / Throwenar (Throwens of Widsith) (West North Germanic tribe that possibly dwelt in Trøndelag)
  • Wrosnas (mentioned by Widsith as a tribe ruled by Holen, possibly from Holen)
  • Old Faroese / Old Faroe Islanders (formed by the merger of several West North Germanic tribes with the addition of Celtic Gaels that settled in the Faroe islands)
  • Old Icelanders (formed by the merger of several West North Germanic tribes with the addition of Celtic Gaels that settled in Iceland) (they were organized in clans in the Icelandic Commonwealth – Icelandic clans: Ásbirningar; Haukdælir; Oddaverjar; Sturlungar; Svínfellingar; Vatnsfirðingar)
    • Greenland Norsemen (mainly descendants from Old Icelanders that settled in Norse Greenland)
  • Vikings (in the Western Europe) / Varangians (in the Eastern Europe) (generic word for warriors, marauders and traders of Scandinavian or Norse i.e. North Germanic origin that went to or returned from other lands regardless of the tribe, they were not a specific Norse tribe or a Norse ethnic group, their arising in History is called Viking Age) (they contributed to the formation of the Rus’ people and Kievan Rus' loose federation that was ruled by the Varangian Rurik dynasty) / Ascomanni (name for the Vikings by Adam of Bremen)

Image:Tribal Hidage 2.svg|thumb|400px|alt=insert description of map here|Map 15: The tribes of the Tribal Hidage. Where an appropriate article exists, it can be found by clicking on the name.rect 275 75 375 100 rect 375 100 450 150 rect 425 150 525 175 rect 200 170 300 195 rect 250 250 425 275 rect 475 300 550 315 Spaldingrect 460 300 550 375 North & South Gyrwarect 75 315 200 340 rect 350 350 425 375 rect 40 375 125 400 rect 575 375 700 400 rect 185 400 275 425 rect 410 450 460 475 rect 410 475 460 500 rect 175 500 225 550 rect 250 475 360 525 rect 365 525 425 575 rect 430 530 575 565 rect 520 650 675 675 rect 150 675 295 700 rect 400 725 550 750 rect 285 775 375 800

• Elbe Germanics (Herminones / Hermiones / Irminones)
  • Baemi-Baenochaemae
    • Baemi / Baimoi
    • Baenochaemae / Banochaemae
  • Bateinoi
  • Calucones (ancient Germanic tribe, not to be confuse with the Calucones, a Rhaetian tribe)
  • Caritni / Carini
  • Chatti-Mattiaci (originally they were an Elbe Germanic people later assimilated by the Istvaeones or Wesser-Rhine peoples, it was by the merger of the Istvaeones tribes with the Chatti and related tribes that the Franks were formed)
    • Chatti / Hatti (their ethnonym may have originated the name Hesse by phonetic change over time)
    • Mattiaci
    • Batavi-Cananefates
      • Batavi
      • Cananefates / Canninefates
  • Chasuarii / Hasuarii (closely related or not to the Chatti)
  • Chattuarii / Attoarii / Hattuarii / Hetware (possibly mentioned in Beowulf as Hetwaras) (they lived in Hettergouw or Hetter gouw) (closely related or not to the Chatti)
  • Chatvores
  • Cherusci (some were assimilated by the Mainland Saxons to the north)
  • Fosi
  • Marvingi / Marouingoi
  • Suebes / Suebi or Alemanni (synonymous with the Suebes in the broad sense) (large tribal confederation)
    • Brisgavi
    • Bucinobantes
    • Butones / Boutones
    • Corconti
    • Hermunduri
      • Armalausi
      • Campi (tribe on the river Cham or Chamb, tributary of the Regen, close to Cham city)
        • • • • • • Adrabaecampi / Campi Parmaecampi
      • Curiones
      • Danduti
      • Vangiones / Vargiones / Woingas (of Widsith)
      • Thuringians (Thuringii / Toringi) (formed by the merging of Hermunduri tribes, a tribal confederation part of the Elbe Germanic peoples) (some Turcilingi or Torcolingi were assimilated to the Thuringians) (some Thuringians joined the Longobardian migration towards south)
        • Graffelti^[9] (a late Thuringian tribe that lived in Grabfeld)
    • Lentienses
    • Lombards / Langobards / Longobards (Vinili) (Elbe Germanic Lombards) (they lived in Lüneburg Heath) (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Lombard Kingdom) (they were assimilated by the Italo-Roman majority, however their ethnonym was the origin for name of the region Lombardy – Lombardia)
      • Bardes
      • Heaðobards / Hadubardes / Heaðubeardan (Headubarden)
    • Marcomanni
      • Baiuvarii (Bavarians)
    • Mugilones
    • Nertereanes
    • Quadi / Coldui / Danube Suebi
      • Old Swabians (Danube Suebi that migrated westward) (they had a close relation with the Upper Rhine Alemanni and were descendants from common ancestors but they migrated in an East towards West migration route through the Danube from what is today's Moravia and from there from the Elbe basin in even older times, until they settled in Swabia) (ancestors of Swabian German speakers)
      • Suebi, Gallaecian (Gallaecian Suebi) (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, roughly in today's Galicia, North Portugal and North Central Portugal, Asturias and León) (Suevos)
    • Racatriae / Racatae
    • Raetovari
    • Scotingi
    • Sedusii (a Germanic tribe that dwelled across the eastern region of the Rhine river and was part of the Suebic tribal confederation, mentioned by Julius Caesar)
    • Semnones
      • Iuthungi / Juthungi (descendants of the Semnones)
    • Sibini
    • Sidini
    • Suarines / Suardones (they may have lived in Schwerin region)
    • Suebi Nicrenses / Suebi, Neckar (Neckar Suebi) / Nictrenses / Upper Alemanni (Upper Rhine Alemanni, ancestors of Alemannic German speakers – Alemanni in the narrow sense) (they had a close relation with the Old Swabians and were descendants from common ancestors but they migrated in a direct North towards South migration route from the Elbe basin until they settled in Alemannia or Alamannia and Eastern Upper Burgundy, roughly in today's Western and Western Central Baden-Wurtenberg – Neckar river basin, Baden, Alsace, Lake Constance – Bodensee region, and Central Switzerland): Ahalolfings or Alaholfings
    • Sudini
    • Teuriochaemae / Teuriochaimai
    • Triboci
    • Varisti / Varisci / Narisci / Naristi
    • Victophalians^[10] / Victofalians / Victophali / Victofali
    • Zumi
  • Teutonari / Teutonoari
  • Varini / Warini / Auarinoi (may have been the same as the Varini, a variant name in Greek) / Viruni / Quirounoi? or Oúírounoi (possibly a mistaken transliteration of the Greek Ούίρουνοι = Oúírounoi – Viruni in Latin) / Warni / Viruni / Pharodini? / Farodini? (may have been the same as the Varini or Viruni)
• North Sea Germanics (Ingaevones / Ingvaeones)
  • Ambrones (possibly the Imbers / Ymbers / Ymbrum of Widsith, tribe that dwelt in Jutland or in the Emmer (Ambriuna) river region; also they could have lived in the Island of Amrum, in the Atlantic coast, or in the island of Imbra, now known as Fehmarn, in the Baltic coast)
  • Ampsivarii / Amsivarii
  • Angles / Anglies
    • Island Angles / Insular Angles (in England they merged with Saxons and Jutes to form the new ethnolinguistic group of the Anglo-Saxons)
    • Mainland Angles / Continental Angles (later assimilated by the Danes in Angeln, Schleswig, North part of Schleswig-Holstein and by Frisians, North Frisians, in Southern Jutland Peninsula Atlantic coast and islands) (Aglies? a possible variant of the name Angles)
  • Anglevarii / Angrivarii (Angrarii / Angarii) (later assimilated by the Saxons)
  • Angrivarii (Angrarii / Angarii) (later assimilated by the Saxons)
  • Caulci (possibly a North Sea Germanic tribe mentioned by Strabo, he wrote that they lived close to the Ocean – the North Sea, they are mentioned along with North Sea Germanic tribes – Ingaevones)
  • Chali / Hallinger
  • Charudes / Harudes / Arochi
  • Chaubi (possibly a North Sea Germanic tribe mentioned by Strabo, he wrote that they lived close to the Ocean – the North Sea, they are mentioned along with North Sea Germanic tribes – Ingaevones)
  • Chauci
    • Chauci Maiores
    • Chauci Minores / Hugas (Saxon Hugas)
  • Cherusci (some were assimilated by the Mainland Saxons)
  • Cobandi
  • Cimbri / Cymbri
  • Dulgibini / Dulgubnii
  • Eudoses / Eutes / Euthiones (ancestors of the Jutes or a variant name of "Jutes"; Eutes > Iutes > Yutes > Jutes) (Endoses? possibly a variant of the name "Eudoses")
    • Jutes
      • Island Jutes (in England they merged with the Angles and Saxons to form the new ethnolinguistic group of the Anglo-Saxons)
      • Mainland Jutes (later assimilated by the Danes in Jutland, today's Mainland Denmark)
  • Frisii
    • Frisiavones / Frisiabones (Frisii Minores)
    • Frisii (Frisii Maiores) (possible ancestors of the Frisians)
      • Old Frisians
  • Fundusi (a Germanic tribe that lived in Jutland)
  • Guiones (a tribe mentioned by the Massiliot Greek sea traveler and explorer Pytheas in his work – The Ocean that possibly lived in Jutland)
  • Hæleþan (Haelethan) (tribe that lived near the Randers Firth in North Jutland)
  • Nuithones / Nuitones
  • Sabalingioi / Sabalingi
  • Saxons (Old Saxons)^{[11] [12]}
    • Island Saxons / Insular Saxons (in England they merged with the Angles and Jutes to form the new ethnolinguistic group of the Anglo-Saxons)
    • Mainland Saxons^[13] / Continental Saxons (the variants Ga, Gao, Gau, Gabi, Go, Gowe, Gouw, Ge were the word for Gau – Old Saxon or Old Low German and Old High German term (in modern times Kreis) equivalent of the English Shire, regional administration, many times they matched a tribal land or territory, Old English had some traces, some Germanic cognates like Ga / Gа̄ or Ge, of this meaning which was ousted by Old English Scire – Shire, from an early time)
      • Agradingun (same as the Angrivarii or Angarii)
      • Myrgingas / Myrgings (tribe of Widsith, the wandering bard)
      • Later Saxons (after merger and assimilation of several North Sea Germanic and Elbe Germanic peoples and tribes)
        • Nordalbingi (Nordalbingians)^{[14] [15]} / Nordliudi / Transalbingians (North of the Elbe, called before Alba or Albis river, in Holstein) (the original land of the Saxons) (their land included the Limes Saxonicus and the Danish March)
          • Holtsaetan / Holtsaeten / Holtsati / Holsatians / Holcetae (Holt Saetan – "Forest / Wood Settlement" or "Forest / Wood Settlers" – from which Holstein originate its name, and not from "Forest Stone"^[16]) (a Nordalbingian tribe, North of the Elbe river, part of the Saxon tribal confederation)
          • Thietmaresca / Thiadmariska / Men of Ditmarsch (in Dithmarschen)
          • Sturmarians (Sturmarii / Sturmera)
          • Bardi / Bardongavenses (they lived in Bardengawi / Barden gawi / Bardengau or Barden Gau)
        • Angarians / Angrians (same as the Angrivarii or Angarii) (in Angaria) (in the plain of Old Saxony south of the Elbe and along Weser river valley)
          • Agradingun / Agradine (lived in Agradingo / Agradingo go)
          • Almangas (they lived in Almango or Almango go)
          • Ammeri
          • Bursibani
          • Bucki
          • Dersi
          • Derve
          • Heilungun (they lived in Heilanga / Heilanga ga)
          • Hessi (in Hessa) (a North Hessian tribe assimilated by the Mainland Saxons)
          • Hlisgas (they lived in Hlisgo or Hlisgo go)
          • Hostingabi / Hostinga (they lived in Hostingabi / Hostinga gabi)
          • Huettas (they lived in Huettago or Huetta go)
          • Lagni
          • Lara
          • Lidbeke (they lived in Lidbekegowe or Lidbeke gowe)
          • Lohingi (they lived in Lohingao or Lohingi gao)
          • Moronas (they lived in Moronga or Moron ga)
            • • • • • • Mosde Netga / Nete (they lived in Netga or Net ga)
          • Pathergi / Padergi (they lived in Patherga or Pather ga)
          • Sturmi
          • Tilithi
          • Waldseti / Waldseton
          • Wehsige (in Wehsigo or Wehsi go)
          • Wigmodia / Wihmodi (Bremon, today's Bremen was in their land)
        • Phalians (in Phalia) (in the plateau of Old Saxony)
          • Eastphalians (Ostfalahi) (in Eastphalia)
            • Derlinas (they lived in Derlingowe or Derlin Gowe – Derlingau or Derlin Gau)
            • Flutwide
            • Frisonovel
            • Gretingun / Gretingas (they lived in Gretinga / Gretinga ga)
            • Guottingi / Guddinges / Gotingi (a Gothic tribe that merged and assimilated to the Saxons) (they lived in Guotinga or Guotinga ga or Gotinga ga, Göttingen region)
            • Hartinas (lived in Hartingowe or Hartin gowe)
            • Hasi (they lived in Hasigowe or Hasi gowe)
            • Hastfalon / Astfalon (they lived in Hastfalagowe or Hastfala gowe)
            • Maerstem
            • Nordsuavi (in Suavia) (a Northern Suebi / Suevi tribe that merged and assimilated to the Saxons)
            • Nortthuringun (a Northern Thuringian tribe that merged and assimilated to the Saxons) (lived in Nortthuringowe or Nort Thurin gowe)
            • Salthgas (they lived in Salthga or Salth ga)
          • Westphalians (Westfalahi / Westfali) (in Westphalia)
            • Angeron (they lived in Angeron)
            • Auas (they lived in Auga or Au ga)
            • Dreini (they lived in Dreini)
            • Grainas (they lived in Grainga or Grain ga)
            • Hama (a tribe descendant of the Chamavi / Hamavi, a Rhine-Weser Germanic tribe, one component of the Franks, that was later assimilated by the Mainland Saxons) (they lived in Hamaland or Hama land)
            • Hasi (they lived in Hasagowe)
            • Lerige (lived in Lerige or Leri ge)
            • Nihthersi
            • Scopingun
            • Sudergo (lived in Sudergo or Suder go)
            • Theotmalli
            • Threcwiti
            • Westfalon proper
              • • • • • • • • Aringon Firihsetan / Virsedi Sahslingun
        • Scotelingun
        • Steoringun
        • Thiadmthora
        • Waledungun
  • Reudigni / Rendingi / Randingi / Rondingas / Rondings / Reudignes / Reudingi / Reudinges
  • Singulones / Sigulones
  • Sturii (a Germanic tribe that lived south of the Frisii)
  • Teutones (Teutons)
  • Anglo-Jutes-Saxons (Anglian-Jutish-Saxonian tribes, organized in Tribal Hidages, tribal lands) (new ethnolinguistic group formed by migration toward and settlement of Germanic tribes in Britannia, today's England, and also by assimilation of the conquered British Celts)
    • Angles (Island Angles)
      • Northumbrians (North of the Humber estuary)
        • Amoþingas / Amothingas (Emmotland in Yorkshire, anciently Aet Eamotum, perhaps also Amotherley, also in Yorkshire)
        • Beodarsæte (Anglian tribe that lived in Sunderland region)
        • Elmedsætan / Elmetsaete (Elmet)
        • Loidis (Anglian tribe that lived in Leeds region)
      • Southumbrians (South of the Humber estuary)
        • East Angles / East Anglians (in East Anglia)
          • Herstingas (Anglian tribe that lived in Cambridge region)
          • Ikelgas (Anglian tribe that lived in Icklingham region)
          • Norfolk (Anglian tribe – "North folk" of East Anglia that lived in Norfolk region)
          • Suffolk (Anglian tribe – "South folk" of East Anglia that lived in Suffolk region)
        • Middle Angles / Midlanders (in Mercia, roughly today's Midlands)
          • East Middle Angles / Middle Angles Proper (roughly in today's Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and South Oxfordshire)
            • Bilmingas / Bilmigas (part of south Lincolnshire)
            • Cilternsæte / Cilternsætan (Settlers of Chiltern Hills – Middle Anglian tribe or clan)
            • Dornwaras (Settlers of river Dorn – Middle Anglian tribe or clan)
            • Færpingas / Feppingas / Faerpinga in Middelenglum (Charlbury and near Thame)
            • Giflas / Gifle (River Ivel, near Bedford)
            • Gyrwas / Gyrwe (Angle tribe or clan that dwelt in the fen) (in the Fens) (near Peterborough region)
              • North Gyrwas / North Gyrwe
              • Suth Gyrwas / Suth Gyrwe
                • Elge (Anglian tribe that lived in Elge – Isle of Ely)
            • Hiccas / Hicce (around today's Hitchin)
            • Hurstingas (River Ivel, near Bedford)
            • Spaldas / Spaldingas (Anglian tribe that lived in Spalding region)
            • Sweordoras (Whittlesey Mere)
            • Wideringas (near Stamford)
            • Wigestas
            • Willas / Wille
              • East Willas / East Wille
              • West Willas / West Wille
            • Wixnas
              • East Wixnas
              • West Wixnas
          • Lindisfaras (Anglian tribe that lived in Lindisfarona Tribal Hidage, Lindsey and North Lincolnshire)
            • Gaininingas / Gaini (Gainsborough, Lincolnshire)
            • Lindisfarningas (an outlier tribe that lived in the Lindisfarne island and region in the Northumbrian coast)
          • Mercians / Mercians Proper (they founded the Kingdom of Mercia, with Mercian conquests of other Middle Angles in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, "Mercian" and "Middle Angles" became almost synonymal)
            • North Mercians (the Mercians dwelling north of the River Trent, roughly in today's East Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire)
              • Reagesate (Anglian tribe that lived in Repton)
              • Snotingas (Anglian tribe that occupied the settlement of Snottengaham or Snodengaham – modern Nottingham, Nottinghamshire)
            • South Mercians (the Mercians dwelling south of the River Trent, roughly in today's South Staffordshire and North Warwickshire)
              • Beormingas (Anglian tribe that lived in Birmingham region)
              • Bilsaete (Bilston)
              • Pencersaete (Penkridge)
              • Tomsaete (Tamworth, Staffordshire)
            • Outer Mercians (an early phase of Mercian expansion, possibly 6th century AD, roughly in today's South Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire and North Oxfordshire)
              • Undalas (Anglian tribe that lived in Undaium region, modern-day Oundle, in Northamptonshire)
              • Wideriggas
          • Pecsæte / Pecsætan (Anglian tribe that lived in today's Peak District, roughly in North Derbyshire)
            • Herefinnas (Derbyshire)
          • Hwiccians / Hwincas (Hwicce) (roughly in today's Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and South Warwickshire)
            • Arosæte / Arosaetan (in and around today's Droitwich Spa, Arosætna Tribal Hidage)
            • Duddensaete (Dudley)
            • Husmerae (Kidderminster)
            • Stoppingas (Anglian tribe that lived in Wootton Wawen and the valley of the River Alne in modern-day Warwickshire)
            • Weorgoran (Worcester)
          • Westernas
            • Magonsæte / Magonsætan (roughly in today's Herefordshire and South Shropshire)
              • Hahlsæte (Ludlow)
              • Temersæte (Hereford)
            • Wreocensæte (Wrekinsets) (Wrēocensǣte, Wrōcensǣte, Wrōcesǣte, Wōcensǣte, Wocansaete) (Anglian tribe that lived in Wocansaetna Tribal Hidage) (roughly in today's Northern Shropshire, Flintshire and Cheshire)
              • Meresæte (in and around Chester)
              • Rhiwsæte (in and around Wroxeter, Shropshire)
            • Tribes of the Land Between Ribble and Mersey (Anglian tribes that lived in what is today's Merseyside, in the Mersey Valley Land, today's Manchester and Liverpool region – Greater Manchester, and in south of the Ribble Valley Land, today's South Lancashire, roughly today's Lancashire) (a disorganized region under Mercian control from the 7th century AD)
    • Jutes (Island Jutes)
      • Cantwara / Centingas (Kentish / Kentish Men, in Cantwarena Tribal Hidage, Kent)
        • Andredes Leag (Jute tribe that lived in Andredsley and Newenden region in Kent)
        • Boroware (Jute tribe that lived in Canterbury region)
        • Ceasterware (Jute tribe that lived in Rochester, Kent region)
        • Eastorege (Jute tribe that lived in Sandwich, Kent region)
        • Limenwara
        • Merscware (Dwellers of Romney Marsh, Kent)
      • Wihtwara (Wight Islanders) (Wihtgara Tribal Hidage) (in the Isle of Wight)
        • Meonwara / Meonware / Meonsæte (south-east Hampshire and Southampton, mainly on the Meon valley)
        • Ytenesæte (Jute tribe that lived in what is today's New Forest)
    • Saxons (Island Saxons)
      • East Saxons (East Secsenas) (in Essex)
        • Brahhingas (Saxon tribe centred on the settlement of Braughing in modern-day Hertfordshire)
        • Dæningas / Daenningas / Deningei / Deningel
        • Gegingas
        • Haeringas
        • Haueringas (Saxon tribe or clan that lived in today's London Borough of Havering, East End, London)
        • Hroðingas
        • Tewingas
        • Tota
        • Waeclingas
      • Middle Saxons (in Middlesex, roughly in what is today's Greater London, Hertfordshire, Surrey)
        • Bedingas (Bedfordshire)
        • Geddingas-Gillingas-Mimmas^[17]
          • • • • • • • Geddingas Gillingas (Saxon tribe or clan that lived in today's Ealing, West End, London)
                    • Mimmas Gumeningas (Saxon tribe or clan that lived in today's Harrow on the Hill, West End, London)
        • Hakas (Saxon tribe that lived in Hackney, London)
        • Noxgaga / Noxga gā (gā is cognate of Gau) (Berkshire / Thames Valley Saxons)
          • Æbbingas / Aebbingas (Abingdon)
          • Braccingas (Bracknell)
          • Readingas (Reading)
          • Sunningas (Sonning)
          • Woccingas (Wokingham)
        • Padendene (Saxon tribe or clan that lived in Pæding-tun, modern-day Paddington, London)
        • Suther-ge (ge is cognate of Gau) (Surrey)
          • Ælffingas (Effingham)
          • Godhelmingas (Godalming)
          • Ohtgaga / Ohtga gā (Somewhere in Surrey)
          • Totingas (Tooting)
          • Wochingas (Woking)
      • South Saxons (South Saxons') (Sussex)
        • Haestingas (Hastings)
      • West Saxons (in Wessex)
        • Basingas (Basingstoke)
        • Eorlingas (Arlingham)
        • Glasteningas / Glestingas (Glastonbury)
        • Dornsaete / Dorsætan (Dorset)
        • Gewisse (Dorchester on Thames)
        • Hendricas (Wiltshire or Test Valley)
        • Sumortūnsǣte / Sumorsǣte / Sumorsætan (Somerset)
        • Unecunga / Unecung (they lived in Unecunga Ga – Unecunga Gau or Land, in the Upper Thames region)
        • Wilsætan (Wiltshire)
• Wesser-Rhine Germanics (Istvaeones)
  • Baetasii / Betasii
  • Bructeri / Bructeres / Bructuarii / Borthari?^[9] (a possible changed name of Bructeri)
  • Chamavi / Hamavi (they lived in the region today called Hamaland, in the Gelderland province of the Netherlands, between the IJssel and Ems rivers)
  • Cugerni
  • Falchovarii
  • Gamabrivii / Gambrivii
  • Incriones
  • Landoudioi / Landi
  • Sicambri / Sigambres / Sugambri
    • Marsi
    • Marsaci / Marsacii
  • Salii / Salians (before formation of the Franks) (originally they only inhabited the northern Low Rhine area, in Salland) (later, those that stayed in Salland, were conquered and assimilated by the Saxons)
  • Sunici / Sunuci
  • Tencteri (etymology of the tribe's name is Celtic)
  • Tubantes / Tuihanti
  • Ubii
  • Usipetes / Usipii / Vispi (etymology of the tribe's name is Celtic)
  • Franks / Hugones (formed by the merging of Wesser-Rhine Germanic tribes – Istvaeones tribes and by the merging and assimilation of the Chatti and related tribes) (at the time of the Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire, they founded the Frankish Kingdom) (those living in what is today's West Central Germany and the Low Countries, mainly Ripuarian Franks, are the ancestors of the Franconian Germans (traditionally they spoke Franconian languages) and many of the Dutch, those living in what is today's France, mainly Salian Franks, were assimilated by the Gallo-Roman majority, however their ethnonym was the origin for another ethnonym "French" of the French people)
    • Ripuarian Franks (originally Rhine river banks Franks, Eastern Austrasia Franks, Rhineland Franks in Rhineland, Hesse, Palatinate and also in Upper Franconia, that before was Thuringian)
      • Hessian Franks / Hessians
      • Lognai (late Frankish tribe that lived in Lahngau, west of Taunus Mountains)
      • Moselle Franks
      • Nistresi^[9] (Nister Franks? Diemel Franks?) (a late Frankish tribe)
      • Suduodi (late Frankish tribe)
      • Upper Franconia Franks (originally it was a Thuringian region before Frankish conquest)
      • Wedrecii (late Frankish tribe that lived in around Wetter river or Wetterau, east of the Taunus Mountains)
    • Salian Franks (originally they inhabited the northern Low Rhine area, specifically today's Salland, later they expanded in the Low Countries, and most stayed there; even later, many migrated outside Eastern Austrasia, that included Rhineland, and beyond Silva Carbonaria and the Arduenna Silva, outside the original area of Frankish settlement where Gallo-Romans were the majority, scattered throughout the territory of the Kingdom of the Franks, roughly today's France, especially the northern regions, Western Austrasia and Neustria, they were later assimilated by the Gallo-Roman majority) (later, those that stayed in Salland, were conquered and assimilated by the Saxons)
      • Low Rhine Franks (Salian Franks that stayed in the Low Rhine region of Eastern Austrasia, later known as the Low Countries, ancestors of many of the Dutch and Flemish)
      • Western Austrasian Franks (in Western Austrasia, out of the Frank majority regions)
      • Neustrian Franks (in Neustria or Neustrasia, out of the Frank majority regions)

Germanic peoples or tribes of unknown ethnolinguistic kinship

Eight tribes or peoples are only mentioned by the Old Mainland Saxon wandering bard, of the Myrgingas tribe, named Widsith – Aenenes; Baningas; Deanas (they are differentiated from the Danes); Frumtingas; Herefaran; Hronas or Hronan; Mofdingas and Sycgas (not to be confused with Secgan, short name for the work in Old English called On the Resting-Places of the Saints about saints' resting places in England).

Ancient peoples with partially Germanic background

Germano-Celtic

• Norse-Gaels (Austmenn – "Eastmen" – "People of the East", people who had come from the East – Scandinavia; Gaels of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man were called Vestmenn – "Westmen" – "People of the West" – British Islands) (people of mixed Gaelic and Norse ancestry and culture that was formed in the Viking Age)
  • Norn people (Norðr – People of the North Islands)
    • Shetlanders (Hjaltar)
    • Orcadians
  • Sodor people (Hebridians-Manese Norse-Gaels) (Sodor – People of the South Islands)
    • Hebridians Norse-Gaels
      • Outer Hebridians Norse-Gaels
      • Inner Hebridians Norse-Gaels
    • Man Norse-Gaels
  • Ireland Norse-Gaels
    • Dublin Norse-Gaels
    • Wexford Norse-Gaels
    • Waterford Norse-Gaels
    • Cork Norse-Gaels
    • Limerick Norse-Gaels

Germano-Slavic

• Osterwalde (a Mainland Saxon tribe living in the same land and in close contact with the Drevani = "Wood" or "Wood Tribe", the Lipani and the Belesem or Byelozem = "White Earth" or "White Earth Tribe" Slavic tribes of the Obodrite confederacy that lived scattered in the west banks of the Elbe river, part of the Polabian Slavs or Elbe Slavs, West Slavs) (they lived in Oster Walde / Osterwalde – "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland Saxon view) (Osterwalde and Luneburg Heath also matched the land where the Langobards lived for a time before most of them migrated towards South) (mostly in today's Lower Saxony, in the Hanoverian Wendland, Germany)
• Rus’ people, of Kievan Rus', loose federation that was ruled by the Varangian Rurik dynasty (they were formed by a mainly East Norse or East North Germanic minority, the Varangians, that came from coastal eastern Sweden or coastal Svealand, around the 8th century AD, from Roslagen in Sweden or Roden, that was assimilated by the East Slavic majority)

Ancient peoples of uncertain origin with possible Germanic or partially Germanic background

Mixed peoples that had some Germanic component

Celtic–Germanic–Iranian

• Bastarnae, an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the Carpathian Mountains and the river Dnieper, to the north and east of ancient Dacia – possibly they were originally a Celtic tribe later mixed with Germanics and Sarmatians (a group of ancient Iranian peoples) – one possible origin of the name is from Avestan and Old Persian cognate bast- "bound, tied; slave" (cf. Ossetic bættən "bind", bast "bound") and Proto-Iranian *arna- "offspring")
  • Atmoni / Atmoli
  • Peucini / Peucini Bastarnae (a branch of the Bastarnae that lived in the region north of the Danube Delta) (Peucmi? possibly a variant of the name "Peucini")
  • Sidoni

Possible Germanic or non-Germanic peoples

Germanic or Slavic

• Vistula Veneti / Venedi (more probably a Balto-Slavic people)

Germanic or Celtic

• Anartes (more probably a Celtic tribe later assimilated by Dacians)
• Campsiani (originally Celtic, assimilated by Germanics)
• Cotini / Gotini (more probably a Celtic tribe)
• Daliterni (mentioned solely by Avienius in his 6th c. Ora maritima as a tribe on the river Rhône;^[18] they have been connected to the Dala, a Rhôhne tributary flowing through Leuk, and to the better attested Veragri, a Gallic tribe located in present-day Switzerland, in the Valais canton; without naming the Daliterni, Livy refers to tribes in Valais as gentes semigermanae, i.e. half-Germanic peoples)^[19]
• Germani Cisrhenani / Tungri? (a collective name for 7 tribes) (names' etymologies of many of the tribes were Celtic; Belgic people? Chiefs anthroponyms were also Celtic)
  • Aduatuci / Atuatuci
  • Ambivaretes / Ambivareti
  • Caemani / Paemani
  • Caeraesi / Caeroesi / Caerosi
  • Condrusi
  • Eburones (later Toxandri / Texuandri?)
  • Segni
• Graioceli (more probably a Celtic tribe)
• Maeatae / Maiates / Maiatae / Maiati / Miathi (probably a Southern Pictish tribal confederation beyond and north the Antonine Wall that lived in the land between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Tay or parts of what is now Clackmannanshire, Fife and Stirlingshire and also in the Isle of May from the 2nd century AD to the 6th and 7th centuries AD; there is also the possibility, although weaker, that they were of Norse origin)
• Nemeti / Nemetes / Nemetai (Νεμῆται) (more probably a Celtic tribe by its name Etymology, Toponyms and Theonyms)
• Nervii (more probably a Belgic tribal confederation)
• Treveri (more probably a Belgic tribe)
• Tylangii (more probably a Celtic tribe related to the Tulingi or descendant from them)

Germanic or Dacian

• Carpi / Carpiani (more probably a Dacian tribe)

Germanic or Iranian

• Taifals (possibly they were a Sarmatian Iranian people assimilated by the Goths, before the Goths settled in what is today the steppe area of Ukraine, including Crimea, in the 2nd century AD, this area was inhabited by the Sarmatians)

Germanic or Balto-Finnic

• Idumingas / Idumings^[8] (more probably a Livonian tribe, called Ydumaei by Henricus Lettus or Henricus de Lettis or Heinrich von Lettland, who wrote the Chronicon Livoniae or Livonian Chronicle of Henry)
• Kvenir^[20] / Kvænir mentioned in Egils Saga / Kvanes / Cwenas mentioned by Ohthere^[20] (more probably they were the Kainulaiset, that dwelt in Kvenland, a probable reference to Saami peoples also called Scridefinnas / Screrefennae or speakers of a related Uralic language) (over time their name became confused with the Old Norse word kván or kvæn – "woman", genitive plural kvenna, and became mistakenly confused with the legendary Amazons, a mythical all-women tribe that had relations with the Gargareans, a mythical all-men tribe)

Mythical founders

See also: Eponymous ancestor.

Many of the authors relating ethnic names of Germanic peoples speculated concerning their origin, from the earliest writers to approximately the Renaissance. One cross-cultural approach over this more than a millennium of historical speculation was to assign an eponymous ancestor of the same name as, or reconstructed from, the name of the people. For example, Hellen was the founder of the Hellenes.

Although some Enlightenment historians continued to repeat these ancient stories as though fact, today they are recognised as manifestly mythological. There was, for example, no Franko, or Francio, ancestor of the Franks. The convergence of data from history, linguistics and archaeology have made this conclusion inevitable. A list of the mythical founders of Germanic peoples follows.

• Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendants of Woden)
• Ask — Istvaeones
• Aurvandil — Vandals
• Burgundus — Burgundians (Historia Brittonum)
• Dan — Danes (Chronicon Lethrense)
• Francio — Franks (Liber Historiae Francorum)
• Gothus — Goths/Geats/Gutes
• Ingve — Ingvaeones, Ynglings
• Irmin — Irminones
• Mannus — Manni, or "men", a name fragment as in the later Alemanni (Germania)
• Nór — Norwegians (Chronicon Lethrense)
• Seaxnēat — Saxons

See also

• Germania
• Germanic peoples
• Norse clans
• Sippe
• Tribal Hidage
• Widsith
• Beowulf

References

• Thorsten Andersson

Altgermanische Ethnika. In: Namn och bygd. Tidskrift för nordisk ortnamnsforskning. 97 (2009),, pp. 5–39 (PDF; 9.7 MB; total year).

• Otto Bremer

Ethnographie der germanischen Stämme. In: Hermann Paul (editor): Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie. volume 2, part 1: Literaturgeschichte. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. Karl Trübner Verlag, Strasbourg 1900, pp. 735–930.

• Ernst Künzl

Die Germanen (= Theiss WissenKompakt). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, .

• Günter Neumann

Namenstudien zum Altgermanischen (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde – Ergänzungsbände. volume 59). Edited by Heinrich Hettrich, Astrid van Nahl. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2008,, .

• Rudolf Much

Die Germania des Tacitus. 3rd considerable adult edition. Edited by Wolfgang Lange in collaboration with Herbert Jankuhn and Hans Fromm. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1967, .

• Rudolf Much

Deutsche Stammeskunde. 3rd verb edition. Scientific association. Publisher, Berlin/Leipzig 1920, ; outlook Verlag, Bremen 2015, .

• Heinrich Beck et al. (editor): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. 2nd edition. de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1972–2008.
• Hermann Reichert

Lexikon der altgermanischen Namen. Publisher of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1987, .

• Ludwig Rübekeil

Völkernamen Europas. In: Ernst Eichler et al. (editor): Namenforschung. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Onomastik. volume 2, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1996,, pp. 1330–1343.

• Moritz Schönfeld

Wörterbuch der altgermanischen Personen- und Völkernamen nach der Überlieferung des klassischen Altertums (= Germanische Bibliothek. department 1: Elementar- und Handbücher. series 4: Wörterbücher. volume 2). Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1911, ; Reprints each as 2nd, unchanged edition: (= Germanische Bibliothek. series 3 [much 2]). Winter, Heidelberg 1965, ; Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1965, .

• Ernst Schwarz

Germanische Stammeskunde (= Germanische Bibliothek. volume 5). Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1956, ; reprint: VMA-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2009, .

• Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: Altgermanische Ethnonyme. Ein Handbuch zu ihrer Etymologie. Using a bibliography by Robert Nedoma editor of Hermann Reichert (= Philologica Germanica. volume 29). Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, .
• Reinhard Wenskus

Stammesbildung und Verfassung. Das Werden der frühmittelalterlichen gentes. 2nd, unchanged edition. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne/Vienna 1977, .

External links

• Germania of Tacitus
• A speculative Findlay map of 1849
• Strabo's work The Geography (Geographica). Book 7, Chapters 1 and 2, are about Germania.

Notes and References

1. Heinrich Beck et al. (editor): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. volume 36/37 (register volume 1 and 2): Authors, keywords, subject index, abbreviations, 2nd edition. de Gruyter, Berlin 2008,, p. 20 ff.; Web site: PDF; 499 kB . 2013-09-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130923071334/http://www.degruyter.com/staticfiles/content/dbsup/GAO_03_Abkuerzungen.pdf . 23 September 2013 . . In: degruyter.com, Retrieved 5 December 2017.
2. [Tacitus]
3. Cornelius Tacitus: Germania. Transmitted and explained by Arno Mauersberger. VMA-Verlag, Wiesbaden [1981?], p. 142, (Latin, German; licensed edition of Dieterich's publishing house accountant, Leipzig).
4. Maurits Gysseling: Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland. Ghent 1960,, p. 956 (kantl.be, Retrieved 5 December 2017; Dutch).
5. [Tacitus]
6. [Julius Caesar]
7. L. S.: Visbu´rgii. In: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. 2 volumes. Edited by William Smith. Walton and Maberly, John Murray, London 1854, (perseus.tufts.edu, Retrieved 5 December 2017).
8. Book: Leođ: Six Old English Poems : A Handbook. 9782881243578. Muir. Bernard James. 1989. Taylor & Francis .
9. Web site: Handbook of Church History. Jedin. Hubert. Dolan. John Patrick . 1969. 12 . Burns & Oates.
10. Web site: Revue de bibliographie analytique: Ou Compte rendu des ouvrages scientifiques et de haute litterature. Aubenas. Joseph Adolphe. 1845.
11. James Westfall-Thompson, Feudal Germany (1928), p. 167ff. ("Old Saxony" chapter).
12. "For the Saxon “nation” was really a loose collection of clans of kindred stock." in James Westfall-Thompson, Feudal Germany (1928), p. 167ff. ("Old Saxony" chapter).
13. James Westfall-Thompson, Feudal Germany (1928), p. 167ff. ("Old Saxony" chapter).
14. James Westfall-Thompson, Feudal Germany (1928), p. 167ff. ("Old Saxony" chapter).
15. "For the Saxon “nation” was really a loose collection of clans of kindred stock. For example, the Nordalbingians alone were divided into lesser groups: Holsteiners, Sturmarii, Bardi, and the men of Ditmarsch." in James Westfall-Thompson, Feudal Germany (1928), p. 167ff. ("Old Saxony" chapter).
16. Book: Johnson, Charles F. . English Words. 1899. Harper & Brothers. Internet Archive.
17. Book: Secret Hayes. 9781445672212. Wyatt. Louise. 15 February 2018. Amberley Publishing Limited.
18. Web site: The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane. Hazlitt. William. 1851.
19. [Livy]
20. Book: A History of the Vikings. 9780192801340. Jones. Gwyn. 2001. Oxford University Press.