Confederate monuments and memorials explained

Confederate monuments and memorials in the United States include public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Many monuments and memorials have been or will be removed under great controversy. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, buildings, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public structures. In a December 2018 special report, Smithsonian Magazine stated, "over the past ten years, taxpayers have directed at least $40 million to Confederate monuments—statues, homes, parks, museums, libraries, and cemeteries—and to Confederate heritage organizations."

This entry does not include commemorations of pre-Civil War figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy but not directly tied to the Confederacy, such as Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, pro-slavery congressman Preston Brooks, North Carolina Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin,[1] or Southern politician John C. Calhoun, although Calhoun was venerated by the Confederacy and post-war segregationists, and monuments to Calhoun "have been the most consistent targets" of vandals.[2] It also does not include post-Civil War white supremacists, such as North Carolina Governor Charles Aycock and Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman.

Monuments and memorials are listed alphabetically by state, and by city within each state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.[3]

History

Monument building and dedications

Memorials have been erected on public spaces (including on courthouse grounds) either at public expense or funded by private organizations and donors. Numerous private memorials have also been erected.According to Smithsonian Magazine, "Confederate monuments aren't just heirlooms, the artifacts of a bygone era. Instead, American taxpayers are still heavily investing in these tributes today." The report also concluded that the monuments were constructed and are regularly maintained in promotion of the Lost Cause, white supremacist mythology, and over the many decades of their establishment, African American leaders regularly protested these memorials and what they represented.

A small number of memorializations were made during the war, mainly as ship and place names. After the war, Robert E. Lee said on several occasions that he was opposed to any monuments, as they would, in his opinion, "keep open the sores of war".[4] [5] Nevertheless, monuments and memorials continued to be dedicated shortly after the American Civil War.[6] Before 1890, most were erected in cemeteries as memorials to soldiers who died in the war.[7] Many more monuments were dedicated in the years after 1890, when Congress established the first National Military Park at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and by the turn of the 20th century, five battlefields from the Civil War had been preserved: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam, Gettysburg, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. At Vicksburg National Military Park, more than 95% of the park's monuments were erected in the first eighteen years after the park was established in 1899.[8] But monuments began appearing in public places with the emergence of the Jim Crow South.

Jim Crow

See also: Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Confederate monument-building has often been part of widespread campaigns to promote and justify Jim Crow laws in the South.[9] [10] According to the American Historical Association (AHA), the erection of Confederate monuments during the early 20th century was "part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South." According to the AHA, memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period "were intended, in part, to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction, and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life." A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement, and according to the AHA "these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes."[11] According to Smithsonian Magazine, "far from simply being markers of historic events and people, as proponents argue, these memorials were created and funded by Jim Crow governments to pay homage to a slave-owning society and to serve as blunt assertions of dominance over African-Americans."[12]

According to historian Jane Dailey from the University of Chicago, in many cases, the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future".[13] Another historian, Karen L. Cox, from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era", and that "the whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". Another historian from UNC, James Leloudis, stated that "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule."[14] They were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved.[15] According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University, "White supremacy is really what these statues represent."[16] Some monuments were also meant to beautify cities as part of the City Beautiful movement, although this was secondary.[17]

In a June 2018 speech, Civil War historian James I. Robertson Jr. of Virginia Tech said the monuments were not a "Jim Crow signal of defiance" and referred to the current trend to dismantle or destroy them as an "age of idiocy" motivated by "elements hell-bent on tearing apart unity that generations of Americans have painfully constructed."[18] Katrina Dunn Johnson, Curator of the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum, states that "thousands of families throughout the country were unable to reclaim their soldier's remains--many never learned their loved ones' exact fate on the battlefield or within the prison camps. The psychological impact of such a devastating loss cannot be underestimated when attempting to understand the primary motivations behind Southern memorialization."[19]

Many Confederate monuments were dedicated in the former Confederate states and border states in the decades following the Civil War, in many instances by Ladies Memorial Associations, United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), United Confederate Veterans (UCV), Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), the Heritage Preservation Association, and other memorial organizations.[20] [21] [22] Other Confederate monuments are located on Civil War battlefields. Many Confederate monuments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, either separately or as contributing objects within listings of courthouses or historic districts. Art historians Cynthia Mills and Pamela Simpson argued, in Monuments to the Lost Cause, that the majority of Confederate monuments, of the type they define, were "commissioned by white women, in hope of preserving a positive vision of antebellum life."[23] [24]

In the late nineteenth century, technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries helped reduce costs and made monuments more affordable for small towns. Companies looking to capitalize on this opportunity often sold nearly identical copies of monuments to both the North and South.[25]

Another wave of monument construction coincided with the Civil Rights Movement and the American Civil War Centennial. At least thirty-two Confederate monuments were dedicated between 2000 and 2017, including at least 7 re-dedications.[26] [27] [28] [29]

Scholarly study

Scholarly studies of the monuments began in the 1980s. In 1983 John J. Winberry published a study which was based on data from the work of R.W. Widener.[30] He estimated that the main building period for monuments was from 1889 to 1929 and that of the monuments erected in courthouse squares over half were built between 1902 and 1912. He determined four main locations for monuments; battlefields, cemeteries, county courthouse grounds, and state capitol grounds. Over a third of the courthouse monuments were dedicated to the dead. The majority of the cemetery monuments in his study were built in the pre-1900 period, while most of the courthouse monuments were erected after 1900. Of the 666 monuments in his study 55% were of Confederate soldiers, while 28% were obelisks. Soldiers dominated courthouse grounds, while obelisks account for nearly half of cemetery monuments. The idea that the soldier statues always faced north was found to be untrue and that the soldiers usually faced the same direction as the courthouse. He noted that the monuments were "remarkably diverse" with "only a few instances of repetition of inscriptions".

He categorized the monuments into four types. Type 1 was a Confederate soldier on a column with his weapon at parade rest, or weaponless and gazing into the distance. These accounted for approximately half the monuments studied. They are, however, the most popular among the courthouse monuments. Type 2 was a Confederate soldier on a column with rifle ready, or carrying a flag or bugle. Type 3 was an obelisk, often covered with drapery and bearing cannonballs or an urn. This type was 28% of the monuments studied, but 48% of the monuments in cemeteries and 18% of courthouse monuments. Type 4 was a miscellaneous group, including arches, standing stones, plaques, fountains, etc. These account for 17% of the monuments studied.

Over a third of the courthouse monuments were specifically dedicated to the Confederate dead. The first courthouse monument was erected in Bolivar, Tennessee, in 1867. By 1880 nine courthouse monuments had been erected. Winberry noted two centers of courthouse monuments: the Potomac counties of Virginia, from which the tradition spread to North Carolina, and a larger area covering Georgia, South Carolina and northern Florida. The diffusion of courthouse monuments was aided by organizations such as the United Confederate Veterans and their publications, though other factors may also have been effective.

Winberry listed four reasons for the shift from cemeteries to courthouses. First was the need to preserve the memory of the Confederate dead and also recognize the veterans who returned. Second was to celebrate the rebuilding of the South after the war. Third was the romanticizing of the Lost Cause, and the fourth was to unify the white population in a common heritage against the interests of African-American Southerners. He concluded: "No one of these four possible explanations for the Confederate monument is adequate or complete in itself. The monument is a symbol, but whether it was a memory of the past, a celebration of the present, or a portent of the future remains a difficult question to answer; monuments and symbols can be complicated and sometimes indecipherable."[31]

The Monument Movement

The Monument Movement was a national movement of the late 19th and early 20th century. The Union and Confederate monuments were erected as community memorials. In the North and South communities came together in the time of war, contributing their men and boys (and a few documented women), then they came together again to memorialize these soldiers and their contributions to the cause as they saw it. Citizens paid subscriptions to memorials, for monument associations, taxes were issued, the GAR, Allied Orders, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the United Confederate Veterans all lead fundraisers.[32]

The monument to Confederate Colonel Francis S. Bartow was erected after First Manassas but was destroyed before or during Second Manassas. The other early monuments were Union monuments at Battle of Rowlett's Station in Munfordville, Kentucky in January 1862 for the men of the 32nd Indiana killed. It was removed for its own protection from the elements in 2008.[33] Other early Union monuments before the war ended were the Hazen Brigade Monument in Murfreesboro and the 1865 Ladd and Whitney Monument in Lowell, Massachusetts.[34] [35] [36]

The Northern memorials recorded in the survey work to date lists 11 monuments erected before 1866 including the previously mentioned monuments. Another ten monuments were documented in 1866, and 11 more in 1867 by the time the first post-war Confederate monuments were erected in Romney, Hampshire County, West Virginia and Chester, Chester County, South Carolina in 1867.[32]

In addition to monuments to the Union and Confederate honorees, the Monument Movement saw the placement of Revolutionary War Monuments for the 100th of the American Revolution from 1876 to 1883. In the W.H. Mullins Company catalog, The Blue and the Gray, it notes with Union and Confederate Monuments the company's recent installments of monuments for the Revolutionary War at Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina.[37]

Vandalism

As of June 19, over 12 Confederate monuments had been vandalized in 2019, usually with paint.[38] [39]

Removal

See main article: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials., at least 60 symbols of the Confederacy had been removed or renamed since 2015, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).[40] At the same time, laws in various Southern states place restrictions on, or prohibit altogether, the removal of statues and memorials and the renaming of parks, roads, and schools.[41] [42] [43] [44] [45]

A 2017 Reuters poll found that 54% of adults stated that the monuments should remain in all public spaces, and 27% said they should be removed, while 19% said they were unsure. The results were split along racial and political lines, with whites and Republicans preferring to keep the monuments in place, while blacks and Democrats were more likely to support their removal.[46] [47] A similar 2017 poll by HuffPost/YouGov found that one-third of respondents favored removal, while 49% were opposed.[48] [49]

Support for removal increased during the George Floyd protests, with 52% in favor of removal, and 44% opposed.[50] [51]

Time periodNumber of removals[52]
1865–2009 2
2009–2014 3
2015 (after Charleston church shooting) 4
2016 4
2017 (year of the Charlottesville car attack) 36
2018 8
2019 4
2020 (after murder of George Floyd) 94[53]
2021 16[54]

Geographic distribution

Confederate monuments are widely distributed across the southern United States. The distribution pattern follows the general political boundaries of the Confederacy. Of the more than 1503 public monuments and memorials to the Confederacy, more than 718 are monuments and statues. Nearly 300 monuments and statues are in Georgia, Virginia, or North Carolina. The western states that were largely settled after the Civil War have few or no memorials to the Confederacy.

National

See also: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps.

United States Capitol

See main article: Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol.

In the National Statuary Hall Collection, housed inside the United States Capitol, each state has provided statues of two citizens that the state wants to honor. Seven Confederate figures are among them, with one pending removal and replacement. The dates listed below reflect when each statue was given to the collection:[55] [56]

In addition to these pieces, three additional sculptures of Confederate figures have been removed since the turn of the 21st century.

Arlington National Cemetery

See main article: List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery.

The NPS describes the property as "the nation's memorial to Robert E. Lee. It honors him for specific reasons, including his role in promoting peace and reunion after the Civil War. In a larger sense it exists as a place of study and contemplation of the meaning of some of the most difficult aspects of American History: military service; sacrifice; citizenship; duty; loyalty; slavery and freedom."[70]

Coins and stamps

See also: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps.

US military

Bases

See also: List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers. Prior to 2023, there were nine major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate states. Following nationwide protests over the murder of George Floyd by a police officer, the United States Congress in 2021 created The Naming Commission in order to rename military assets with names associated with the Confederacy.[75] The United States Secretary of Defense was required to implement a plan developed by the commission and to "remove all names, symbols, displays, monuments, and paraphernalia that honor or commemorate the Confederate States of America or any person who served voluntarily with the Confederate States of America from all assets of the Department of Defense" within three years of the commission's creation.[76] [77]

By October 2023, all nine bases had officially been redesignated under new names proposed by the commission.

Facilities

Current ships

Former ships

See also: List of ships of the Confederate States Navy.

Several ships named for Confederate leaders fell into Union hands during the Civil War. The Union Navy retained the names of these ships while turning their guns against the Confederacy:

Multi-state highways

On October 16, 2018, the Board of Commissioners of Orange County, North Carolina (location of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, see Silent Sam), voted unanimously to repeal the county's 1959 resolution naming for Davis the portion of U.S. 15 running through the county.[93]

Alabama

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama.

, there are at least 122 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Alabama.

Alaska

Arizona

, only two Confederate related plaques on public property remain in Phoenix and Sierra Vista, Arizona.

Type of monumentDateLocationDetailsImage
Public 2010 Sierra VistaConfederate Memorial, Historical Soldiers Memorial Cemetery area of the state-owned Southern Arizona Veterans' Memorial Cemetery. The monument was erected in to honor the 21 soldiers interred in that cemetery who served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War and later fought in Indian wars in Arizona as members of the U.S. Army.[95]
Private 1999 Arizona Confederate Veterans Monument, at Greenwood Memory Lawn Cemetery; erected by SCV.
Public 1961–2020PhoenixMemorial to Arizona Confederate Troops, in Wesley Bolin Park, next to the Arizona State Capitol; UDC memorial.[96]
Road 1943–2020 Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway marker 50miles east of Phoenix; erected by UDC. Tarred and feathered in August 2017.[97]
Public 1984–2015Picacho Peak State ParkA commemorative sign and a plaque commemorated the Battle of Picacho Pass, the westernmost Confederate engagement of the war. The sign is "dedicated to Capt. Sherod Hunter's 'Arizona Rangers, Arizona Volunteers' C.S.A.", while the plaque states three Union soldiers buried on battlefield and includes both US Union and CSA flags. The sign was removed in 2015 due to deterioration of the wood and the plaque was moved onto the Union stone monument.[98] [99]

Arkansas

, there are at least 65 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Arkansas.

State capitol

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

See also: Camp Nelson Confederate Cemetery and Prairie Grove Battlefield State Park.

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

State symbols

California

, there were at least four public spaces with Confederate monuments in California.

Inhabited places

Roads

Schools

Mountains and recreation

Mine

Colorado

Inhabited Places

Schools

Monument

Mine

Delaware

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Delaware.

District of Columbia

, there are at least nine public Confederate monuments in Washington, D.C., mostly in the National Statuary Hall Collection. (See above)

Florida

, there are at least 63 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Florida.

An August 2017 meeting of the Florida League of Mayors was devoted to the topic of what to do with Civil War monuments.[145]

State capitol

State symbol

State holiday

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

Monument to Stonewall Jackson

Private monuments

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Parks

Roads

Schools and libraries

City symbols

City holiday

County holiday

Georgia

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia., there are at least 201 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Georgia.

Hawaii

Idaho

The settlement of Idaho coincided with the Civil War and settlers from Southern states memorialized the Confederacy with the names of several towns and natural features.[223] [224] [225]

, there are at least three public spaces with Confederate monuments in Idaho.

Inhabited places

Natural features and recreation

Illinois

The four memorials in Illinois are in Federal cemeteries and connected with prisoners of war.

Federal cemeteries

Federal plot within private cemetery

Indiana

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Indiana.

Iowa

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Iowa.

Kansas

Veterans Memorial Park in Wichita, Kansas holds one Confederate and Union monument, a Reconciliation Memorial. "The intent of this memorial is to bring folks together and reconcile their differences," As Confederate Monuments Come Down Across U.S., Wichita Memorial Comes Into Question. The Memorial is a small obelisk with text honoring North and South combatants on both sides. See Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials#Kansas for monuments which have been removed.

Kentucky

See also: List of Civil War Monuments of Kentucky., there are at least 37 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Kentucky.

Monuments

Bridge

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

John Hunt Morgan Lane

Highways

Schools

Louisiana

, there are at least 83 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Louisiana.

State capitol

Buildings

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Rapides Parish Confederate Monument (1914)

Other public monuments

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

Confederate flag display

Maryland

There are at least 7 confederate monuments on public land. They are generally in or near cemeteries.

As of December 27, 2022 there is one statue on a large stone of general Lee at the Antietam battlefield, visible from the road. It was on private land adjacent to the park, and was donated with the land.

The "Talbot Boys" statue in Easton, Maryland was the last Confederate monument removed from public property on March 14, 2022.

State symbols

Monuments

Public monuments

Private monuments

The original monument, a bronze life-sized Confederate soldier on this pedestal, was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of . The artist is unknown. The inscription says "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line / Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865." because Confederate uniforms are gray. The Rockville dedication was on June 3, 1913, Jefferson Davis's birthday,[308] and was attended by 3,000 out of a county population of 30,000.[309] It was originally located in a small triangular park[310] called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south.[311] In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission.[312] The monument was defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it.[313] The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land[310] at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland.[314] [315] The statue was removed from the pedestal in June 2020, but the pedestal urging people to "Love The Thin Gray Line" remains.

Inhabited places

Roads

Ferry

A passenger and vehicle ferry, formerly named Gen. Jubal A. Early (1954), connected Montgomery County, Maryland, and Loudoun County, Virginia. Owned by White's Ferry, it was named for Confederate General Jubal Early until June 2020 when it was renamed Historic White's Ferry.[318] White's Ferry was the only ferry still in operation on the Potomac River until it ceased operations in Dec 2020.[319] [320]

Gallery

Massachusetts

, all public memorials listed by the Southern Poverty Law Center had been removed.[321]

Private memorials

Michigan

, there is at least one known public monument of a confederate soldier in Michigan. It is located in Allendale, Michigan, a town in Ottawa County. A part of the Veterans Garden of Honor (1998) which features nine life sized statues of soldiers from various wars, the statue in question depicts a union soldier and a confederate soldier back to back with a young slave at their feet holding a plaque reading "Freedom to Slaves," and the date January 5, 1863.[322]

Minnesota

Murray County Central High School uses a Rebel mascot and the nickname Rebels.[323]

Mississippi

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi., there are at least 147 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Mississippi.

Missouri

, there were at least 19 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Missouri.

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

Montana

, there are at least 2 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Montana.

Nevada

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Nevada.

New Jersey

There are at least two public spaces dedicated to the Confederacy in New Jersey.

Princeton’s Civil War Memorial (1920s), Nassau Hall at Princeton University. Commemorates 70 alumni who died in the war, including 34 who fought for the Confederacy.[341] [342]

New Mexico

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in New Mexico.

New York

, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in New York.[346]

Monuments

Public monuments

Private monuments

Roads

Governor Andrew Cuomo had twice requested the Army, unsuccessfully, to have these streets renamed.

North Carolina

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in North Carolina.

, there are at least 164 public spaces with Confederate monuments in North Carolina.

Ohio

, there are at least 5 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Ohio.

Historical marker

Monuments

Inhabited places

Roads

Schools

Oklahoma

, there are at least 13 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oklahoma.

Buildings

Monuments

Schools

Inhabited places

Roads

Oregon

, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oregon.

Pennsylvania

, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Pennsylvania.

Monuments

Roads

Rhode Island

, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Rhode Island.

South Carolina

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in South Carolina.

, there are at least 194 public spaces with Confederate monuments in South Carolina.[375]

South Dakota

In July 2020 the Confederate flag was removed from the patch of Gettysburg South Dakota police officers.

, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in South Dakota.

Tennessee

, there are at least 105 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Tennessee. The Tennessee Heritage Protection Act (2016) and a 2013 law restrict the removal of statues and memorials.[41]

The Tennessee legislature designated Confederate Decoration Day, the origin of Memorial Day, as June 3, and in 1969 designated January 19 and July 13, their birthdays, as Robert E. Lee Day and Nathan Bedford Forrest day respectively.

State capitol

Buildings

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

Private monuments

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

Schools

Tourist sites

Texas

, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[425] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."

State capitol

State symbols

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[431] [432]

Courthouse monuments

marker (1963) commemorating William Read Scurry, Scurry County Courthouse[482]

Other public monuments

Private monuments

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Museums

See also: Texas Confederate Museum.

Parks

Roads

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

Other memorials

Utah

Virginia

See main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia.

See also: List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery.

, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia, more than in any other state.[526] [527] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

West Virginia

there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.

State capitol

Monuments

See also: Confederate Cemetery at Lewisburg.

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Natural features

International

Brazil

Canada

Ireland

Scotland

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: NC's highest court will review courtroom portraits amid complaint about pro-slavery judge. Josh. Shaffer. October 25, 2018. Island Packet.
  2. News: Take Down the Confederate Flags, but Not the Monuments. Ethan J.. Kytle. Blain. Roberts. June 25, 2015. The Atlantic. December 5, 2018.
  3. News: The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas. Doug. Criss. Elizabeth. Elkin. CNN. June 5, 2018.
  4. Web site: Actually, Robert E. Lee was against erecting Confederate memorials. WPTV News Channel 5 West Palm. August 16, 2017. CNN. February 10, 2018.
  5. Web site: Memorialization of Robert E. Lee and the Lost Cause . www.nps.gov . National Park Service . 29 September 2023 . en . 14 September 2021.
  6. Book: Maxwell, Hu. History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: from its earliest settlement to the present. 1897. A.B. Boughner, printer. Morgantown, W. Va. 23304577M.
  7. Web site: Andrew J. Yawn . Todd A. Price . Maria Clark . 'This is not just about symbols': America's reckoning over Confederate monuments . www.tennessean.com . USA Today Network . 29 September 2023 . en-us . 1 August 2020.
  8. Web site: Monuments and Memorials . Vicksburg National Military Park. National Park Service . September 26, 2017.
  9. Leib . Jonathan I.. Webster. Gerald R.. Webster. Roberta H. . December 1, 2000. Rebel with a cause? Iconography and public memory in the Southern United States. GeoJournal. en. 52. 2. 303–310. 10.1023/A:1014358204037. 2000GeoJo..52..303L . 151000497. 0343-2521.
  10. News: Analysis – The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy. Cox. Karen L.. August 16, 2017. The Washington Post. September 21, 2017.
  11. American Historical Association, AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)
  12. The Costs of the Confederacy. Brian. Palmer. Seth Freed. Wessler. Smithsonian Magazine. December 2018.
  13. News: Confederate Participation Trophies Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'. npr.org. August 20, 2017. September 21, 2017. Parks. Miles.
  14. News: Durham Confederate Participation Trophy: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South?. . Durham, North Carolina. September 21, 2017.
  15. http://www.sah.org/publications-and-research/sah-blog/sah-blog/2017/09/13/confederate-monuments-and-civic-values-in-the-wake-of-charlottesville Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville
  16. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0822/Confederate-monuments-What-to-do-with-them Confederate monuments: What to do with them?
  17. News: Inside the hidden history of confederate memorials. Dotinga. Randy. June 14, 2017. The Christian Science Monitor. September 5, 2017. 0882-7729.
  18. Web site: Debate Over Confederate Monuments | C-SPAN.org. James I. Jr. . Robertson . July 28, 2018. www.c-span.org.
  19. Book: Kristina Dunn Johnson. No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. April 6, 2009. Arcadia Publishing Inc.. 978-1614232827. 9–.
  20. Winsboro. Irvin D.S.. 2016. The Confederate Monument Movement as a Policy Dilemma for Resource Managers of Parks, Cultural Sites, and Protected Places: Florida as a Case Study. The George Wright Forum. 33. 217–29.
  21. Book: Wiggins, David N. . Remembering Georgia's Confederates . Arcadia . 2005 . 106, 108, 109, 117. 978-0738518237.
  22. http://www.ci.savannah.ga.us/cityweb/p&tweb.nsf/4bf6a0ca45844e1685256c2f0071a3fb/298ff53f286e8d6385256c5a004a73ca?OpenDocument Confederate Monument in Forsyth Park
  23. Book: Monuments to the Los Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory. Mills. Cynthia. Simpson. Pamela H.. University of Tennessee Press. 2003. 978-1572332720. .
  24. Gulley. H.E.. 1993. Women and the Lost Cause: preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South. Journal of Historical Geography. 19. 2. 125–41. 10.1006/jhge.1993.1009.
  25. News: Why those Confederate soldier participation trophies look a lot like their Union counterparts. Fisher. Marc. August 18, 2017. The Washington Post. September 16, 2017. en-US. 0190-8286. Because of technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries, the price of these participation trophies came way down.
  26. News: 'Changing history'? No – 32 Confederate monuments dedicated in past 17 years. Holpuch. Amanda. August 16, 2017. The Guardian. August 26, 2017. Chalabi. Mona. en-GB. 0261-3077.
  27. News: Confederate participation trophy removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky. May 30, 2017. Fox News. August 22, 2018. en-US.
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  87. News: Fort Rucker was named for a Confederate. The Army post will now be called Fort Novosel, for a Medal of Honor recipient who rescued thousands . Phil . Gast . . 11 April 2023.
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  358. Web site: A confederate statue was knocked down at Camp Chase Cemetery in west Columbus. Officers are investigating.pic.twitter.com/e5Nm4sMhxf . . August 22, 2017 . August 26, 2017.
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  397. News: Forrest statue land owner fires back at blocking efforts. Joey. Garrison. June 23, 2015. The Tennessean. January 6, 2018.
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  401. News: Metro Council asks state to block view of I-65 Forrest statue. Joey. Garrison. The Tennessean. July 7, 2015. January 8, 2018.
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  406. From a poster included at .
  407. Web site: Confederate flag's history is 'sick' and 'twisted'. Danaher. William. June 27, 2015. September 5, 2017.
  408. Book: Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. Steven Deyle. Oxford University Press. June 20, 2013. 2013. 205–07.
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  410. Web site: I don't know how to format this right. Sewanee Magazine, "Telling the Sewanee Story," no author, Spring 2008, pp. 8–9.
  411. Web site: Jefferson Davis – Unknown – The University of the South – Sewanee, Tennessee. www.TNPortraits.org. October 6, 2017. November 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081120042301/http://www.tnportraits.org/davis-jefferson-sewanee.htm. dead.
  412. Web site: The Confederate soldiers' pocket manual of devotions. C. T. (Charles Todd). Quintard. J. Durelle. Boles. printer. Evans & Cogswell. J. Durelle Boles Collection of Southern Imprints. GEU. October 6, 1863. Charleston [S.C.] : Printed by Evans & Cogswell. October 6, 2017. Internet Archive.
  413. Web site: Cup. Artist/Maker: Calhoun, William Henry. Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts. April 22, 2018. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424090756/http://mesda.org/item/collections/cup/21231/. dead.
  414. News: Special Orders No. 46. April 23, 2018. The Nashville Daily Union. February 28, 1863. 3. Newspapers.com. registration .
  415. Web site: Vanderbilt Collection – Peabody Campus – Wyatt Center: Edmund Kirby Smith. Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. May 3, 2018. September 15, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152756/http://www.tnportraits.org/vand-smith-edmund-kirby.htm. dead.
  416. Web site: Vanderbilt Collection – Kirkland Hall: Anna Virginia Russell (Mrs. E.W.) Cole 1846–1926. Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. September 30, 2017. September 15, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150915173058/http://www.tnportraits.org/cole-mrs-ew.htm. dead.
  417. Web site: Cole Lectures. Divinity School. Vanderbilt University. September 19, 2017. October 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165606/https://divinity.vanderbilt.edu/news/lectures/cole.php. dead.
  418. News: Bub. Sydney. Mediratta. Avi. The Legacy of Slavery At Vanderbilt. August 31, 2017. Vanderbilt Political Review. October 5, 2016.
  419. News: Fuselier. Kathryn. Yee. Robert. The Legacy of Slavery at Vanderbilt: Our Forgotten Past. September 19, 2017. Vanderbilt Historical Review. October 17, 2016. October 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120504/http://vanderbilthistoricalreview.com/legacy-of-slavery/. dead.
  420. News: Epstein Ojalvo. Holly. Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy. April 7, 2018. USA Today. February 13, 2017. But in 2012, a new college hall was dedicated to Elizabeth Boddie Elliston, whose family owned slaves and who, according to the university website, "donated segments of her plantation for the formation of the Vanderbilt campus.".
  421. Book: Knight, Gladys L. . Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture . ABC-CLIO . 2014 . 252. 978-0313398834 .
  422. Book: Martin, C. Brenden . Tourism in the Mountain South: A Double-edged Sword . University of Tennessee Press . 2007 . 158, 159. 978-1572335752 .
  423. Web site: Dollywood History . Dollywood . November 7, 2017 . November 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171108095530/https://www.dollywood.com/About-Us/Dollywood-History . dead .
  424. Web site: General Longstreet Headquarters Museum . General James Longstreet Headquarters Museum . July 8, 2020 . February 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218111817/http://www.longstreetmuseum.com/visit.htm . dead .
  425. Book: Directory of Memorials, Monuments, and Statues for Veterans. Texas Veterans Commission. 1985. Austin.
  426. News: The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas Capitol: An Unofficial Guide. Kelsey. Jukam. John. Savage. Alisa. Semiens. February 17, 2015. Texas Observer. January 2, 2018.
  427. News: October 29, 2017 . The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas Capitol: An Unofficial Guide . Texas Observer.
  428. News: State Rep. Eric Johnson Wants to Spur a Discussion of Confederate Symbols by Removing Capitol Plaque. Rhonda. Fanning. August 17, 2017. June 2, 2018. Texas Standard. Moody College of Communication.
  429. News: No commotion as county passes Confederate History Month measure. February 25, 2020. Roy R.. Reynolds. Madisonville Meteor (Madisonville, Texas). February 27, 2020. February 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200227095941/http://madisonvillemeteor.com/stories/no-commotion-as-county-passes-confederate-history-month-measure,32241. dead.
  430. News: A Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin. Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. November 24, 2017.
  431. Web site: Texas Confederate Statues and Monuments. Texasconfederateveterans.com. August 15, 2017.
  432. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel . Birdshooter.smugmug.com . August 15, 2017.
  433. Web site: Lawrence Sullivan Ross Historical Marker. www.hmdb.org.
  434. News: Little discussion over Bastrop County Confederate monument. Beck. Jillian. July 13, 2015. Austin American-Statesman. August 16, 2017. Cox Media Group.
  435. Web site: Details – Home Town of Texas Confederate Major Joseph D. Sayers – Atlas Number 5021012388 –Texas Historical Commission . atlas.thc.state.tx.us . August 20, 2017.
  436. Web site: Matagorda County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. August 15, 2017.
  437. News: Matagorda County Courthouse: Civil War Veterans Monument. August 15, 2017.
  438. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monument. Birdshooter.smugmug.com. August 19, 2017.
  439. Web site: Fannin County: Bonham, Texas . Wayne . Wendel. Birdshooter.smugmug.com. August 19, 2017.
  440. Web site: Details for Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court. Texas Historical Commission. August 10, 2018.
  441. News: Confederate Veterans Memorial, Comanche County Courthouse. August 15, 2017.
  442. News: Confederate Memorial, Navarro County Courthouse Square. August 15, 2017.
  443. Web site: Navarro County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  444. Web site: Call To Arms, (sculpture). Smithsonian American Art Museum. May 7, 2018.
  445. Web site: Isaac O'Haver. September 1, 2009.
  446. News: Confederate Soldier Memorial on the Courthouse Square, Clarksville, Texas, Red River County. August 15, 2017.
  447. Web site: Confederate Soldiers' Monument – The Portal to Texas History. Texashistory.unt.edu. May 23, 2017.
  448. Web site: Confederate Soldiers' Monument. 2007. September 14, 2018. University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History. 7.
  449. News: Denton County to keep Confederate monument. Mark. Smith. February 8, 2018. Cross Timbers Gazette.
  450. Inside the Two-Decade Fight to Bring Down a Confederate Monument. Lee Adams, Host; Dylan Coburn, Producer. Vice. 2018.
  451. News: 30 turn out to protest recommendation. Julia. Falcon. Denton Record-Chronicle. February 5, 2018.
  452. News: Judge does not expect Confederate Monument context to be added until 2019. May 30, 2018. Devin. Rarden. North Texas Daily.
  453. News: Removal of Denton County's Confederate statue a priority for national group. Dalton. LaFerney. Denton Record-Chronicle. September 9, 2018.
  454. Web site: Confederate soldier statue removed from Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square. June 28, 2020. wfaa.com. June 25, 2020 . en-US.
  455. News: Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Tarrant County, Fort Worth, TX. August 15, 2017.
  456. Book: Little, Carol Morris. A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas. University of Texas Press. 1996. 53, 122, 216, 229, 247, 350. 978-0292760363.
  457. Web site: Galveston County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  458. News: Deadly rally accelerates removal of Confederate statues, including S.A.'s memorial. Holland. Jesse J.. August 15, 2017. San Antonio Express-News. September 5, 2017.
  459. Web site: Cooke County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  460. Web site: Confederate Soldier, (sculpture). 1993. Smithsonian Institution Research Info System (SIRIS), Art Inventories Catalog. September 5, 2017.
  461. News: Confederate Soldier Memorial. August 15, 2017.
  462. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel. Birdshooter.smugmug.com. August 19, 2017.
  463. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel . Birdshooter.smugmug.com . August 15, 2017.
  464. Web site: Marion County Courthouse, Jefferson Texas. Texasescapes.com. August 19, 2017.
  465. Web site: A Monumental Mystery. Hall. Andy. August 21, 2016. Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog. September 5, 2017.
  466. MA . Theodore . Banks . Lest We Forget: Commemorative Movements In Texas, 1893–1936 . Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi . 2015 .
  467. News: Confederate Soldier Memorial. August 15, 2017.
  468. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel . Birdshooter.smugmug.com . August 15, 2017.
  469. News: Confederate Soldier Monument, Caldwell County Courthouse Square. August 15, 2017.
  470. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel . Birdshooter.smugmug.com . August 15, 2017.
  471. Web site: Gregg County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  472. Web site: Titus County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  473. News: Confederate Soldier Memorial. August 15, 2017.
  474. Web site: Wendel . Wayne . Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . August 15, 2017 . Birdshooter.smugmug.com.
  475. Web site: Harrison County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  476. Web site: Comal County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  477. News: Confederate Monument Stays At The Lamar County Courthouse. June 16, 2017. eParisExtra.com. August 16, 2017. en-US.
  478. Web site: Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares . Wayne . Wendel . Birdshooter.smugmug.com . August 15, 2017.
  479. Web site: Colonel William B. Ochiltree . hmdb.org . October 26, 2017.
  480. News: Confederate Soldier Monument. August 15, 2017.
  481. Web site: Resident wants Grayson County courthouse confederate statue removed. Humphrey. Sara. Kxii.com. August 19, 2017. August 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170816012710/http://www.kxii.com/home/headlines/Resident-petitions-for-confederate-statue-taken-down-309432851.html. dead.
  482. Web site: Kirchner . Bill . County Named for Texas Confederate William R. Scurry 1821–1864 . HMdb.com . December 3, 2017 .
  483. News: Not an issue or 'terrifying'? Texas towns proud of their Confederate monuments. Osborne. Ryan. August 18, 2017. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 5, 2017. en.
  484. Web site: Confederate monument stirs mixed emotions in Texarkana. Meachum. Alex. June 26, 2015. Arklatexhomepage.com. August 19, 2017. August 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170816110542/http://www.arklatexhomepage.com/news/confederate-monument-stirs-mixed-emotions-in-texarkana/125984651. dead.
  485. Web site: Bowie County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  486. Web site: Parker County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  487. News: Confederate Soldier Monument, Ellis County Courthouse Grounds. August 15, 2017.
  488. Web site: Ellis County Confederate Monument. Texas Confederate Veterans. September 5, 2017.
  489. Web site: Statue in Confederate Memorial Plaza. Texashistory. September 1, 2017. February 14, 2010.
  490. Web site: City of Beaumont takes down confederate monument at Wiess Park . 12newsnow.com . KBMT . June 29, 2020 . The City of Beaumont removed a Confederate statue Monday. The statue had been in a downtown park since 1912. Crews removed the statue around 10 a.m. June 29. The city council had voted 6-1 on Tuesday, June 23 to remove the statue at Wiess Park and store it in a warehouse..
  491. News: Amid debate over Confederate monuments, Texas A&M will not remove Sul Ross statue. August 21, 2017. The Dallas Morning News. August 28, 2017. en.
  492. News: King. Jeff. Queen of the Sea – A Spirited Sculpture. The Bend. September 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031311/http://thebendmag.com/community/history/queen-of-the-sea-%E2%80%93-a-spirited-sculpture/. October 1, 2017. dead.
  493. Web site: Confederate Memorial – Farmersville, TX. Waymarking. August 19, 2017.
  494. Web site: Sons of Confederate Veterans: Statue to Be Restored in Texas. Rand. Chuck. February 21, 2012. Sonsofconfederateveterans.blogspot.com. August 19, 2017.
  495. Web site: Confederate Heroes, (sculpture). 1993. Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums. September 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170905142734/http://collections.si.edu/search/tag/tagDoc.htm?recordID=siris_ari_326107&hlterm=confederate. September 5, 2017. dead.
  496. News: Confederate Monument rededicated, turns 100. Maxwell. Nikki. July 16, 2009. Gonzales Inquirer. August 16, 2017.
  497. Web site: Gonzales Confederate Monument – Gonzales, TX – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials. Waymarking. August 19, 2017.
  498. Web site: Spirit of The Confederacy. Houstontx.gov. August 15, 2017.
  499. News: Texas man charged with trying to bomb a Confederate statue in Houston. Berman. Mark. August 21, 2017. The Washington Post. September 5, 2017.
  500. News: Austin American-Statesman. Even as Confederate monuments fell, a new one rose in Austin. Michael. Barnes. August 25, 2018.
  501. Web site: Monuments. Sons of Confederate Veterans, Texas Division. Sons of Confederate Veterans. 2018. August 7, 2018. August 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809153016/http://scvtexas.org/Monuments.html. dead.
  502. Web site: Savage. John. Where the Confederacy Is Rising Again. Politico.com. August 10, 2016. May 23, 2017.
  503. News: Vernon. Cheril. April 13, 2013. Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza Dedicated in Palestine. Palestine Herald-Press.
  504. Web site: Foard, Robert Levi. JJackson, Charles. Christopher. June 12, 2010. tshaonline.org. September 4, 2017.
  505. Web site: Confederate Museum in a Water Tower. The Team at roadsideamerica.com. November 25, 2018.
  506. Web site: Columbus: Confederate Memorial Museum. Texas Historical Commission. November 24, 2018. Texas Historical Commission. November 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181127195443/http://texasindependencetrail.com/plan-your-adventure/historic-sites-and-cities/sites/confederate-memorial-museum. dead.
  507. News: Trip to Texas Civil War Museum shows why Dallas should never send its Robert E. Lee statue there. Dallas News. Robert. Wilonsky. April 24, 2018.
  508. News: A Confederate flag display comes down. But it was a tiny one, and the mayor wonders – why now?. Bud. Kennedy. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. August 17, 2017.
  509. Web site: Winkle . Kate . Austin outlines Confederate streets slated for renaming . KXAN Austin . July 27, 2018.
  510. News: A brief history on controversial mascots at Texas high schools. Levin. Matt. July 15, 2015. Houston Chronicle. August 31, 2017.
  511. Dirickson. Perry. School Spirit or School Hate: The Confederate Battle Flag, Texas High Schools, and Memory, 1953–2002. 2006. University of North Texas.
  512. Web site: One local high school drops 'Dixie,' while another keeps it. www.statesman.com. September 10, 2017.
  513. News: Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin. Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. November 10, 2017.
  514. Web site: School Profile – About Us – Ross Elementary. June 11, 2020. ross.bryanisd.org. June 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201102/https://ross.bryanisd.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=178658&type=d&pREC_ID=375368. dead.
  515. Web site: Hays HS looks at whether 'Rebels' mascot needs changing. News. KXAN. July 11, 2015. KXAN.com. September 3, 2017.
  516. Web site: Hays High School Loses "Dixie". July 28, 2015. KyleLife.com. September 4, 2017.
  517. Web site: A Focused Future: Lee Rebrands Mascot to Navigators | Lee College .
  518. News: Texas High School Defends Rebels Confederate Flag. July 13, 2015. Myhighplains.com. September 3, 2017. en-US.
  519. News: District Renames Seven Schools. Austin American-Statesman. May 14, 2016. B5.
  520. News: Midland Lee alum no longer proud of school's rebel mascot. August 1, 2015. Dallas News. August 31, 2017. en.
  521. News: Texas high school defends Confederate mascot as coach gets slap for racial remarks. Fechter. Joshua. July 15, 2015. San Antonio Express-News. August 31, 2017.
  522. Web site: Caruba. Lauren. August 30, 2017. NEISD board votes to drop name of Lee High School. San Antonio Express-News. MySanAntonio.com. Hearst Communications, Inc.. September 7, 2017. North East Independent School District trustees – prodded by a fervent national debate over memorializing the Confederacy that some said had become a distraction for students – voted 7–0 Tuesday to change the name of Robert E. Lee High School..
  523. News: Lee High School to keep school colors, mascot. San Antonio Express-News. November 20, 2017.
  524. To Be Black at Robert E. Lee High School. September 19, 2017. Raja. Tasneem. The Atlantic. September 21, 2017.
  525. Book: Larson , Andrew . I Was Called to "Dixie:" The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences on Mormon Pioneering . Dixie College Foundation. St. George, Utah. 1992. 185.
  526. News: Civil War Lessons Often Depend on Where the Classroom Is. Associated Press. August 22, 2017. The New York Times. August 31, 2017. en-US. 0362-4331.
  527. News: In the former capital of the Confederacy, the debate over statues is personal and painful. Schneider. Gregory S. August 27, 2017. The Washington Post. August 31, 2017.
  528. Web site: Jefferson Davis Park. June 27, 2014. wordpress.com. August 21, 2017.
  529. News: Seattle's own monument to the Confederacy was erected on Capitol Hill in 1926 – and it's still there. August 16, 2017. The Seattle Times. Christine . Clarridge.
  530. News: Zosha . Millman . . November 8, 2018 . Campaign to take down Seattle's confederate memorial gets a billboard.
  531. Web site: Huge Confederate monument toppled at Seattle's Lake View Cemetery . KOMO News . July 4, 2020 . July 4, 2020.
  532. Web site: Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson – Charleston, West Virginia – Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com. www.waymarking.com.
  533. Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, Moses Jacob Ezekiel: Memoirs from the Bath of Diocletian, ed. by Joseph Gutmann and Stanley F. Chyet, Wayne State University, Detroit, 1975 p. 71
  534. Biennial Report of the Department of Archives and History of the State of West Virginia, Charleston, 1911, pp. 275–79.
  535. News: Charleston's Civil War soldier statues erected with private funds. Rick. Steelhammer. August 22, 2017. Charleston Gazette-Mail.
  536. Web site: James Johnston Pettigrew Monument Historical Marker. www.hmdb.org.
  537. News: OPINION: Finally righting a wrong at our historic courthouse. Spirit of Jefferson. December 12, 2018.
  538. Johnson. Mary. 1997. An "Ever Present Bone of Contention": The Heyward Shepherd Memorial. West Virginia History. 56. 1–26.
  539. Web site: Hinton Confederate Monument. Clio. August 25, 2017.
  540. Web site: Confederate Monument. Unknown. October 24, 2017. siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  541. Web site: Confederate Monument. W.. Sivers. William Ludwell. Sheppard. William R.. Mason. William J.. Strealey. October 24, 2017. siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  542. Web site: Confederation conversation, monumental questions arise in Lewisburg. September 29, 2017.
  543. Web site: Confederate Monument, Lewisburg, W. Va. – West Virginia History OnView – WVU Libraries. WVU. Libraries. wvhistoryonview.org. January 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141255/http://wvhistoryonview.org/catalog/wvulibraries:3862. June 12, 2018. dead.
  544. Web site: Confederate Soldier. Unknown. October 24, 2017. siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  545. Web site: Confederate Soldier. Leon. Hermant. Fred A.. Lang. Jules. Berchem. siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  546. Web site: Monroe County Confederate Soldier. Unknown. Andy. Dixon. siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  547. Book: Kenny, Hamill. West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. 1945. The Place Name Press. Piedmont, WV.
  548. Web site: Thurmond: A Town Born from Coal Mines and Railroads Reading 1. National Park Service. https://web.archive.org/web/20200126155540/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/28thurmond/28facts1.htm. January 26, 2020.
  549. Book: Capace, Nancy. Encyclopedia of West Virginia. 1999. North American Book Dist LLC. 978-0403098439. 196.
  550. Web site: Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . September 15, 2017 .
  551. Web site: Jefferson Davis. www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com. October 21, 2017. October 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171022084927/http://www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com/2013/07/jefferson-davis.html. dead.
  552. Web site: Confederate Spy Buried in Dells Cemetery.
  553. Haines, Aubrey L. Yellowstone Place Names-Mirrors of History. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. pp. 106–107. .
  554. News: Confederados forge new cultural identity. Paul N. Herbert. The Washington Times. December 17, 2009. December 22, 2015. February 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110216141150/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/17/confederados-forge-new-cultural-identity/. dead.
  555. Web site: The Brazilian Confederacy. Sleuthsayers.org.
  556. News: Dadson . Liz . September 6, 2018 . Dr. Solomon Secord Monument to Remain on Kincardine's Main Street . The Kincardine Record.
  557. News: Millar. Stephen. Edinburgh's little-known Confederate memorial – and why it must stay. September 6, 2017. The Scotsman. August 31, 2017.

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