Compulsory education in the People's Republic of China explained

Compulsory education in the People's Republic of China details the mandatory implementation of education within the actual jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.

After the Cultural Revolution, the slogan of compulsory education was put forward during the period of order out of chaos. It was written into the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China" (1982 Constitution) under the promotion of Deng Xiaoping and others.[1] [2] [3]

In 1986 the "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China" was promulgated, and mainland China formally implemented Nine years of compulsory education.[4] In 2001, the State Council stated that mandatory nine-year education should be universal.[5]

In the People's Republic of China all children and adolescents aged six to fifteen must receive compulsory education, and parents must allow their children to receive it. Nowadays, compulsory education has been realized throughout mainland China and is moving toward free public schools. Those with financial difficulties can apply for two exemptions and one subsidy plan to achieve free schooling at this stage. With the development of society, the call to extend the compulsory education period to 12 years is gradually increasing.[6]

Compulsory education is the beginning of students' education (including ideological and intellectual aspects) and is closely related to the People's Republic of China's literacy campaign. Through this stage of the study, students can acquire basic survival skills.

Free primary and secondary education is for public schools only. At the same time, various private primary and secondary schools (including international schools) that charge fees have also begun to develop in multiple places (mainly first- and second-tier cities with developed economies); in 2015, the proportion of private schools reached 10%, and the education market has exceeded 315 million yuan.[7]

Regulations on compulsory education

The "Constitution of the People's Republic of China", adopted in 1982, stipulates that compulsory education should be implemented in mainland China.[8] On April 12, 1986, the Sixth National People's Congress's fourth meeting passed the "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China," which included provisions for nine-year compulsory education. The text is already correct in grammar, punctuation, and spelling.[9]

On June 29, 2006, the 22nd meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress revised the law, clarifying that the essence of compulsory education should be Quality Education.[10]

Protection of school-age children's right to compulsory education

In the People's Republic of China, the forced deprivation of the right to compulsory education for students has gradually been taken seriously, especially in urban areas where it is considered a serious crime. The Law on the Protection of Minors has provisions related to the right of school-age children to compulsory education.[11]

The starting age for nine-year compulsory education is six years old. Therefore, if there is no suspension or repetition midway, children will only finish mandatory education once they are fifteen. In China, the legal minimum age for working is sixteen years old, so compulsory education is necessary. Naturally, students at this stage can only participate in some jobs. Even if they sign a work contract, it has no legal effect. Even if it is necessary to recruit minors under 16 in industries such as art and sports, their right to receive compulsory education must be guaranteed.[12]

Governments at all levels in China have implemented "two exemptions" for all school-age children since 2017: tuition and miscellaneous fees are exempted, and textbooks are provided free of charge. For those who have financial difficulties paying tuition fees, the "two exemptions and one subsidy plan" policy is implemented.[13] [14] This means that in addition to the "two exemptions, " living expenses are also subsidized. However, each school may charge homework fees, school uniform fees, board fees, boarding school accommodation fees, etc.,according to the actual situation.[15] [16]

Features of compulsory education

According to the Compulsory Education Law, China's compulsory education has four main features[17] ：

School-running system

Comparison Table of Different School Systems in China's Compulsory Education Stage!grade!age!Nine-year consistent system!May-four school system!Six-three school system
Ninth grade14~15nine-year consistent schooljunior high schooljunior high school
Eighth grade13~14
Seventh grade12~13
sixth grade11~12primary school
Fifth grade10~11primary school
fourth grade9~10
Third grade8~9
second grade7~8
First grade6~7
In China the government predominantly operates educational institutions that provide mandatory education. As school-choice policies become more stringent, private schools must comply with classification and placement regulations.[24] [25]

Competent education departments manage public schools in counties, county-level cities, and districted cities. In certain higher-level administrative regions, the education authorities may assume direct management of certain public schools during the compulsory education stage. However, it is essential to note that the county or city where these schools are located still bears the ultimate responsibility for their specific operations. The administrative duties of private schools are overseen by the pertinent departments in the county or city where they are situated. At the same time, the consortium assumes responsibility for financing, administration, and faculty.[26]

From an educational perspective, the compulsory education stage is categorized into three distinct systems: the 6-3 school system, the 5–4 school system, and the nine-year consistent system.[27] [28]

Elementary school

Admission

The "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China" unambiguously specifies the age at which primary school students are required to commence their education:[33]

Political education

See also: Young Pioneers of China and Red scarf. The "Articles of Association Young Pioneers of China, " revised in 2005, stipulated that the minimum age for joining the organization would be lowered from 7 to 6 years old.[34] Before this revision, there was a requirement for newly enrolled primary school students to wear green scarves for six months to one year due to the one-year gap between joining the team and enrollment. This was done to differentiate them from students who wore red scarves. Students with poor academic performance were also given green scarves as a form of behavioural identification.[35]

After the revision of the "Constitution of the Young Pioneers", most elementary school students are compelled to "immediately join the team upon enrollment" and become members of the Chinese Young Pioneers, with only a few exceptions. As a result, nearly all primary school students have become members of the Young Pioneers, contributing to the Chinese Young Pioneers' impressive membership of 130 million individuals. This achievement has established it as the largest pioneer organization globally.[36]

The Young Pioneers established Young Pioneers associations in every primary and middle school throughout the nation. The Young Pioneers, a grassroots organization, is structured into brigades, squadrons, and squads. The team comprises a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 13 individuals, led by a primary team leader and a deputy team leader. A squadron shall consist of two or more subunits, and a committee is established for each regiment, typically composed of 3 to 7 members.[37] The brigade comprises two or more squadrons, and a committee of 7 to 13 members is established to oversee its operations. Within this group, the team members elect the squad leader, as well as the members of the squadron and brigade committees. Elections are conducted on a semi-annual or annual basis.

In elementary school, squadron committees have been established in each class to work in conjunction with the class committees, resulting in nearly indistinguishable management of the types. The squad leader, who is typically also the squadron leader, bears the responsibility for overseeing the collective efforts of the class. The squadron committee of the course typically comprises the following roles:[38]

Matters. The squadron is set up under the company, and the squad leader is elected. The brigade is organized as a unit with the primary school, and a dedicated counsellor is assigned to lead it under the guidance of the Communist Youth League Committee of the school.[39]

Subject education

Primary schools generally offer the following courses:

Depending on the actual situation, the following courses may also be offered:

Since there is no unified examination when graduating from primary school, it isn't easy to guarantee the quality of courses other than Chinese, mathematics, and English. Primary schools in vast rural areas generally only offer Chinese, mathematics, and physical education.[45]

Graduation and further studies

Generally primary school students are rarely expelled, and most complete their studies without significant obstacles.[46] [47]

As the period of compulsory education does not end upon finishing primary school, the only means of pursuing higher education is enrolling in a junior high school, also referred to as a middle school.[48]

Junior high school

Admission

In mainland China students gain admission to junior high schools through various means:

The typical class size in junior high schools is 60 students, although it may vary between 30 and 80 students in practice, effectively mitigating the issue of extensive classes.[53]

Political education

From the second to the third grade of junior high school, the students left the Young Pioneers in batches and joined the Chinese Communist Youth League.[54] [55] According to the "Constitution of the Communist Youth League of China," Chinese youths over the age of 14 and under the age of 28 recognize the constitution of the Communist Youth League and are willing to participate in an organization of the Communist Youth League, actively work in it, implement the resolutions of the Communist Youth League, and pay dues on time. If you don't pay the tour fee, you can apply to join the Chinese Communist Youth League. In fact, for personal reasons, quite a few people joined the Communist Youth League at the age of twelve or thirteen, and some people did not join the Communist Youth League until they were of age.[56]

According to the "Constitution of the Communist Youth League," the Communist Youth League establishes grassroots organizations in local state organs, people's organizations, economic organizations, cultural organizations, schools, the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, and other leading organs of non-party organizations. It establishes branches under the general department.[57]

The Communist Youth League has set up Communist Youth League organizations in junior middle schools across the country, that is, Youth League Committees; and set up Youth League Committees in all classes to jointly manage the courses with the class committees. Branches generally have positions such as secretary, organization committee member, and propaganda committee member who are responsible for specific matters.[58]

In China, as long as a person makes no "mistakes", joining the Communist Youth League between the ages of 12 and 15 is almost inevitable, making it one of the world's largest youth organizations with 89 million members.[59]

Subject education

Students must complete nine main subjects at the lower secondary level, seven examined at the end of Year 9 and two at the end of Year 8.[60]

The nine courses are Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages, physics, chemistry, morality and the rule of law, history, geography, and biology.[61] The following are the textbooks of the People's Education Edition according to the curriculum standards. Because schools generally learn the textbook content of the third grade of senior high school entrance examination subjects in advance, it is often challenging to know all the range of non-high school entrance examination subjects due to class hours. Additionally, the third grade of junior high school may not take non-high school entrance examination subjects. Each subject specifies what to study each semester.

In junior high schools students also study physical education, music, art, information technology, labour technology, and other courses.[62] Students in some areas and schools also receive instruction in ethnic languages, local practices, and school-based procedures.[63]

Graduation and further studies

In the 1980s the middle school graduation and senior high school entrance examinations were integrated.[64] "That is to say, if you fail the high school entrance examination, you will face the consequence of not being able to graduate."[65] Even if you are admitted to high school, you will be unable to enter high school because of "dropping out of junior high school." Since the early 1990s, the graduation and entrance examinations have separated. Beginning in the late 1990s, graduation examinations for junior high schools were abolished. As long as the final grades of all courses within three years are above the pass line (60% of the total score), students can graduate without any sanction or revoke all sanctions. Students who drop out of school are often expelled due to voluntary withdrawal or severe violation of school discipline and laws. Few of them drop out for other reasons. Students in the ninth grade (junior third grade) will face the junior high school entrance examination, namely the senior high school entrance examination.[66]

To ensure the enrollment rate, almost all junior high schools adopt various methods to organize junior high school students so they can prepare for the senior high school entrance examination.

The senior high school entrance examination is the graduation examination for junior high school education, and it is also the unified entrance examination for higher-level schools.[67] According to the scores, students are divided into key high schools, ordinary high schools, secondary professional schools, secondary vocational schools, or directly enter society. Since compulsory education ends here, stepping into society has become an option for candidates.

At present the high school entrance examination time in various places is mostly concentrated in the middle and late June; the subjects of the examination are not uniform and are determined by each place according to the situation.[68]

Private education

With the process of opening up in China, some domestic and international groups with abundant funds have begun to devote themselves to the education field, trying to establish a number of high-quality private schools to compete with the public schools directly under the jurisdiction of the education authorities.[69] At the end of the 1990s, there was a wave of private schools being established in large and medium-sized cities across the country. However, due to the insufficient living standards of residents, residents did not have much interest in private schools, and a large number of private schools closed down due to funding problems.[70]

Most of the private schools currently in operation are schools attached to a mansion by real estate developers, and there are also international schools set up by foreign institutions in mainland China.

After-class life

In China students' extracurricular life in the compulsory education stage is generally prosperous.[71] On the one hand, schools provide sufficient time, and some places also provide venues and facilities for extracurricular activities; on the other hand, the residual poison of "score-based" teaching to the test, lousy information in society, and parents' fear of being a queen, has become an obstacle to the all-round development of students.

Winter vacation and summer vacation

Under normal circumstances there are 20 weeks in each semester of compulsory education, meaning 12 weeks of total vacation time each year. These are generally divided into "winter vacation" and "summer vacation."[72] Because the 'winter vacation' includes the Spring Festival, there is no additional holiday for the Spring Festival. Winter and summer vacations are usually about one month in winter and two months in summer. In high latitudes, winter vacation sometimes lasts up to two months.[73]

The impact of the internet on students

In recent years, with the popularity of the Internet in mainland China, more and more children have begun to be influenced by it. Children in large and medium-sized cities have access to electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and tablets from childhood. Students take information technology courses from elementary school and continue through their first year.[74] Information technology courses focus on using computers and application software, but some places also teach simple computer programming. In junior high schools, students can compete in NO IP's famous division.

On the other hand, primary and middle school students are immature and are easily tempted by various information on the Internet. Students at this stage are often addicted to online games, webcasting, and other activities. They even spend a lot of money or use lucky cash, or even their parents' salary and savings.[75] After entering middle school, students enter adolescence and become interested in gender differences. However, people in mainland China generally hold a negative attitude towards sex education,[76] they resulted in a long-term absence of sex education. As a result, pornographic websites are popular. But currently, they have begun to promote related education.

Private education

Private education is the official name of various private training courses and cram schools in mainland China.

Many parents adhere to the concept that "you can't lose at the starting line."[77] And don't hesitate to spend a lot of money and save on food and expenses to enroll their children in various training courses. Some students request to enroll in training courses due to subjective or objective reasons.

In mainland China training courses are generally divided into several types:

Dispute

Expansion of compulsory education

In recent years many people have suggested that China implement a 13-year compulsory education from preschool to senior high school. However, others believe that mainland China is not yet entirely affluent, and blind expansion of mandatory education will only make the country's financial situation worse.[80] Nevertheless, some regions in China have begun to gradually promote 12-year free education by reducing or exempting tuition fees for senior high schools and exempting tuition fees for technical secondary schools and vocational schools, to transition to compulsory education fully.

It is important to note here that free education and compulsory education are two different concepts:[81]

The 12-year free education currently implemented in some parts of mainland China is not all compulsory education. Because the areas in mainland China that implemented 12 years of free education now have a "9+3" education system (nine years of mandatory and three years of free education). Because the first nine years are required, they can be called compulsory education. The next three years are optional and cannot be called mandatory education.[82]

Exam-oriented education

In the short term China still needs to select students through objective quantitative standards, even if there are "reforms of college entrance examinations", "reforms of high school entrance examinations", and "self-enrollment". Therefore, exam-oriented education has become a significant problem that plagues compulsory education workers and students and has seriously hindered the realization of a balanced education. A new version of the "Law on the Protection of Minors," enacted on June 1, 2007, attempted to curb exam-oriented education but had little effect. However, some scholars believe that substituting subjective "quality evaluation" for objective examination competition will induce rampant behaviours of students' parents bribing teachers, eventually leading to "the upper class has no poor family, and the lower class has no family."[83]

Farmers' children's education

Due to the household registration system left over from the past in mainland China,[84] there are considerable differences in the social welfare of various groups of people. This problem is also concentrated in the compulsory education for the children of "migrant workers."

With industrialization and urbanization in mainland China, farmers who initially engaged in agriculture have entered industries other than agriculture, become industrial workers, and moved to cities. Often, their children also left their hometowns and went to the places where they worked. Usually, they are the main class with the lowest income and the worst working conditions in cities in mainland China.

The number of migrant workers is quite large, accounting for a considerable proportion of the population of mainland China.[85] [86] Due to their low income and the lack of local "citizen treatment" in education and other aspects, their children's education has become one of the most prominent problems in the field of primary education in China.[87] However, in recent years, major cities have successively allowed the children of migrant workers to enjoy the same treatment as residents in compulsory education.

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  49. Web site: 政策年年升级！长沙小升初或将越来越严格_小升初资讯_长沙奥数网 . The policy is upgraded every year! The beginning of Changsha's slight rise may be more and more strict . 2023-04-10 . cs.aoshu.com.
  50. Web site: 2018-01-14 . 小升初明年取消择校 可推广片区帮扶模式_网易新闻 . At the beginning of junior high school, school choice can be abolished next year and the district help model can be promoted . 2023-04-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183928/http://news.163.com/15/0202/01/AHDOGCV200014Q4P.html . 2018-01-14 .
  51. Web site: 家长们醒醒吧！学区房不等于好教育 —中国教育在线 . Parents, wake up! School district housing does not equal a good education . 2023-04-10 . xiaoxue.eol.cn.
  52. Web site: 2018-01-14 . 北京小升初电脑派位（大派位）操作流程详解_北京小升初网 . Beijing small ascension computer dispatch (large dispatch) operation process detailed . 2023-04-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183930/http://www.xschu.com/xiaoshengchu/22/15073.html . 2018-01-14 .
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  55. Web site: 中国共青团网 . China Communist Youth League Net . 2023-05-30 . www.gqt.org.cn.
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  57. Web site: 2008-04-08 . 中国共产主义青年团章程 . Constitution of the Communist Youth League . 2023-06-19 . www.gov.cn.
  58. Web site: 2008-04-08 . 中国共产主义青年团章程 . Constitution of the Communist Youth League . 2023-06-19 . www.gov.cn.
  59. Web site: 2008-06-11 . 共青团作为我国最大青年组织助年轻人"孵化"理想 . As the country's largest youth organization, the Communist Youth League helps young people "incubate" their ideals . 2023-05-30 . www.gov.cn.
  60. Web site: 2023-01-23 . 初中课程有哪些科目（初中9门课程介绍与学习技巧） – 知己情感 . Junior high school 9 curriculum introduction . 2023-05-30 . www.zhiji520.com.
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  62. Web site: 2020-09-09 . （2）中小学音乐、体育、美术、劳动技术与专题教育课程设置与实施调研专报（6页）-原创力文档 . Special report on the investigation and implementation of music, physical education, fine arts, labor technology and special education curriculum in primary and secondary schools . 2023-06-19 . max.book118.com.
  63. Book: 少数民族语言教育现状及发展对策 . zh-cn . Present situation and development countermeasures of minority language education.
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  65. Web site: 2021-11-22 . 中考不及格会给毕业证吗 没拿到初中毕业证的后果新闻资讯 – 查字典 . Failed the middle school entrance examination . 2023-06-19 . www.chazidian.com.
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  70. Web site: 2021-07-16 . 2021年中国国际学校行业发展现状及市场规模分析 国际学校行业市场规模逐年增长_前瞻趋势 – 前瞻产业研究院 . Analysis of the development status and market size of China's international school industry in 2021 . 2023-06-19 . bg.qianzhan.com.
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  72. Web site: 2023-04-17 . 学校寒暑假假期国家是怎么规定的-法律快车图文问答 . How does the country regulate school winter and summer holidays . 2023-06-19 . m.lawtime.cn.
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  76. Web site: 2017-09-14 . 《小学生性教育读本》引发家长吐槽：尺度太大！_网易新闻 . Sex Education Book for Primary School parents: Too large scale! . 2023-04-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170914011950/http://news.163.com/17/0303/12/CEJSJ9JF0001875P.html . 2017-09-14 .
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  78. Web site: 2021-07-05 . 奥数在中国的兴起变形历程 . The rise and deformation of Olympiad in China . 2023-06-02 . www.oh100.com.
  79. Web site: 2023-05-23 . 4年级英语辅导班——提高英语口语表达能力的有效途径 . Effective ways to improve English oral expression ability . 2023-06-19 . www.wxkcg.com.
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  81. Web site: 2016-03-09 . 免费教育和义务教育不能混为一谈——人民政协网 . Free education and compulsory education should not be confused . 2023-06-02 . www.rmzxb.com.cn.
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  83. Web site: 2008-01-21 . 《未成年人保护法》6月1日起正式施行 凸显人性关怀－－中国广播网甘肃分网 . The law on the Protection of Minors came into effect on June 1 to highlight human concern – China Broadcasting Network Gansu Branch Network . 2023-06-02 . gs.cnr.cn.
  84. Web site: 2014-07-30 . 国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见_公安_中国政府网 . Opinions of The State Council on further promoting the reform of the household registration system _ Public security _ china.org.cn . 2023-06-02 . www.gov.cn.
  85. Web site: 网易 . 2022-11-20 . 我国"最拼"的省份, 外出务工人数占总人口的40%, 超过河南安徽 . In China's "most competitive" province, migrant workers account for 40 percent of the population, more than Henan and Anhui . 2023-06-02 . www.163.com.
  86. Web site: 2023-03-02 . 国家统计局发布2022年多项数据：1.7亿农民工外出务工 全国人均可支配收入中位数31370元-广安市人民政府 . National Bureau of Statistics releases multiple data for 2022:170 million Migrant workers go out to work National median per capita disposable income of 31,370 yuan – Guang 'an City People's Government . 2023-06-02 . www.guang-an.gov.cn.
  87. Web site: 建议关注外来务工人员的子女教育问题_我说教育_中国政府网 . It is suggested to pay attention to the education of migrant workers' children . 2023-06-02 . www.gov.cn.

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