Comparison of server-side web frameworks explained

This is a comparison of notable web frameworks, software used to build and deploy web applications.

General

Basic information about each framework.

Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

ASP.NET

See also: ASP.NET and List of CLI languages.

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	ASP.NET Dynamic Data
	Base One Foundation Component Library (BFC)	7.51	2018-06-01
	Component-based Scalable Logical Architecture (CSLA)	4.11.2	2019-07-31^[1]
	MonoRail	2.1	2011-03-17^[2]

C++

See also: C++.

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	CppCMS	1.2.1	2018-05-18^[3]
	Drogon	1.9.5	2024-06-08^[4]
	Poco			Boost Software License
	Wt	4.10.4	2024-03-06^[5]	GPL, Proprietary

ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)

See also: ColdFusion Markup Language and Adobe ColdFusion.

Elixir

See also: Elixir (programming language).

Haskell

See also: Haskell.

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	Snap	1.1.3.2^[6]	2023-07-19
	Yesod

Java

See also: Java (programming language) and Java (software platform).

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	Apache Click	2.3.0	2011-03-27
	Apache OFBiz
	Apache Shale	1.0.4	2007-12-19
	Apache Sling	12	2022-03-18
	Apache Struts
	Apache Tapestry
	Apache Wicket
	AppFuse	3.5.0	2015-02-20
	Eclipse RAP	3.11	2019-12-18
	Grails
	Google Web Toolkit	2.9.0	2020-05-02
	JavaServer Faces (Mojarra)
	JBoss Seam	3.1.0 final	2012-01-13
	JWt			GPL, Proprietary
	Netty (software)			Apache License 2.0
	OpenLaszlo	4.9.0	2010-10-21
	Oracle ADF	12.2.1.4	2019-10-09	Oracle Technology Network Developer License
	Play
	Spring
	Stripes	1.6.0	2015-07-23
	Vaadin	14.0.3	2019-09-04
	Wavemaker	11.6.0^[7]	2024-03-03
	WebObjects	5.4.3	2008-09-15

JavaScript

See also: JavaScript and Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks.

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
class="table-rh"	Express.js	4.17.1	2019-05-25
class="table-rh"	Meteor
class="table-rh"	Sails.js	1.2.3	2019-06-18
	Next.js
class="table-rh"	Remix	2.8.1	2021-11-22

Perl

See also: Perl.

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	Catalyst			Artistic, GPL
	Dancer
	Maypole	2.13	2008-04-18
	Mojolicious			Artistic

PHP

See also: PHP.

Project	Start date	Current stable version	Release date	License
	CakePHP	2005-08
	CodeIgniter	2006-02-28
	Fat-Free	2009-09
	FuelPHP	2011-08
	Gyroscope	2008-11-20	20.4^[8]	2023-11-24
	Jamroom	2003-07-28
	Kajona	2006	6.2^[9]	2017-06-08
	Laminas (formerly)	2006-03	3.3.3^[10]	2022-02-21
	Laravel	2011-07-31
	Li3 (Lithium)	2009-10
	Phalcon	2012-11-14	5.8.0^[11]	2024-07-09
	Pop PHP	2012-03-19	5.3.0^[12]	2024-04-01
	PRADO	2004-01
	SilverStripe	2007-02-03
	Smart.Framework	2015-02-01
	Symfony	2005-10
	Yii	2008-12-03

Python

See also: Python (programming language).

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	BlueBream			ZPL
	CherryPy			BSD
	CubicWeb			LGPL
	Django
	FastAPI
	Flask
	Google App Engine			LGPL, Proprietary
	Grok			ZPL
	Jam.py
	Pyjs
	Pylons
	Pyramid
	TACTIC			EPL
	Tornado			Apache
	TurboGears			MIT, LGPL
	web2py			LGPL3
	Zope 2			ZPL

Ruby

See also: Ruby (programming language).

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
	Padrino	0.14.4	2019-01-14^[13]
	Ruby on Rails
	Sinatra

Scala

See also: Scala (programming language).

Project	Current stable version	Release date	License
class="table-rh"	Lift	3.4.3	2020-11-28	Apache licence	Apache 2.0
	Play	2.8.8	2021-04-08	Apache 2.0
	Scalatra	2.8.1	2021-09-25	BSD

Others

Project	Language	Current stable version	Release date	License
	AIDA/Web	Smalltalk	6.7	2014-09-14
	Oracle APEX	PL/SQL	22.2	2022-11-10
	Flex	ActionScript, MXML	4.16.1	2019-11-23
	Grails	Groovy (JVM)	4.0.0	2019-07-11
	Morfik	C#, BASIC, Pascal, Java	3.0.8.1	2010-12-13
	Opa	Opa	1.1.1	2013-04-16^[14]
	OpenACS	Tcl	5.10.0^[15]	2021-09-15
	Seaside	Smalltalk	3.4.4^[16]	2021-02-07

Comparison of features

C++

Project	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	CppCMS
	Wt

Java

Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	Apache Click	Java		Page oriented	Pull
	Apache OFBiz	Java, Groovy, XML,
	Apache Sling	Java					Uses JCR content repository
	Apache Struts	Java
	Apache Tapestry	Java			Pull
	Apache Wicket	Java		(Modular event-driven)	Pull
	Grails	Groovy			Push
	JavaServer Faces	Java			Pull
Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	JBoss Seam	Java			Pull
	JWt	Java
	Play	Java, Scala
	Spring	Java			Push
	Stripes	Java			Pull
	Vaadin	Java
	Wavemaker	JavaScript (client), Java (server)			Push
Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	WebObjects	Java
class="table-rh"	Google Web Toolkit	Java, JavaScript						JUnit (too early), jsUnit (too difficult), Selenium (best)	via Java
class="table-rh"	ZK	Java, ZUML

JavaScript

Project	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	AngularJS
	EmberJS
	qooxdoo
	SproutCore

Perl

Project	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	Catalyst			Push in its most common usage
	Dancer			Push
	Maypole
	Mojolicious			Push

PHP

Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)	Scaffolding	RAD	Mobility
	CakePHP	PHP >= 7.2^[17]
	CodeIgniter	PHP >= 7.2^[18] (ver 4 and up) or PHP >= 5.6.0^[19] (until ver 3.1.11)				^[20]		, Unit tests for v.4 and up						^[21]
	Fat-Free Framework	PHP >= 5.4^[22]
	FuelPHP	PHP >= 5.3.3^[23]								, Plugins available	, Plugins available
	Gyroscope	PHP >= 5.4
	Kajona	PHP >= 7^[24]
	Laminas (formerly)	PHP >= 7.3^[25]
	Laravel	PHP >= 8.0^[26]
	Li3 (Lithium)	PHP >= 5.3.6
	Phalcon	PHP >= 8.0^[27]
	Pop PHP	PHP >= 8.1
	PRADO	PHP >= 7.3^[28]	^[29]
	SilverStripe (Sapphire)	PHP >= 7.1^[30]
	Silex	PHP >= 5.3.9
	Smart.Framework	PHP >= 7.3^[31]
	Symfony	PHP >= 8.1^[32]
	TYPO3	PHP >= 7.2^[33]
	Yii	PHP >= 5.4^[34]												^[35]

Python

Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)	Python 3.*
	CherryPy	Python	-	-	_	-		-	-	-		-	-
		Python			Push
	FastAPI	Python		-	-	-						-
		Python		-	-
		Python, JavaScript		Event driven
	Pyjs	Python, JavaScript		Use PureMVC Python version (compiled to JavaScript)			??, no direct data access
	Pylons	Python			Push
	Pyramid	Python			Push
	TACTIC	Python			Pull
	Tornado	Python		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	TurboGears	Python			Push
	web2py	Python			Push									^[36]
	BlueBream (Zope 3)	Python			Pull
	Zope 2	Python			Pull

Ruby

Project	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	Ruby on Rails			Push
	Sinatra			Push

Others

Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)
	AIDA/Web	Smalltalk
	Application Express	PL/SQL
	Flex	ActionScript, MXML
	Lift	Scala			Pull			^[37]
	Opa	Opa
	OpenACS	Tcl
	Seaside	Smalltalk									, intentionally
Project	Language	Ajax	MVC framework	MVC push-pull	i18n & L10n?	ORM	Testing framework(s)	DB migration framework(s)	Security framework(s)	Template framework(s)	Caching framework(s)	Form validation framework(s)

See also

• Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks
• Comparison of shopping cart software
• Content management system
• Java view technologies and frameworks
• List of content management systems
• List of rich web application frameworks
• List of web service frameworks
• Mobile development framework

Notes and References

1. Web site: Version 4.11.2. Github. 4 September 2019.
2. Web site: Download - Castle Project. castleproject.org.
3. Web site: CppCMS Blog . Blog.cppcms.com . 2023-11-04.
4. Web site: drogonframework/drogon . 2024-07-10 . GitHub . en.
5. Web site: Wt: Release notes . 2024-07-10 . www.webtoolkit.eu.
6. Web site: snapframework/snap . github.com.
7. Web site: 2024-03-04 . WaveMaker 11.6.0 - Release date: 03 March 2024 WaveMaker Docs . 2024-03-06 . www.wavemaker.com . en.
8. Web site: Antradar Downloads . 2023-11-24 . 2023-12-24 . antradar.com.
9. Web site: Releases . github.com . 10 June 2017.
10. Web site: GitHub - laminas/laminas-mvc. 20 March 2019. GitHub.
11. Web site: phalcon/cphalcon . github.com . 2024-07-09.
12. Web site: Releases - popphp/popphp-framework . github.com . 2019-10-17 . 2019-05-30.
13. Web site: Padrino 0.14.4 release. Padrino. 5 September 2019.
14. Web site: The Opa Blog: Some great news on Opa . Blog.opalang.org . 2013-08-18.
15. Web site: OpenACS Home . 2022-04-23 . openacs.org.
16. Web site: Releases · SeasideSt/Seaside · GitHub. 7 February 2021. GitHub. 19 July 2021.
17. Web site: Installation - 4.x . 2020-12-02 . book.cakephp.org.
18. Web site: Server Requirements — CodeIgniter 4 documentation. codeigniter.com. 2020-06-10.
19. Web site: Server Requirements — CodeIgniter 3.1.10 documentation. codeigniter.com. 2017-06-23. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711002349/https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/requirements.html. dead.
20. Web site: Language helper included, must activate & set desired language by parsing HTTP headers. Codeigniter.com. 2013-08-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108090748/http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/language.html. 2012-11-08. dead.
21. Web site: Change Log : CodeIgniter User Guide. EllisLab, Inc.. 19 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150515115118/http://www.codeigniter.com/user_guide/changelog.html. 15 May 2015. dead.
22. Web site: Getting Started - Fat-Free Framework for PHP . 2020-12-02 . fatfreeframework.com.
23. Web site: Requirements - FuelPHP Documentation . 2020-12-02 . fuelphp.com.
24. Web site: Kajona 6.2 shifts the focus to PHP 7 . 2020-12-02 . www.kajona.de.
25. Web site: Zend/Laminas Drops PHP support prior to 7.3 . 2021-01-06 . GitHub . en.
26. Web site: Laravel - The PHP Framework For Web Artisans . 2022-04-23 . laravel.com . en.
27. Web site: Phalcon v5.8 supports only PHP 8.0 and above. .
28. Web site: PRADO PHP Framework . 2022-04-23 . www.pradoframework.net.
29. Web site: PRADO QuickStart Tutorial . Pradosoft.com . 2013-08-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928163438/http://www.pradosoft.com/demos/quickstart/?page=ActiveControls.Home . 2013-09-28 . dead .
30. Web site: Server Requirements . 2020-12-02 . docs.silverstripe.org . en.
31. Web site: 2022-01-07 . Smart.Framework: a practical, modern and high performance PHP / JavaScript Framework for Web featuring Middlewares + MVC . . 2022-04-23.
32. Web site: Installing & Setting up the Symfony Framework (Symfony Docs) . 2022-09-25 . symfony.com . en.
33. Web site: Download TYPO3 - get.typo3.org . 2020-12-02 . get.typo3.org.
34. Web site: Getting Started: Installing Yii . 2020-12-02 . Yii Framework . en.
35. Web site: Initial Prototyping: Scaffolding | Building a Blog System Using Yii | Yii PHP Framework . Yiiframework.com . 2013-08-18.
36. Web site: invalid function (default/images) . Web2py.com . 2019-03-21.
37. Web site: ScalaTest . ScalaTest . 2013-08-18 . 2013-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232749/http://www.scalatest.org/user_guide/using_selenium . dead .