Modern HTML5 has feature-parity with the now-obsolete Adobe Flash.[1] Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages. Flash was specifically built to integrate vector graphics and light games in a web page, features that HTML5 also supports.
Adobe no longer supports Flash Player after December 31, 2020 and blocked Flash content from running in Flash Player beginning January 12, 2021.
The HTML5 specification does not itself define ways to do animation and interactivity within web pages.[2] "HTML5" in this article sometimes refers not only to the HTML5 specification, but to HTML5 and related standards like SVG, JavaScript and CSS 3.
Animation via JavaScript is also possible with HTML 4.
The table below compares the features of the Flash platform, the HTML5 specification and the features implemented in modern web browsers.
| HTML5 standard | HTML web browser features | Adobe Flash/AIR features | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date started | Work began in 2003 Working Draft as of 2011[3] | Work began in 1996 Version 1 released in 1997 | ||
| Desktop operating systems | ||||
| Mobile operating systems | ||||
| Video game consoles | ||||
| Device support | colspan="2" | |||
| Market penetration | [4] | |||
| Browser support | ||||
| Vector graphics formats | ||||
| Bitmap effects | , applied to text or graphics (e.g. Glow, Drop Shadow, Bevel)[5] | |||
| Vector text display | , with Saffron Type System | |||
| Font support | [6] | |||
| Text anti-aliasing | , implemented in most browsers, for system and custom fonts | , in most cases | ||
| Text tab stops | , with Text Layout Framework | |||
| Liquid text layout | , via "div" tag and CSS styling | |||
| Tabular data | , via "table" tag | |||
| Linked text frames | [7] | , with Text Layout Framework[8] | ||
| Programming languages | ||||
| C++ support | ||||
| Code delivery format | Plaintext | Plaintext JavaScript with limited obfuscation, WebAssembly bytecode, GLSL for GPUs, in Canvas elements | Compiled bytecode, can be obfuscated | |
| Data formats | [9] | [10] | ||
| Data compression | ||||
| Image formats | [11] | [12] [13] | ||
| Video formats | [14] | |||
| Streaming video | [15] | [16] | ||
| Audio formats | ||||
| Fullscreen support | [17] | , with warning displayed | ||
| Encryption DRM | ||||
| File system access | ||||
| Bitmap manipulation | , via BitmapData class[18] | |||
| Binary manipulation | , via JavaScript Typed Arrays[19] | , via ByteArray class[20] | ||
| Large binary data | , embedded or streaming binary data[21] | |||
| Offline storage | , via Web storage, HTTP cookie, or Indexed DB to store binary, XML or JSON data[22] | , via Local Shared Objects to store AMF-formatted data | ||
| Metadata |
Originally, web browsers could not render Flash media themselves, and required the proprietary freeware plugin Adobe Flash Player. Until 2008, there was no official specification by which to create an alternative player. Alternative players were developed before 2008, but they supported Flash to a lesser degree than the official one.[23] Flash support is built in to Google Chrome,[24] [25] Internet Explorer 10 (and later),[26] [27] and Microsoft Edge.[28]
The last version of the Adobe Flash Player ran on Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, RIM, QNX and Google TV.
Earlier versions ran on Android 2.2-4.0.x (Flash was released for 4.0, but Adobe discontinued support for Android 4.1 and higher.[29]) (Flash 11.2), Linux (Flash 11.2, except for Pepper Flash which is maintained and distributed by Google, not Adobe), PlayStation 3 (Flash 9), PSP (Flash 6). Adobe Flash Lite runs on Wii, Symbian, Maemo Linux, Windows Mobile, and Chumby.
Apple never allowed Flash to run on iOS, the operating system which runs on iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch and Apple TV. Apple officially dropped support for Adobe Flash from the macOS version of Safari 14 released on September 17, 2020 for macOS 10.14 Mojave & macOS 10.15 Catalina.
In February 2012, Adobe announced it would discontinue development of Flash Player on Linux for all browsers, except Google Chrome, by dropping support for NPAPI and using only Chrome's PPAPI.[30] [31] In August 2016, Adobe announced that, beginning with version 24, it would resume offering of Flash Player for Linux for other browsers.[32] Adobe stopped traditional support for the Flash platform in 2020 and both Firefox and Google Chrome phased out support of Flash.[33]
Almost all web browsers support HTML and other Web standards to various degree. Adobe released a tool that converts Flash to HTML5,[34] and in June 2011, Google released an experimental tool that does the same.[35] [36]
, versions of browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari implement HTML5 to a considerable degree. However, some portions of the HTML5 specification were still being implemented by browser makers.
As of January 2015, YouTube defaults to HTML5 players to better support more devices. HTML5 needs less processing power making it run faster on all browsers. The multimedia integration with HTML5 is quite easy and creates better support for live video streaming on mobile devices also.[37]
Until 2008, the use of Flash was covered by restrictive licenses. The conditions prohibited use of the specification to develop any software (including players) which could render or read (and thus convert) SWF files, and required the output SWF files to be compatible with Adobe's players.[38]
In 2008, restrictions on use of the SWF and FLV/F4V specifications were dropped, and some specifications were released.[39] However, the "SWF File Format Specification Version 10" allegedly did not contain all the needed information, did not contain much information that hadn't been previously known by the community,[40] and itself could not be copied, printed out in more than one copy, distributed, resold or translated, without written approval of Adobe Systems Incorporated.[41]
Flash was not an open standard. It was controlled by one firm, Adobe Systems. In contrast, HTML5 is controlled mostly by a committee, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG).[42]
Various people have praised Flash over the years for rendering consistently across platforms. Constructing sites in Flash was a way to prevent code forking, whereby different versions of a site are created for different browsers.[43] [44]
Speaking at 'Adobe Max' in 2011, Itai Asseo likewise said that, unlike HTML5, Flash offers a way to develop applications that work across platforms. HTML5, he said, is currently implemented differently (if at all) by different browsers. Although the Flash browser plugin is not supported on the Apple iPhone OS, Flash applications can be exported to Adobe AIR, which runs on that operating system as a native application. In the same talk, Mr. Asseo lamented the return to another browser war (as seen in the late 1990s). If Flash falls out of favor, he said, web developers will either have to develop many different versions of their web sites and native applications to take into account different HTML5 implementations, deny access to browsers that do not support their version of HTML, or dramatically reduce the functionality of their sites in order to deliver content to the least-advanced browser.[45]
Constructing Flash websites using Adobe tools is relatively easier than with integrated development environments for CSS, HTML, and JavaScript;[46] however, many of Adobe's tools are expensive and proprietary software.[46]
In 2011 Adobe released a Flash-to-HTML5 conversion tool for existing content[47]
Because HTML5 is an open format, tools like those for Flash can be built for it, too. Applications like Hype[48] and Adobe Edge are already on the market.
Flash had a better performance than HTML according to a comparison of Flash with HTML in 2010 which listed Flash as being faster than the other technologies, when used for non-video animations, although they are catching up.[49] [50]
Some users, more so those on macOS and Linux, complained about the relatively high CPU usage of Flash for video playback.[51] This was partially because the Flash plugin did not use the GPU to render video. Adobe has responded to some of those criticisms in the 10.1 and 10.2 releases of the Flash plugin by offloading H.264 video decoding to dedicated hardware and by introducing a new video API called Stage Video.[52] The use of the newer ActionScript 3.0 inside Flash movies instead of the older ActionScript 2.0 improves code execution speed by a factor of around 10.[53] The software routines written by developers can also affect the performance of applications built in Flash, reasons that would affect HTML5 animations as well.[54]
Flash included DRM support. The main HTML 5 standard does not include any digital rights management functionality directly, instead the Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) specification describes application interface (API) for communication channel between web browsers and digital rights management (DRM) agent software.
Historically, before EME introduction implementations could support DRM, for example in codecs.[55] The proposal to add DRM features to HTML5 itself has been criticized by those who consider openness and vendor-neutrality (both server- and client-side) one of the most important properties of HTML, because DRM is incompatible with free software,[56] [57] and in the proposed form potentially not more vendor-neutral than proprietary plug-ins like Flash.[58] [59]
Both Flash and HTML text can be read by screen readers. However, special care must be taken to ensure Flash movies are read correctly. For example, if a Flash movie is set to repeat indefinitely, this can cause a screen reader to repeat the content endlessly. Selecting the "Make object accessible" check box in Adobe Flash Professional would create a text-only version of the object for screen readers and hide any motion from the screen reader.[60] Since Flash content was usually placed on a single webpage, it appeared as a single entry in search engine result pages, unless developers utilized deep linking to provide multiple links within Flash websites and web applications. User interface widgets in Flash objects would not always behave like their host native counterparts. Keyboard, mouse and other accessibility shortcuts may not have worked unless the webpage developer explicitly added support for it.
Both Flash content and HTML content could be indexed by Google, Yahoo!, and Bing, although bi-directional text (e.g. Arabic, Hebrew) is not supported by Google.[61] [62] Yahoo! added support for indexing Flash sites in 2008, although Google had been able to index them for several years before that. Bing added support for Flash sites in 2010.
See main article: Thoughts on Flash.
Apple promoted HTML5 as an alternative to Flash for video and other content on the iOS, citing performance and security reasons for not allowing Adobe Flash Player to be installed on iOS devices, including the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.[42] Flash applications could be packaged as native iOS applications via the Adobe Integrated Runtime and the iOS Packager.[63]