Teal independents explained

Teal independents, simply known as teals and also called community independents, are a loosely-aligned group of centrist, independent or minor party politicians in Australian politics. They have been characterised as strongly advocating for increased action to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions along with improved political integrity and accountability. They also generally share socially liberal outlooks, including on issues such as LGBT rights, and have harnessed grassroots campaigning to achieve strong swings towards them.

The eponymous colour teal, which has been interpreted by some journalists as a blend of the blue of the Liberal Party and a green signifying green politics, was a dominant feature of campaign branding used by high-profile independent candidates Zali Steggall, Allegra Spender, Monique Ryan, Kate Chaney, Zoe Daniel and Sophie Scamps; however, not all candidates used the colour.

History

2013–2019

The teal movement originates with constituents of the Division of Indi in rural Victoria, who prepared a report about issues in their electorate. Then-MP Sophie Mirabella of the Liberal Party was largely dismissive of the report, causing the group Voices for Indi to be formed, with the aim of making Indi a marginal seat and forcing Mirabella to preferences. Voices for Indi, who chose not to become a party to avoid excluding large portions of the electorate who held loyalties to political parties, endorsed Cathy McGowan. Initially, Voices for Indi was reluctant to go public, and instead chose to meet discretely at Wangaratta Library, as Mirabella had a history of making personal attacks towards opponents, with then-retiring independent MP Tony Windsor describing Mirabella as "the nastiest - I reckon if you put it to a vote to all politicians, she'd come up No. 1."[1] Windsor's comment, prompted by a question on Insiders regarding what he would miss the most about federal politics, went viral both online and in local newspapers. McGowan ran a strong grassroots campaign, managing to raise $117,000 AUD and mobilising members of the local community for campaigning.[2] Mirabella also caused controversy when she took credit for multiple health-related projects in Indi, where she had done minimal campaigning, instead leaving it to the local community. McGowan won the seat at the 2013 election.[3] McGowan retired from parliament at the 2019 federal election and Voices for Indi campaigned for Helen Haines to succeed McGowan. Haines was successful in her election, becoming the first independent in Australian history to succeed another independent.[4]

In 2017, Sandy Bolton was elected as the member for the state electorate of Noosa, running on a platform of climate change and local issues. She was re-elected in 2020.[5]

By 2018, support for the traditional major groupings, the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal-National Coalition, was wavering. At the 2016 election, just over a quarter of voters were voting for minor parties or independents for the Senate. The Grattan Institute published a report in March 2018 labelled 'A Crisis of Trust', detailing the rise of an 'anyone but them'[6] vote against the major parties and the rise of minor parties as a consequence, particularly in regional areas. Critically, over 70% of Australians surveyed believed that Australia's system of government needed reform.

Prior the 2018 Wentworth by-election, Kerryn Phelps, a councillor of the City of Sydney, had been considering a run at the lord mayorality of Sydney, including discussing campaign design and management, when she decided to run for Wentworth. Phelps ran a grassroots campaign similar to McGowan's. Phelps won the seat of Wentworth on a 19% swing towards her, succeeding former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull and forcing Turnbull's successor as prime minister, Scott Morrison, into a minority government. The result was attributed to the dumping of Turnbull, a popular local member and moderate, by the party's conservative wing, as prime minister in favour of Morrison.[7] [8] Climate change was also cited as a key factor in Phelps' win, which conservatives in the Liberal Party had pushed to weaken emission reduction laws.[9] Similar to McGowan, Phelps benefitted from large numbers of campaign volunteers.[10] The result forced the Morrison government into a minority government, requiring the support of a member of the crossbench to pass legislation in the House of Representatives. At the 2019 election, seven months later, Phelps lost the seat to the Liberals' Dave Sharma, who had narrowly lost to Phelps at the 2018 by-election.[11] Simon Holmes à Court, founder of fundraising group Climate 200, expressed anger that he did not invest in Phelps' campaign sufficiently, stating that Climate 200 was "kicking ourselves afterwards that we had under-invested in Kerryn's campaign," and that he believed that a few thousand dollars in additional funding would have resulted in Phelps retaining the seat.Before the 2019 election, a series of community groups, most prominently Vote Tony Out and Voices of Warringah, formed with the intention to eject former prime minister Tony Abbott out of his safe seat of Warringah.[12] Abbott had generated controversy for his climate denialism. He had once called the science behind climate change "crap".[13] Abbott has also been a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage, at odds with his electorate, where over 75% of voters in Warringah supported same-sex marriage at the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, leading to criticism that he was 'out of touch with his electorate'.[14] They began a search for a pro-climate change, centrist candidate similar to Phelps. Journalists Peter FitzSimons and Lisa Wilkinson, Warringah locals, were approached to run for the seat, however both declined. Scientist and environmentalist Tim Flannery had also discussed running for Warringah with community groups, however he never ran.

On New Year's Day, 2019, former alpine skier, bronze medallist at the 1998 Winter Olympics, and lawyer, Zali Steggall, appeared in a 'Vote Tony Out' T-shirt, created by the community group of the same name. Three weeks later, Steggall announced she was running for Warringah, at a rally organised by Vote Tony Out and Voices of Warringah. At the rally, Steggall outlined her key campaign promises, including climate change action, human rights issues, mental health and domestic violence. Steggall benefitted from the backing of several community groups, including Vote Tony Out and Voices of Warringah, as well as the prominent activist group GetUp!, who had vowed to remove Abbott from his seat.[15] During the campaign, Abbott struggled to garner funding, being over $50,000 AUD short of his $150,000 funding goal just two weeks out from the election, a large number of pro-Steggall campaign posters, billboards and clothing, and a grassroots campaign with strong funding sources.[16] Steggall was able to garner over $1.1 million in donations, including Climate 200, bankrolled by Holmes à Court and Atlassian co-founder Mike Cannon-Brookes.[17] Steggall was successful in unseating Abbott, stating that Warringah had “voted for the future”.

Post–2020

The 2021 March 4 Justice has been cited as a key catalyst of the teal movement, organised as a result of the 2021 sexual misconduct allegations, most promenently Brittany Higgins' allegation of being raped at Parliament House, and Morrison government frontbencher Christian Porter's confirmation that he had been named in a historic rape allegation.[18] Morrison received criticism for his apparent need to talk to his wife, Jenny, before responding to the protests. He generated further controversy after refusing, along with his Minister for Women, Marise Payne, to publicly speak to the March 4 Justice protesters, who had surrounded Parliament House. Morrison had lost significant support among women in the leadup to the 2022 election; an Australian Financial Review Ipsos poll had shown that one in three women were voting for Morrison. Social commentator and key campaigner for the teal movement, Jane Caro, stated that she "absolutely [drew] a direct line from the March 4 Justice to the success of the teals."

Climate 200 was revived ahead of the 2022 election by Holmes à Court, to "try to level the playing field for independents once more". Holmes à Court had veteran campaigner Anthony Reid and Byron Fay, a Paris Agreement negotiator who would later become CEO of Climate 200, run a review into Climate 200's first iteration, for the 2019 election, before re-creating it.

Influenced by the corresponding groups in Indi and Warringah, a number of Voices groups organised before the 2022 election, around issues relating to the environment and political integrity.[19] [20] At the 2022 federal election, teal independents defeated six sitting Liberal MPs; Allegra Spender in Wentworth, Kylea Tink in North Sydney, Zoe Daniel in Goldstein, Monique Ryan in Kooyong, Kate Chaney in Curtin, and Sophie Scamps in Mackellar.[21] [22] [23] [24] In addition, Zali Steggall, Rebekha Sharkie and Helen Haines were re-elected. Another ten teal lower house candidates were unsuccessful. In the Senate, David Pocock was elected for the ACT, while two others were not.

Voices groups and Climate 200 stood candidates in a number of seats at the 2022 Victorian election,[25] [26] [27] however none won and only two reached a two-candidate-preferred vote.[28] [29]

In the 2022 Willoughby state by-election, Larissa Penn, who had already ran in 2019, gained 29.66% (or 46.70% in TCP). She has been counted as a teal candidate.[30] [31] In NSW, despite the success of teal independents in 2022 in Sydney, only one teal independent was elected, Judy Hannan in Wollondilly, likely due to optional preferential voting in New South Wales.[32]

Structure

Teal independents are largely female candidates challenging Liberal Party incumbent MPs. Ten candidates for the House of Representatives and one candidate for the Senate considered teal independents were elected in 2022, of which seven were elected for the first time.[33]

Most teal independent candidates have received the support of fundraising group Climate 200, a political funding company led by Simon Holmes à Court. Founded shortly before the 2019 election, Climate 200 gave $437,000 to 12 independents at the 2019 election, deriving from 35 donors, including Holmes à Court and Cannon-Brookes.

Teal independents have been categorised in the media by financial and administrative associations with Climate 200. They are generally unaffiliated to a political party, except Rebekha Sharkie (Centre Alliance, first elected in 2016) and some candidates from The Local Party.[34] Senate candidates David Pocock and Kim Rubenstein also formed political parties for ballot purposes.[35]

In addition to financial support from fundraising organisations such as Climate 200, candidates raised significant amounts of money directly through their personal fundraising arms.[36] [37] [38]

Colour

At the 2019 election and subsequently at the 2022 election, a number of the high-profile candidates in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth used teal colours in their campaign, including Zali Steggall, Allegra Spender, Monique Ryan, Kate Chaney, Zoe Daniel and Sophie Scamps.[39] [40] This led to many using this colour to describe the whole movement by calling them the "teal independents" and calling the independent victories on election night a "teal wave" and "teal bath".[41]

Cathy McGowan's Voices for Indi adopted the colour orange, while her successor Helen Haines continued to use it. Likewise, Rebekha Sharkie has used orange since 2016, in line with her Centre Alliance party, previously known as Nick Xenophon Team.

Other candidates associated with teal independents did not use teal, such as successful candidate Kylea Tink (pink).[42]

The selection of the colour teal, a mix of blue and green, alludes to both the Liberal (blue) electorates they run in, and "green" policies.[43] [44]

Policies

The teal independents have been described as varying from centre-left to centre-right in political orientation, with Kate Chaney and Allegra Spender both descending from former Liberal ministers, and Monique Ryan being a former member of the centre-left Labor Party.[45] Others, such as Zoe Daniel and Helen Haines, have been described as centrist.[46] Generally, teal independents have been described as having progressive social policies, with a focus on climate change, anti-corruption policies and gender equality, while still retaining conservative economics similar to those of the Liberals.[47] Some, such as David Pocock, focus on environmentalism, however others, such as Spender, emphasise economic policy.

In the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum, teal independents were key campaigners for the Yes campaign, competing in a friendly competition to see who could achieve the highest Yes vote in their electorate.[48] Although the referendum was decisively defeated with 60% of voters voting No, all seats held by teal independents, bar Haines' regional seat of Indi, voted Yes.[49]

Reception

Political law professor Graeme Orr describes the movement as a "nascent political movement", sharing resources and strategies across seats, and with similar policy focuses on climate change, government integrity and gender equality.[50]

A number of former politicians on the advisory council of Climate 200 endorsed the teal independents, including John Hewson, Rob Oakeshott, Tony Windsor and Meg Lees. Turnbull, whose former seat of Wentworth was won by Spender, encouraged moderate Liberals to consider voting for the teal independents.[51] Others endorsed specific candidates, such as former Fraser government minister, Ian Macphee, who endorsed Zoe Daniel.[52] In one supportive editorial, The Age found that the teal independents "have often struggled to articulate policies crucial issues to Australia, including its relationship with China, the mounting debt bill, tax reform and cost-of-living pressures".[53]

Due to the impact and significance of the teal independents, "teal" was announced as "word of the year" by the Australian National Dictionary Centre.[54] [55] The teals, as well as Pocock and Haines, were shortlisted for the Emerging Political Leader of the Year 2022 by the McKinnon Prize, which Haines won.[56]

Criticism and opposition

Because many teal independents contested the 2022 election in seats that were generally considered to be Liberal Party strongholds, multiple incumbent and former Liberal politicians were highly critical of the movement in the months prior: Christopher Pyne accused the teal independents of deliberately seeking to consign the Liberal Party to long-term opposition by targeting moderate centrist voters;[57] Josh Frydenberg and Tim Wilson, who were both directly opposed by teal independent candidates, criticised the movement's open association with Climate 200 and called them "fake independents" and "so-called independents";[58] [59] and Morrison argued that sending teal independents to the federal parliament would have a negative impact on Australia's political stability. Former Prime Minister John Howard criticized the teal independents, calling them "anti-Liberal groupies"[60] and stating that they are "...posing as independents".

Independent MP Dai Le, along with Mayor of Fairfield Frank Carbone have formed the Dai Le and Frank Carbone Network, which is explicitly against the teal independents.[61]

Results

2020 Queensland state election

Incumbent party!% 1st pref.!% 2CP!Elected
Claire Richardson[62] OodgerooMark Robinson21.48%
Sandy Bolton[63] NoosaSandy Bolton43.92%65.85%

2022 federal election

Incumbents listed in italics did not re-contest their seats.

† denotes an incumbent MP

Incumbent party!% 1st pref.!% 2CP!Elected
Jo DyerSABoothbyNicolle Flint6.54%
Nicolette BoeleNSWBradfieldPaul Fletcher20.89%45.77%
Kate HookNSWCalareAndrew Gee20.40%40.32%
Claire Ferres MilesVicCaseyTony Smith8.34%
Caz HeiseNSWCowperPat Conaghan26.26%47.68%
Kate ChaneyWACurtinCelia Hammond29.46%51.26%
Despi O'ConnorVicFlindersGreg Hunt7.24%
Zoe DanielVicGoldsteinTim Wilson34.47%52.87%
Liz HabermannSAGreyRowan Ramsey11.26%
Georgia SteeleNSWHughesCraig KellyUnited Australia14.33%
Monique RyanVicKooyongJosh Frydenberg40.29%52.94%
Sophie ScampsNSWMackellarJason Falinski38.11%52.50%
Kylea TinkNSWNorth SydneyTrent Zimmerman25.20%52.92%
Hanabeth LukeNSWPageKevin Hogan13.13%
Alex DysonVicWannonDan Tehan19.29%46.08%
Zali Steggall†NSWWarringahZali Steggall44.82%60.96%
Allegra SpenderNSWWentworthDave Sharma35.77%54.20%
Senate!Candidate!State!% 1st pref.!Elected
David PocockACT21.18%
Kim RubensteinACT4.43%
Leanne MinshullTas1.44%

2022 Victorian state election

Incumbent party!% 1st pref.!% 2CP!Elected
Sarah FentonBellarineLisa NevilleLabor4.58%
Jacqui Hawkins BenambraBill TilleyLiberal31.70%49.06%
Felicity FredericoBrightonJames NewburyLiberal9.10%
Nomi KaltmannCaulfieldDavid SouthwickLiberal6.50%
Melissa Lowe HawthornJohn KennedyLabor19.98%
Sophie TorneyKewTim SmithLiberal21.10%
Kate LardnerMorningtonDavid MorrisLiberal22.42%49.30%
Clarke Martin SandringhamBrad RowswellLiberal6.91%

2023 NSW state election

Incumbent party!% 1st pref.!% 2CP!Elected
Victoria DavidsonLane CoveAnthony RobertsLiberal20.38%
Joeline HackmanManlyJames GriffinLiberal27.19%45.15%
Helen ConwayNorth ShoreFelicity WilsonLiberal21.85%44.31%
Jacqui ScrubyPittwaterRob StokesLiberal35.86%49.34%
Karen FreyerVaucluseGabrielle UptonLiberal17.06%37.12%
Judith HannanWollondillyNathaniel SmithLiberal25.94%51.52%
Legislative Council!Candidate!% 1st pref.!Elected
Elizabeth Farrelly46,737

International impact

In England, the local party Independents for Dorset was inspired by the localism of the Teal independents.[64]

See also

Notes

1.Despite being supported by Climate 200, Hannan has distanced herself from the label "teal".[65]

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  2. News: Cassidy . Barrie . 2013-09-12 . The story of how Cathy McGowan stormed Indi . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-06-11 . 11 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092856/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-13/cassidy-indi/4955258 . live .
  3. News: 2013-09-17 . Sophie Mirabella concedes defeat in Indi . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-06-11 . 11 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092855/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-18/another-500-votes-to-be-counted-in-tight-contest-in-victorian-s/4964708 . live .
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  14. Web site: Patterson . Robbie . 2017-11-15 . Tony Abbott criticised as being 'out of touch with his electorate' after 75 per cent Yes vote in Warringah . 2024-01-04 . 4 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104024622/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/manly-daily/tony-abbott-criticised-as-being-out-of-touch-with-his-electorate-after-75-per-cent-yes-vote-in-warringah/news-story/b91fdbc6c080d84cbc1d3626fdf3b316 . live .
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  17. News: Karp . Paul . Martin . Sarah . 2019-11-04 . Zali Steggall given $1.1m donations in successful bid to topple Tony Abbott . en-GB . The Guardian . 2024-01-04 . 0261-3077 . 26 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230426040528/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/nov/04/zali-steggall-11m-donations-most-of-any-independent-at-2019-election . live .
  18. Web site: Fitzsimmons . Caitlin . 2022-05-14 . Where has the women's rage of 2021 gone? . 2024-01-04 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 4 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061226/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/where-has-the-women-s-rage-of-2021-gone-20220511-p5ake7.html . live .
  19. Web site: 2021-12-02 . The independents are coming: women on a mission focus on climate and integrity . 2022-06-21 . Crikey . en-US . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621042238/https://www.crikey.com.au/2021/12/02/independents-women-mission-2022-election/ . live .
  20. Web site: Wingerei . Kim . 2021-09-24 . "Voices Of" ignites 30 independent movements across Australia . 2022-06-21 . Michael West . en-US . 24 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220624031631/https://michaelwest.com.au/voices-of-ignites-30-independent-movements-across-australia/ . live .
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  23. Web site: Nethery . Amy . The big teal steal: independent candidates rock the Liberal vote . 2022-05-24 . The Conversation . 21 May 2022 . en . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524125721/http://theconversation.com/the-big-teal-steal-independent-candidates-rock-the-liberal-vote-183024 . live .
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  26. Web site: Godde . Rachael Ward and Callum . 2022-08-25 . Ex-mayor to contest Vic election in teal . 2022-08-30 . Goulburn Post . en-AU . 30 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220830001438/https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/7876582/ex-mayor-to-contest-vic-election-in-teal/ . live .
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  32. News: Davies . Anne . 2023-03-27 . Independent Judy Hannan expected to win seat of Wollondilly in NSW election . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-07-23 . 0261-3077 . 12 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230412061137/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/27/teal-independent-judy-hannan-expected-to-win-seat-of-wollondilly-in-nsw-election . live .
  33. News: 2022-05-07 . Female 'teal' independents are stepping up for change — and conservatives seem spooked . en-AU . ABC News . 2022-06-21 . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621042237/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-08/women-teal-independents-federal-election-shift-power-politics/101042148 . live .
  34. Web site: Climate 200 supported candidates . 19 May 2022 . www.climate200.com.au . en-AU . 21 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220521125400/https://www.climate200.com.au/candidates . dead .
  35. News: 2022-06-14 . David Pocock officially becomes the ACT's first independent senator, unseating Zed Seselja . en-AU . ABC News . 2022-06-21 . 2 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702104341/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-14/david-pocock-independent-wins-act-senate-unseats-zed-seselja/101149606 . live .
  36. Web site: 2022-05-23 . Teal independents: who are they and how did they upend Australia's election? . 2022-06-21 . the Guardian . en . 14 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614071030/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/23/teal-independents-who-are-they-how-did-they-upend-australia-election . live .
  37. Web site: Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates . 2022-06-21 . MSN . en-AU . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621042238/https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/who-are-the-teal-independents-your-questions-answered-about-the-candidates-fighting-for-some-of-australia-s-wealthiest-electorates/ar-AAWnU88 . live .
  38. News: 2022-11-07 . 'Level' the playing field. Teal independents spent millions to win Liberal seats . en-AU . ABC News . 2022-11-07 . 6 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106003711/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-07/climate-200-nearly-6-million-in-political-donations-election/101624016 . live .
  39. Web site: 2022-05-21 . Teal and Green wave surges through inner-city seats . 2022-05-24 . Australian Financial Review . en . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524125721/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/teal-and-green-wave-surges-through-inner-city-seats-20220521-p5ancn . live .
  40. News: 2022-05-21 . 'Teal' independent Zoe Daniel claims victory over Liberal Tim Wilson in Melbourne seat of Goldstein . en-AU . ABC News . 2022-05-24 . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524125721/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-21/goldstein-zoe-daniel-liberal-tim-wilson-federal-election-2022/101079672 . live .
  41. News: 2022-05-21 . The 'teal bath' of independents heading to parliament . en-AU . ABC News . 2022-06-21 . 22 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220522024420/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-21/teal-independents-election-night/101085766 . live .
  42. Web site: 2022-05-21 . The teal wave: Meet the women who took on the Liberal Party and won . 2022-05-24 . The New Daily . en-US . 22 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220522170252/https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/politics/australian-politics/federal-election-2022/2022/05/22/teal-wave-pro-climate-women/ . live .
  43. Web site: Australian conservative party faces teal independent threat . . 21 May 2022 . 19 May 2022 . 18 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118071333/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-liberal-party-malcolm-turnbull-australian-climate-b2082447.html . live .
  44. Web site: Elias Visontay . 21 May 2022 . Australia election: conservative government voted out after nearly a decade . 21 May 2022 . . 14 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230614205714/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/21/australia-election-conservative-government-voted-out-after-nearly-a-decade . live .
  45. Web site: 2022-05-18 . Fifty shades of teal . 2023-06-10 . Pursuit . en . 10 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610102503/https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/fifty-shades-of-teal . live .
  46. Web site: Millar . Royce . 2022-05-06 . A secret party? Immoral? Explaining who the 'teal' independents really are . 2023-06-10 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 20 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114725/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/a-secret-party-immoral-explaining-who-the-teal-independents-really-are-20220505-p5aio4.html . live .
  47. Web site: Nethery . Amy . 2022-05-03 . Why teal independents are seeking Liberal voters and spooking Liberal MPs . 2023-06-10 . The Conversation . en . 10 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610102505/http://theconversation.com/why-teal-independents-are-seeking-liberal-voters-and-spooking-liberal-mps-182133 . live .
  48. Web site: Sakkal . Paul . 2023-01-27 . Teals to compete to see who can get the most Yes votes for the Voice . 2024-01-03 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 4 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204110058/https://www.smh.com.au/national/teals-to-compete-to-see-who-can-get-the-most-yes-votes-for-the-voice-20230127-p5cfzn.html . live .
  49. Web site: Kenny . Mark . 2023-11-12 . Halfway through their term, the 'teal' MPs look here to stay – and may present a huge challenge in 2025 . 2024-01-03 . The Conversation . en-US . 3 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240103111043/http://theconversation.com/halfway-through-their-term-the-teal-mps-look-here-to-stay-and-may-present-a-huge-challenge-in-2025-216528 . live .
  50. News: Millar . Royce . 6 May 2022 . A secret party? Immoral? Explaining who the 'teal' independents really are . en . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 May 2022 . 20 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114725/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/a-secret-party-immoral-explaining-who-the-teal-independents-really-are-20220505-p5aio4.html . live .
  51. Web site: Tomazin . Farrah . 2022-05-05 . Turnbull encourages voters to back independents to 'thwart' Liberal factions . 2023-07-23 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 23 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723085633/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/turnbull-encourages-voters-to-back-independents-to-thwart-liberal-factions-20220505-p5aiui.html . live .
  52. Web site: December 2021 #auspol . Ian Macphee 1 .
    1. ausvotes
    .
    1. GoldsteinVotes
    .
    1. IndependentsDay
    . Page . Front . Macphee . Ian . Jansson 1 . Wayne . 2021-12-01 . ESSAY: Former #GoldsteinVotes moderate Liberal MP Ian Macphee makes the case for Daniel . 2022-06-21 . No Fibs Independents Day . en-AU . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629184951/https://nofibs.com.au/essay-former-moderate-goldsteinvotes-liberal-mp-ian-macphee-makes-the-case-for-daniel/ . live .
  53. Web site: View . The Age's . 2022-05-13 . Who's afraid of the independents? . 2022-06-21 . The Age . en . 16 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220616073239/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/who-s-afraid-of-the-independents-20220512-p5aknz.html . live .
  54. Web site: Power . Julie . 2022-11-22 . The colour of change: How teal became Australia's word of the year . 2022-11-24 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 24 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124002602/https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-colour-of-change-how-teal-became-australia-s-word-of-the-year-20221122-p5c0as.html . live .
  55. Web site: Australia's Word of the Year is a colourful nod to the teal wave of independents that swept the federal election . 2022-11-24 . MSN . en-AU . 24 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124002559/https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/australias-word-of-the-year-is-a-colourful-nod-to-the-teal-wave-of-independents-that-swept-the-federal-election/ar-AA14qOu5 . live .
  56. Web site: The 2022 Prize . 2023-07-23 . McKinnon Prize . en-US . 23 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723085634/https://www.mckinnonprize.org.au/the-2022-prize/ . live .
  57. News: Pyne . Christopher . What the 'teal independents' are really doing. . subscription . 2 June 2022 . The Advertiser . 8 May 2022.
  58. Web site: 2021-12-13 . Tim Wilson is getting hysterical . 2022-06-21 . The AIM Network . en-AU . 13 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211213025355/https://theaimn.com/tim-wilson-is-getting-hysterical/ . live .
  59. News: Nethery . Amy . Why teal independents are seeking Liberal voters and spooking Liberal MPs . en . The Conversation . 22 May 2022 . 21 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220521175419/https://theconversation.com/why-teal-independents-are-seeking-liberal-voters-and-spooking-liberal-mps-182133 . live .
  60. Web site: Knott . Matthew . 2022-04-23 . 'Anti-Liberal groupies': John Howard blasts 'teal' independents . 2023-06-10 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . 10 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230610110019/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/anti-liberal-groupies-john-howard-blasts-teal-independents-20220423-p5afl5.html . live .
  61. Web site: Fairfield Mayor Frank Carbone and Fowler MP Dai Le to form Western Sydney-focused 'anti-teals' party . The Daily Telegraph . 10 June 2023 . 27 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527053322/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/fairfield-mayor-frank-carbone-and-fowler-mp-dai-le-to-form-western-sydneyfocused-antiteals-party/news-story/5e6a9eb673b5b8d921dc0e9b758fd0ac . live .
  62. News: Smee . Ben . 2020-10-28 . Queensland election's 'parallel with Warringah': why independent Claire Richardson could topple LNP incumbent . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-05-01 . 0261-3077 . 1 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501181611/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/oct/29/queensland-election-warringah-independent-claire-richardson-lnp-mark-robinson . live .
  63. Web site: Sandy Bolton, Queensland's first teal independent, on what the new guard can expect. ABC News. 30 April 2023. 30 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013305/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/101105068. live.
  64. Web site: View . Dorset . 2022-06-06 . All for Dorset calls for independent candidates . 2024-05-05 . Dorset View . en-GB.
  65. News: 2023-03-28 . Climate 200-backed candidate tipped to win NSW election seat moves to distance herself from 'teal' label . en-AU . ABC News . 2023-03-28 . 28 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062432/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-28/independent-judy-hannan-likely-to-win-wollondilly-nsw-election/102151504 . live .

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