Papilio bianor explained
Papilio bianor, also known as the common peacock, Chinese peacock black swallowtail emerald[1] or Chinese peacock or bianor's emperor machaon - is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtails.[2] It is native to Continental Asia.[3] It is the state butterfly of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.[4] [5]
Description
This species is variable in size. Individuals emerged in the spring reach 4 to 8 centimeters wide, while those emerged in the summer can reach 12 centimeters.[1] The forewings are black with dark veining and green scales. The undersides are brown, turning white distally with dark veining. The hindwings are tailed and have ridged edges containing reddish eyespots. The body is black with green scales.[3]
The male has black hair on the forewings, which the female lacks.[1]
Subspecies
There are many subspecies.[3]
- P. b. okinawensis (Yaeyama islands, Okinawa, Japan)
- P. b. ryukyuensis (Okinawa islands, Japan)
- P. b. amamiensis (Amami islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
- P. b. tokaraensis (Tokara islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
- P. b. hachijonis (Hachijo island, Izu islands, Japan)
- P. b. kotoensis Sonan, 1927 (Taiwan)
- P. b. thrasymedes Fruhstorfer 1909 (Taiwan)
- P. b. polyctor Boisduval, 1836
- P. b. ganesa Doubleday, 1842 (Sikkim, Assam, N.Vietnam, Yunnan)
- P. b. gladiator Fruhstorfer, 1902
Biology
This species can be found in forests and other wooded areas. It can occur in suburban and urban areas if appropriate host plants are available.[1]
Food plants include species of citrus, prickly ash, cork trees, trifoliate orange, rue, and Japanese skimmia.[3]
Using the species as a model to investigate the iridescent colour evolution, phylogeography, and the evolution of swallowtail butterflies a chromosome scale genome has been sequenced, the final assembly being 421.52 Mb in size, with 15,375 protein-coding genes and 30 chromosomes (29 autosomes and 1 Z sex chromosome).[6] Phylogenetic analysis of this data indicating that P. bianor separated from a common ancestor of swallowtails ~23.69–36.04 million years ago.
Further reading
- Book: Bauer E, Frankenbach T . 1998 . Schmetterlinge der Erde . Butterflies of the World . German . Part 1: Papilionidae . Keltern . Goecke & Evers, Canterbury: Hillside Books . 978-3-931374-62-4 .
- Book: Igarashi S, Fukuda H . The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies . 1 . Tokyo . Tokai University Press . 1997 .
- Book: Moriue N, Hayashi M . The Handbook of Insects and their Host Plants . Bun-ichi Sougou Shuppan . 2007 . 978-4-8299-0026-0 .
Notes and References
- Perveen F, Khan A, Sikander . 2014 . Characteristics of butterfly (Lepidoptera) fauna from Kabal, Swat. Pakistan. . Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies . 2 . 1 . 56–69 .
- Dong Y, Zhu LX, Wu YF, Wu XB . The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese peacock, Papilio bianor (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) . Mitochondrial DNA . 24 . 6 . 636–8 . December 2013 . 23442187 . 10.3109/19401736.2013.772161 . 1611016 .
- Web site: Papilio bianor . butterflycorner.net .
- Web site: Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor . 2017-01-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094143/http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg . live . 8 January 2017 . dmy-all . Devalsari Environment Protection & Technology Development Society .
- Web site: Nihi . Sharma . vanc . Hindustan Times . Uttarakhand to declare 'Common Peacock' as state butterfly . 2017-01-09 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170102220838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html . 2 January 2017 . dmy-all . 2016-11-18 .
- Lu S, Yang J, Dai X, Xie F, He J, Dong Z, Mao J, Liu G, Chang Z, Zhao R, Wan W, Zhang R, Li Y, Wang W, Li X . 6 . Chromosomal-level reference genome of Chinese peacock butterfly (Papilio bianor) based on third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis . GigaScience . 8 . 11 . November 2019 . 31682256 . 6827417 . 10.1093/gigascience/giz128 .
