Common Era Explained

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: " CE" and "AD " each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year.[1] [2]

The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin: annus aerae nostrae vulgaris,[3] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms.[4] They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christians by not referring to Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, especially via the religious terms "Christ" and Latin: [[Dominus (title)|Dominus]] ("Lord") utilized by the other abbreviations.[5] [6]

History

Origins

See also: Anno Domini. The idea of numbering years beginning from the date he believed to be the date of birth of Jesus, was conceived around the year 525 by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus. He did this to replace the then dominant Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. He numbered years from an initial reference date ("epoch"), an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus.[7] [8] Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi" [Year of our Lord Jesus Christ].

This way of numbering years became more widespread in Europe with its use by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus, without a year zero. In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.

Vulgar Era

The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Gregorian calendar which was in popular use from dates of the regnal year (the year of the reign of a sovereign) typically used in national law. (The word 'vulgar' originally meant 'of the ordinary people', with no derogatory associations.)

The first use of the Latin term Latin: anno aerae nostrae vulgaris may be that in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler. Kepler uses it again, as Latin: ab Anno vulgaris aerae, in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[9] and again, as Latin: ab anno vulgaris aerae, in 1617.[10] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English that may be the earliest-found use of Vulgar Era in English.[11] A 1701 book edited by John Le Clerc includes the phrase "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,6".[12]

The Merriam Webster Dictionary gives 1716 as being the date of first use of the term "vulgar era" (to mean Christian era).[13]

The first published use of "Christian Era" may be the Latin phrase Latin: annus aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book, Latin: De Eucharistica controuersia.[14] In 1649, the Latin phrase Latin: annus æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[15] A 1652 ephemeris may be the first instance found so far of the English use of "Christian Era".[16]

The English phrase "Common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[17] and in a 1715 book on astronomy it is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[18] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to "the common era of the Jews".[19] The first use of the phrase "before the common era" may be that in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[20] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[21] [22] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[23] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era".[24] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[25]

The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a 'generic' sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[26] [27] "the common era of the Mahometans",[28] "common era of the world",[29] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[30] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[31] "common era of the Nativity",[32] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[33]

An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Latin: Era Vulgaris was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[34]

History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation

Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often use the Gregorian calendar without the AD prefix.[35] As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[36], Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for more than a century. Jews have also used the term Current Era.[37]

Contemporary usage

Some academics in the fields of theology, education, archaeology and history have adopted CE and BCE notation despite some disagreement.[38] A study conducted in 2014 found that the BCE/CE notation is not growing at the expense of BC and AD notation in the scholarly literature, and that both notations are used in a relatively stable fashion.[39]

United Kingdom

In 2002, an advisory panel for the religious education syllabus for England and Wales recommended introducing BCE/CE dates to schools,[40] and by 2018 some local education authorities were using them.

In 2018, the National Trust said it would continue to use BC/AD as its house style.[41] English Heritage explains its era policy thus: "It might seem strange to use a Christian calendar system when referring to British prehistory, but the BC/AD labels are widely used and understood."[42] Some parts of the BBC use BCE/CE, but some presenters have said they will not. As of October 2019, the BBC News style guide has entries for AD and BC, but not for CE or BCE.[43] The style guide for The Guardian says, under the entry for CE/BCE: "some people prefer CE (common era, current era, or Christian era) and BCE (before common era, etc.) to AD and BC, which, however, remain our style".[44]

United States

In the United States, the use of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks was reported in 2005 to be growing. Some publications have transitioned to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch to BCE/CE, ending a period of 138 years in which the traditional BC/AD dating notation was used. BCE/CE is used by the College Board in its history tests,[45] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[46] The 2006 style guide for the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News says that BCE and CE should be used.[47]

In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of local discretion.[48] [49] [50]

Australia

In 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[51] The change drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumours and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[52]

Canada

In 2013, the Canadian Museum of Civilization (now the Canadian Museum of History) in Gatineau (opposite Ottawa), which had previously switched to BCE/CE, decided to change back to BC/AD in material intended for the public while retaining BCE/CE in academic content.[53]

Rationales

Support

The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD. Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.[54] [55] [56]

Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.

Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan[57] has argued:

Adena K. Berkowitz, in her application to argue before the United States Supreme Court, opted to use BCE and CE because "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designationsB.C.E. and C.E. cast a wider net of inclusion".[58] In the World History Encyclopedia, Joshua J. Mark wrote "Non-Christian scholars, especially, embraced [CE and BCE] because they could now communicate more easily with the Christian community. Jewish, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist scholars could retain their [own] calendar but refer to events using the Gregorian Calendar as BCE and CE without compromising their own beliefs about the divinity of Jesus of Nazareth".[59] In History Today, Michael Ostling wrote "BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord? The continuing use of AD and BC is not only factually wrong but also offensive to many who are not Christians".

Opposition

Some critics often note the fact that there is no difference in the epoch of the two systems, a moment about four to seven years after the date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth. BCE and CE are still aligned with BC and AD, which denote the periods before and after Jesus was born.[60]

Some Christians are offended by the removal of the reference to Jesus in the Common Era notation.[61] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.

Roman Catholic priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option, since they are still using the Christian calendar numbers, forcing it on other nations.[62] In 1993, the English-language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated a slippery slope scenario in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."

Conventions in style guides

The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which still often precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[63] Thus, the current year is written as in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as CE, or as AD), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., "

B.C.E." or "C.E.").[64] The US-based Society of Biblical Literature style guide for academic texts on religion prefers BCE/CE to BC/AD.[65]

Similar conventions in other languages

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Anno Domini . Merriam Webster Online Dictionary . 2003 . Merriam-Webster . Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord . 4 October 2011.
  2. Web site: Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/ . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 12 November 2011.
  3. Web site: Coolman. Robert. Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D.. Live Science. 11 November 2017.
  4. Web site: Year dating conventions . Fred . Espenak . . 25 February 2008 . 24 August 2021.
  5. News: Herrmann . Andrew . 27 May 2006 . BCE date designation called more sensitive . Chicago Sun-Times . dead . 18 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html . 10 August 2017 . The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity. ... The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians.
  6. 41 . Westminster dictionary of theological terms . C. E. . Donald K . McKim . 1996 . Westminster John Knox Press . 978-0-664-25511-4.
  7. Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1
  8. Book: Bromiley, Geoffrey W. . 686. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing . 1995 . 978-0-8028-3781-3.
  9. Book: Kepler, Johann . Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis... . Plancus . 1616 . dead --> .
  10. Book: Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]... . Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX. . Johannes Kepler. Johannes . Keppler . Jakob . Bartsch . Johannes Plancus . 1617 . (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636. (His third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617))
  11. Book: Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ... . Johann Kepler . Adriaan Vlacq . 1635.
  12. Book: The Harmony of the Evangelists . John . Le Clerc . London . Sam Buckley . 5 . 1701 . Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6.
  13. Web site: Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era . 18 May 2011.
  14. Book: Clivaz, Claire . French: Lire demain
    Reading tomorrow
    . Common Era 2.0 . 38 . ... the expression "Christian era" appears in Latin in a 1584 theology book (Grynaeus and Beumler 1584) . EPFL Press . 2012 . 9782889141494.
  15. Book: WING, Vincent . Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. . 1649 . London . J.L. for the Company of Stationers . anni æræ Christianæ, 1649.
  16. Book: A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester . Sliter, Robert . 1652 . Printed for the Company of Stationers . London.
  17. Book: The History of the Works of the Learned . 10 . 9 . London . January 1708 . 513 . ... to the fourth century of the Common Era. (Possibly the first use of common era in English (1708))
  18. Book: Gregory, David. The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical . John Nicholson. John Morphew . John Morphew . 1715 . Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ . 252 . J. Nicholson . London . 1 . Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
  19. Book: Sale, George. An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time . George Sale . Psalmanazar, George . Bower, Archibald . Shelvocke, George . Campbell, John . Swinton, John . 1759 . And it doth not appear, that they began to reckon from the creation till after their Gemarrah was finished;at which time they fixed that for their common era . C. Bathurst [etc.] . London . 13. 130 . An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. [In this case, ''their'' refers to the Jews.]
  20. Book: Hooper, William . Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich . The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres . 3 . 63, 105 . 1770 . J Robson and B. Law . London . The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63); 1796 years before the common era [...] 776 before the vulgar era. (p105) . [Possibly the first English use of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770)]
  21. Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica . 228 . Peter . St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era . 1797 . A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar . MacFarquhar, Colin . Gleig, George.
  22. Encyclopedia: Encyclopædia Britannica . 50. Paul . This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, some time after our Saviour's death. . 1797 . A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar . MacFarquhar, Colin . Gleig, George .
  23. Book: The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition . 1835 . Alexander Campbell . 16–20 . 18 May 2011. Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement) .
  24. Book: The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition . 1835 . Alexander Campbell . 15–16 . 18 May 2011. Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement) .
  25. Catholic Encyclopedia . http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#christian . General Chronology . Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living. .
  26. Encyclopedia: Epoch . https://archive.org/details/popularencyclop13encygoog/page/207/mode/1up? . the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760 . Popular Encyclopedia or Conversations Lexicon . Oxford University Press . A. Whitelaw . Alexander Whitelaw (editor). 1874 . 207 . V.
  27. Book: 176 . The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the gentile, and the Church of God . 1858 . Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618–5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology. . Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt .
  28. Book: 4 . Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar . Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet. . Gumpach, Johannes von . 1856 . Oxford University Press.
  29. Book: Jones, William. 354 . The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones . 1801 . London. Rivington.
  30. Book: 284 . 1854 . Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century . . Fetridge and Company . Boston.
  31. Book: Baynes, Thomas Spencer . 711 . 1833 . The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature . New York . Henry G. Allen and Company . 9 . V .
  32. Book: Todd, James Henthorn . It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord. . 1864 . St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission . https://archive.org/details/cu31924029424110/page/495497 . Hodges, Smith & Co . Dublin . James Henthorn Todd .
  33. Book: xvi . Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles . Heneage Elsley . 1812 . 2nd . T. Payne . London . true.
  34. Book: Kaczynski, Richard . The Weiser Concise Guide to Aleister Crowley . 48 . Weiser Books . 1 April 2009.
  35. Web site: Jews do not generally use the words 'A.D.' and 'B.C.' to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. 'A.D.' means 'the year of our L-rd,' and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era). . Tracey R Rich . Judaism 101 . 18 May 2011.
  36. Web site: Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions . Jewish Communities & Records . Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected. . 18 May 2011. [19 Sivan 5585 [[Anno Mundi|AM]] is 5 June 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
  37. Web site: History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE. 8 February 2005 . BBC Team . BBC Religion & Ethics . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 April 2016.
  38. See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use CE (common era), BP (before present), or BCE; convert these expressions to AD and BC." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years BP" in connection with radiocarbon ages.) Web site: Style Guide . Society for Historical Archaeology . December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052334/http://www.sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf . 19 April 2016 . 16 January 2017 . live . whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach, supporting the use of "CE" and "BCE." Web site: AAA Style Guide . PDF . American Anthropological Society. 2009 . 26 May 2015 . 3.
  39. Cavacini. A. . Is the CE/BCE notation becoming a standard in scholarly literature? . Scientometrics . 2015 . 102 . 2 . 1661–1668 . 10.1007/s11192-014-1352-1 . 255011561 .
  40. News: AD and BC become CE/BCE . 9 February 2002 . 5 February 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111220120909/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do . 20 December 2011 . This is London.
  41. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/12/national-trust-tells-properties-stick-anno-domini-historic-site/ "National Trust tells properties to stop dropping BC and AD out of fear it might offend non-Christians"
  42. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/history/stonehenge-glossary/ Stonehenge glossary, "BC and AD"
  43. Web site: BBC News style guide . BBC . 11 October 2019.
  44. Web site: Guardian style guide . Guardian . 5 October 2019.
  45. Web site: AP: World History . 18 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110505010633/http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist . 5 May 2011 . dead.
  46. Web site: Jerusalem Timeline . History Channel . 18 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem . 20 May 2011 .
    Web site: Jerusalem: Biographies . History Channel . 18 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem . 20 May 2011 .
  47. Web site: Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual . https://web.archive.org/web/20060620230309/http://ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf . dead . 20 June 2006 . Maryland Church News . 1 April 2005 . 18 May 2011 .
  48. Web site: State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy . Family Foundation of Kentucky . 18 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110427032052/http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html . 27 April 2011 .
  49. News: School board keeps traditional historic designations . https://web.archive.org/web/20090710123618/http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119 . dead . 10 July 2009 . Joe Biesk . Louisville Courier-Journal . 15 June 2006 . 18 May 2011 .
  50. Web site: Kentucky Board of Education Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20060926165947/http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf. dead. 26 September 2006. Kentucky Board of Education Report . 10 June 2006 . 18 May 2011.
  51. News: Malkin . Bonnie . Anger in Australia as school books 'write Christ out of history' . The Telegraph . 2 September 2011 . London . 1 January 2020 . 0307-1235 .
  52. News: AD/BC rock solid in curriculum . 21 October 2011. 4 March 2012 . Melbourne . The Age.
  53. https://nationalpost.com/holy-post/museum-of-civilization-putting-the-christ-back-in-history-as-bc-and-ad-return "Museum of Civilization putting the 'Christ' back in history as BC and AD return"
  54. Book: The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice. 1910. 1116. It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord ....
  55. Book: World Religions At Your Fingertips. Michael McDowell . Nathan Robert Brown . Penguin. 2009. 978-1-101-01469-1. 38. Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin Latin: Anno Domini, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord.' This was a shortening of Latin: Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ.'.
  56. BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord?. Michael. Ostling . History Today . 59 . 10 . October 2009 . 10 March 2023.
  57. News: Lefevere . Patricia . Annan: 'Peace is never a perfect achievement' – United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan . National Catholic Reporter . 11 December 1998 . https://archive.today/20120713031248/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_7_35/ai_53460476/ . dead . 13 July 2012 . 26 February 2008 .
  58. News: B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.? . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20180814202630/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html . 14 August 2018 . Safire . William . 17 August 1997 . New York Times.
  59. The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System. . World History Encyclopedia . Joshua J. . Mark . 27 March 2017 . https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1041/the-origin--history-of-the-bcece-dating-system/ . 8 August 2022.
  60. Web site: What is the Difference Between AD, BC, BCE, and CE in Identifying Historical Dates? . Historical Index . Michael . Pollick . 23 October 2023 . 30 November 2023.
  61. News: Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'. https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132926/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064. dead. 12 October 2007. Whitney. Susan. The Deseret News. 2 December 2006. 'I find this attempt to restructure history offensive,' Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers. ... 'The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to "not impose the standards of one culture on others." ... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.'. 18 May 2011.
  62. Book: Panikkar, Raimon . Raimon Panikkar . Christophany: The Fullness of Man . Maryville, NY . Orbis Books . 2004 . 173. To call our age 'the Common Era,' even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.. 978-1-57075-564-4.
  63. Book: Chicago Manual of Style . 17th . 978-0-226-28705-8 . 2017 . University of Chicago Press . ¶ 9.34 .
  64. Web site: Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition . 2003 . University of Chicago Press . Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070909071543/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html. 9 September 2007. 26 May 2015.
  65. SBL Handbook of Style Society of Biblical Literature 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see § 7.1.3.2.)"
  66. German: Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838 (19 May 1838). See page 175 in Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2 (Leipzig 1838).
  67. , German: Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (Leipzig 1862–1869).
  68. Web site: 149 . Karl Ludwig Freiherr . von und zu Guttenberg . Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg . Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat . May 1938 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120119145938/http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf . 19 January 2012 . 15 April 2018 .
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