| Conventional Long Name: | Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
| Event Start: | Declared |
| Year Start: | 1812 |
| Date Start: | 1 July |
| Event1: | Joining the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland |
| Date Event1: | 14 July 1812 |
| Event2: | Russian conquest of Lithuanian territory |
| Date Event2: | December 1812 |
| Event End: | Dissolution of the government-in-exile |
| Year End: | 1813 |
| Date End: | 30 April |
| Title Leader: | Grand Duke |
| Leader1: | Frederick Augustus I |
| Year Leader1: | 1812–1813 |
| Title Deputy: | President |
| Deputy1: | Józef Sierakowski |
| Year Deputy1: | 1812 (first) |
| Deputy2: | Stanisław Sołtan |
| Year Deputy2: | 1812–1813 (last) |
| Government Type: | Constitutional monarchy |
| Common Languages: | |
| Demonym: | Lithuanian |
| Capital: | Vilnius |
| P1: | Russian Empire |
| Flag P1: | Flag of Russia.svg |
| S1: | Russian Empire |
| Flag S1: | Flag of Russia.svg |
The Provisional Government Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; also, the Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (Polish: Komisja Rządu Tymczasowego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego; also Komisja Rządząca Tymczasowa Litewska; French: Gouvernement provisoire de Lituanie; also Gouvernement général de la Lituanie, Lithuanian Lietuvos laikinosios vyriausybės komisija) was a provisional administrative body for Lithuania, which had been overtaken by Napoleon's Grand Army during the 1812 French invasion of Russia.[1] On 14 July 1812 the Commission formally joined the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, creating the united Kingdom of Poland.
The commission was established on 1 July 1812 by order of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.[2] Its chief tasks included the creation of Lithuanian armed forces, and the provisioning of Napoleon's troops.[2] The provinces of Vilnius, Grodno, Minsk and Białystok were attached to the jurisdiction of the government of Lithuania.
Central, regional and local bodies of the civil administration of the 4 provinces were subordinated to him. Departments were divided into divisions headed by sub-prefects. In each of them, and later in the Vitebsk and Mogilev departments (not subordinate to the government, subordinate to the military governor Charpentier), an administrative commission of 3 members, appointed or approved by Napoleon, was organized under the chairmanship of the French quartermaster. The structure of municipal (city) self-government was organized according to the example of Vilnius. At the same time, a system of military-administrative management of the region was created. The bodies of the Napoleonic administration were mainly involved in the organization of armed formations, provision of troops, and collection of funds.[2]
The Provisional Government of Lithuania, initially, had no connections to Poland.[3]
Supervision of the commission was entrusted to the former French Resident in the Duchy of Warsaw, Commissioner Louis Pierre Édouard Bignon. Actual power, however, was exercised by Dutch General Dirk van Hogendorp, former governor of Java, who was appointed governor of Vilnius.
Napoleon, contrary to the hopes reposed in him by the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, had not restored Polish statehood to the former Polish–Lithuanian lands. He had merely established, in the conquered territories, a provisional administration, thereby sidestepping final dispositions pending his further conquest of Russia.
Józef Wybicki, sent on 11 July 1812 to Vilnius with a deputation from the Council of the General Confederation, unsuccessfully attempted to get the Emperor to declare the restoration of the Kingdom of Poland, including the territories that had been annexed in the Partitions of Poland. Napoleon also refused to attach the military units consisting of Lithuanians to the Polish ones.
Only on 14 July 1812 the Commission formally joined the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, creating the united Kingdom of Poland.
After Russian troops invaded Lithuanian territory at the end of 1812, the Commission acted outside Lithuania.
Secretary General: Józef Ignacy Kossakowski